RESUMEN
Little information is available on the adverse effects of expired pesticides on the environment, so it is essential to characterize the risk of these chemicals to non-target organisms. Therefore, this work aims to estimate and compare the acute toxicity (LD50) of unexpired and expired formulations of malathion, chlorpyrifos, and lambda-cyhalothrin in rats and to determine their residues in the liver and kidneys of treated rats. This is the first study to investigate the toxic effects of expired pesticides on rats. The acute toxicity of expired lambda-cyhalothrin was higher than that of non-expired rats, while the opposite was observed in rats treated with malathion and chlorpyrifos. All formulations tested caused clinical signs of toxicity in the treated rats. The data showed that some expired formulations significantly affected body weight and estimated vital signs compared to non-expired pesticides. The data showed that the highest residues were found in the liver and kidneys of rats treated with both malathion formulations, followed by chlorpyrifos; however, the lowest residues were found in rats treated with lambda-cyhalothrin, which can be referred to as LD50 values of the insecticides tested. The residues detected after the 10th dose gradually decreased at the end of the recovery period, and their losses ranged from 80.0 to 95.4% in the liver and from 92.3 to 99.99% (undetectable). The results show that the toxic effects of expired and non-expired formulations are different. This underlines the need to dispose of expired compounds carefully to prevent their discharge into the ecosystem.
Asunto(s)
Cloropirifos , Insecticidas , Riñón , Hígado , Malatión , Nitrilos , Piretrinas , Animales , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Riñón/química , Insecticidas/toxicidad , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Cloropirifos/toxicidad , Piretrinas/toxicidad , Malatión/toxicidad , Dosificación Letal Mediana , Nitrilos/toxicidad , Masculino , Ratas Wistar , Pruebas de Toxicidad Aguda , Residuos de Plaguicidas/toxicidad , RatasRESUMEN
Abstract Honey is a suitable matrix for the evaluation of environmental contaminants including organochlorine insecticides. The present study was conducted to evaluate residues of fifteen organochlorine insecticides in honey samples of unifloral and multifloral origins from Dir, Pakistan. Honey samples (5 g each) were extracted with GC grade organic solvents and then subjected to Rotary Evaporator till dryness. The extracts were then mixed with n-Hexane (5 ml) and purified through Column Chromatography. Purified extracts (1μl each) were processed through Gas Chromatograph coupled with Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD) for identification and quantification of the insecticides. Of the 15 insecticides tested, 46.7% were detected while 53.3% were not detected in the honey samples. Heptachlor was the most prevalent insecticide with a mean level of 0.0018 mg/kg detected in 80% of the samples followed by β-HCH with a mean level of 0.0016 mg/kg detected in 71.4% of the honey samples. Honey samples from Acacia modesta Wall. were 100% positive for Heptachlor with a mean level of 0.0048 mg/kg followed by β-HCH with a mean level of 0.003 mg/kg and frequency of 83.3%. Minimum levels of the tested insecticides were detected in the unifloral honey from Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Methoxychlor, Endosulfan, Endrin and metabolites of DDT were not detected in the studied honey samples. Some of the tested insecticides are banned in Pakistan but are still detected in honey samples indicating their use in the study area. The detected levels of all insecticides were below the Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) and safe for consumers. However, the levels detected can cause mortality in insect fauna. The use of banned insecticides is one of the main factors responsible for the declining populations of important insect pollinators including honeybees.
Resumo O mel é uma matriz adequada para a avaliação de contaminantes ambientais, incluindo inseticidas organoclorados. O presente estudo foi conduzido para avaliar resíduos de 15 inseticidas organoclorados em amostras de mel de origem unifloral e multifloral de Dir, Paquistão. Amostras de mel (5 g cada) foram extraídas com solventes orgânicos de grau GC e, em seguida, submetidas ao evaporador rotativo até a secura. Os extratos foram então misturados com n-hexano (5 ml) e purificados por cromatografia em coluna. Os extratos purificados (1μl cada) foram processados através de cromatógrafo gasoso acoplado a detector de captura de elétrons (GC-ECD) para identificação e quantificação dos inseticidas. Dos 15 inseticidas testados, 46,7% foram detectados enquanto 53,3% não foram detectados nas amostras de mel. O heptacloro foi o inseticida mais prevalente com um nível médio de 0,0018 mg / kg detectado em 80% das amostras, seguido por β-HCH com um nível médio de 0,0016 mg / kg detectado em 71,4% das amostras de mel. Amostras de mel da parede de Acacia modesta foram 100% positivos para heptacloro com um nível médio de 0,0048 mg / kg seguido por β-HCH com um nível médio de 0,003 mg / kg e frequência de 83,3%. Níveis mínimos dos inseticidas testados foram detectados no mel unifloral de Ziziphus jujuba da usina. Metoxicloro, Endosulfan, Endrin e metabólitos do DDT não foram detectados nas amostras de mel estudadas. Alguns dos inseticidas testados são proibidos no Paquistão, mas ainda são detectados em amostras de mel, indicando seu uso na área de estudo. Os níveis detectados de todos os inseticidas estavam abaixo dos Níveis Máximos de Resíduos (MRLs) e seguros para os consumidores. No entanto, os níveis detectados podem causar mortalidade na fauna de insetos. O uso de inseticidas proibidos é um dos principais fatores responsáveis pelo declínio das populações de importantes insetos polinizadores, incluindo as abelhas.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Residuos de Plaguicidas/análisis , Residuos de Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Miel/análisis , Insecticidas/toxicidad , Abejas , Biomarcadores Ambientales , Endosulfano/análisisRESUMEN
Highly toxic chemical compounds are present in rivers and lakes, endangering the survival of non-target species. To evaluate the effects of environmental contamination on non-target species, we used the zebrafish as an animal model. Environmental concentrations of the widely used pesticides, glyphosate (GBH) at 4.8 µg·L-1 and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (DBH) at 3.4 µg·L-1, were used. The animals were exposed during the entire period of organogenesis and evaluated in our previous study regarding initial developmental parameters. In the present study, we evaluate these fish when achieve the adult phase, using the novel tank test (NTT) and the aversivity test. In the second step, the animals were allowed to reproduce, and the initial parameters of development, behavioral parameters in the open field test (OFT) and in the aversivity test (AST), and biochemical biomarkers as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the F1 generation were studied. Fish exposed to GBH showed hypermobility, and their anti-predatory reaction was impaired during adulthood, indicating a persistent effect. We also showed that fish had impaired behavioral and survival changes in the F1 generation as well as effects on AChE activity and antioxidant enzymes, characterizing a transgenerational effect. The fish did not show persistent effects in adulthood due to DBH exposure; however, they were unable to reproduce. Our findings demonstrate the serious impact of pesticides on fish, where the effects of contamination can affect future generations and compromise the species' survival.
Asunto(s)
Residuos de Plaguicidas , Plaguicidas , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Ácido 2,4-Diclorofenoxiacético , Acetilcolinesterasa , Animales , Antioxidantes , Biomarcadores , Catalasa , Residuos de Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Superóxido Dismutasa , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Pez CebraRESUMEN
Honey is a suitable matrix for the evaluation of environmental contaminants including organochlorine insecticides. The present study was conducted to evaluate residues of fifteen organochlorine insecticides in honey samples of unifloral and multifloral origins from Dir, Pakistan. Honey samples (5 g each) were extracted with GC grade organic solvents and then subjected to Rotary Evaporator till dryness. The extracts were then mixed with n-Hexane (5 ml) and purified through Column Chromatography. Purified extracts (1µl each) were processed through Gas Chromatograph coupled with Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD) for identification and quantification of the insecticides. Of the 15 insecticides tested, 46.7% were detected while 53.3% were not detected in the honey samples. Heptachlor was the most prevalent insecticide with a mean level of 0.0018 mg/kg detected in 80% of the samples followed by ß-HCH with a mean level of 0.0016 mg/kg detected in 71.4% of the honey samples. Honey samples from Acacia modesta Wall. were 100% positive for Heptachlor with a mean level of 0.0048 mg/kg followed by ß-HCH with a mean level of 0.003 mg/kg and frequency of 83.3%. Minimum levels of the tested insecticides were detected in the unifloral honey from Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Methoxychlor, Endosulfan, Endrin and metabolites of DDT were not detected in the studied honey samples. Some of the tested insecticides are banned in Pakistan but are still detected in honey samples indicating their use in the study area. The detected levels of all insecticides were below the Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) and safe for consumers. However, the levels detected can cause mortality in insect fauna. The use of banned insecticides is one of the main factors responsible for the declining populations of important insect pollinators including honeybees.
Asunto(s)
Miel , Insecticidas , Residuos de Plaguicidas , Animales , Abejas , Endosulfano/análisis , Biomarcadores Ambientales , Miel/análisis , Insecticidas/toxicidad , Residuos de Plaguicidas/análisis , Residuos de Plaguicidas/toxicidadRESUMEN
Neonicotinoid pesticide residues are ubiquitous in various foodstuffs and may adversely affect human health. We performed a nationwide survey of neonicotinoid residues in foodstuffs collected from Chinese markets and evaluated the risks of chronic and acute exposure in 1-6-year-old children and the general population. Among the 3406 samples of 13 commodities, 62.21% contained neonicotinoids with concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1471.43 µg/kg, and 37.58% were simultaneously contaminated with 2-7 neonicotinoids. Acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, and imidacloprid were the top three detected neonicotinoids (22.14-34.32% of samples). Chronic and acute cumulative risk assessment using the relative potency factor method revealed that exposure to neonicotinoids was within established safety limits (below 1); however, the acute risk was much greater than the chronic risk (chronic hazard index range, 1.40 × 10-6-2.33 × 10-3; acute hazard index range, 1.75 × 10-6-0.15). A relatively greater acute cumulative risk was found for children with respect to consumption of grapes, mandarins, and cowpeas (acute hazard index range, 0.11-0.15). Despite the low health risk, the potential health hazards of neonicotinoids should be continuously assessed, given their ubiquity and cumulative effects.
Asunto(s)
Exposición Dietética , Insecticidas , Residuos de Plaguicidas , Niño , China , Humanos , Insecticidas/análisis , Insecticidas/toxicidad , Neonicotinoides/análisis , Neonicotinoides/toxicidad , Nitrocompuestos , Residuos de Plaguicidas/análisis , Residuos de Plaguicidas/toxicidad , VerdurasRESUMEN
The objective of this research was to investigate the potential damage caused by the residual concentrations of the insecticides Regent® WS 800 and Curbix® SC 200, containing fipronil and ethiprole, respectively as active ingredients, on the liver of Oreochromis niloticus. The analyses of HSP70 shock protein labelling and cell death process by TUNEL method were performed in order to measure the effects of the exposure of cell repair system of fish to both insecticides. Statistical analyses showed no significant molecular damage to the hepatic tissue of animals. Nevertheless, variations in HSP70 and DNA fragmentation levels, endpoint of cell repair system response and cellular death, respectively, were observed in several groups. These results indicate that the cell repair machinery was efficient when in contact with residual concentrations of insecticides. However, the DNA fragmentation detected by the TUNEL method suggests that even in face of the cytoprotective action of the HSP70 protein, there are damages that become irreparable. To finish, it is worth mentioning that given the results obtained from residual concentrations, use in the field should be with caution.
Asunto(s)
Cíclidos/fisiología , Proteínas HSP70 de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Insecticidas/toxicidad , Pirazoles/toxicidad , Animales , Muerte Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Biomarcadores Ambientales/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de Peces/metabolismo , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Residuos de Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidadRESUMEN
Pesticides are part of a large group of organic compounds with different physicochemical characteristics, designed to control and prevent pests in various crops and plantations, improving productivity. This works provides a perspective on pesticide use in current agriculture with the aim of identifying the influence of pesticides on food production and their impact on the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to highlight the importance of determining pesticide residues in food, aiming to ensure food safety, since these compounds can represent risks to human health and the environment. The effects of pesticides on humans range from headaches, nausea and skin and eye irritation to chronic problems such as cancer and neurological disorders, and extend to other non-target organisms such as birds, fish and bees, contaminating water, soil, and plants, as opposed to the benefits of increased production, consequently other measures for pesticide consumption need to be evaluate to ensure human health, food safety and environmental protection. It is important to note that chromatographic techniques and mass spectrometry assist in the determination of pesticide residues and evaluate the quality of the food that reaches the consumer, and together with the Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs), established by the legislation of each country, these instrumentation act to control the exposure of population to pesticides. Although the MRL is used as a parameter for food quality, the global differences in pesticide legislation do not guarantee the consumer safety. In this sense, a brief analysis of MRL inefficiency is also present in this paper.
Asunto(s)
Productos Agrícolas/normas , Contaminantes Ambientales/análisis , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Inocuidad de los Alimentos/métodos , Residuos de Plaguicidas/análisis , Animales , Productos Agrícolas/química , Productos Agrícolas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Contaminantes Ambientales/toxicidad , Calidad de los Alimentos , Humanos , Residuos de Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Medición de Riesgo , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
Contamination of water sources due to herbicide is of great concern. Clomazone is a pesticide with a high contamination potential which could possibility lixiviate to water streams. Changes caused by residual herbicide include flora modifications which are generally detrimental for some species. The lack of morphological studies performed in aquatic plants exposed to herbicide-contaminated environments has encouraged the development of our research. For the first time, we present a study that aimed to evaluate leaf injuries visible to the naked eye as well as microscopical effects which may be caused by clomazone on Pistia stratiotes. Pistia stratiotes was subjected to five concentrations of clomazone. Our analysis showed leaf injuries, especially after 15 days of clomazone application. Hormesis was observed when the water lettuce was subjected to the lower concentrations. Total leaf area showed increase following by reduction while injured until reaching the highest concentration. Although the concentrations of clomazone tested in our study are not lethal to water lettuce, such herbicide have still caused morphoanatomical damages on leaves which advocates for the use of P. stratiotes as a bioindicator of the presence of herbicides such as clomazone in water.
Asunto(s)
Araceae/efectos de los fármacos , Herbicidas/toxicidad , Isoxazoles/toxicidad , Oxazolidinonas/toxicidad , Residuos de Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidadRESUMEN
Biomarkers are frequently used in ecotoxicology as they allow to study toxicant effects happening at low concentrations of exposure. However, most sublethal studies only evaluate cellular biomarkers which lack evident ecological relevance. We used a multibiomarker approach to estimate the toxic effects of ethoprophos, an organophosphate insecticide commonly used in banana plantations, on the tropical fish Astyanax aeneus (Characidae). We measured biomarkers at sub-individual (cellular) and individual (metabolism, behavior) levels and examined relationships among these responses. A sublethal exposure to ethoprophos caused a significant (54%) reduction of brain Cholinesterase (ChE) activity, reflecting the pesticide's high neurotoxicity. However, other biomarkers like oxidative stress, biotransformation reactions, and resting metabolic rate were not affected. Exposure to ethoprophos modified antipredator behaviors such as escape response and detection avoidance (light/dark preference): exposed fish escaped slower from a simulated attack and preferred brighter areas in a novel tank. The relationship between ChE activity and reaction time suggests that pesticide-induced ChE inhibition reduces escape ability in fish. Our results provide evidence that impacts of organophosphate pesticides on fish ecological fitness can occur even with short exposures at very low concentrations.
Asunto(s)
Characidae/fisiología , Reacción de Fuga/efectos de los fármacos , Insecticidas/toxicidad , Organofosfatos/toxicidad , Compuestos Organotiofosforados/toxicidad , Residuos de Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Conducta Predatoria , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Animales , Reacción de Prevención/efectos de los fármacos , Metabolismo Basal/efectos de los fármacos , Biomarcadores , Encéfalo/enzimología , Colinesterasas/análisis , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Estuarios , Insecticidas/administración & dosificación , Luz , Proteínas Musculares/análisis , Músculo Esquelético/enzimología , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/análisis , Organofosfatos/administración & dosificación , Organotiofosfatos , Compuestos Organotiofosforados/administración & dosificación , Residuos de Plaguicidas/química , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/químicaRESUMEN
We describe and illustrate lesions in an outbreak of lead arsenate poisoning in beef cattle that ingested pesticide residues stored in an abandoned building of a former orange orchard. Of 70 exposed cattle, 14 had diarrhea, paresis, ataxia, recumbency, and/or seizures. Ten of the affected animals died after a clinical course of 12-18 h. Pathologic findings in 3 steers included extensive necrohemorrhagic, ulcerative rumenitis, omasitis, and abomasitis; lymphocytolysis in lymphoid organs; and nephrosis. Hepatic arsenic and lead levels in cases 1-3 were 20, 24, and 31 ppm, and 8.3, 25, and 9.4 ppm, respectively. Lesions in the forestomachs and lymphoid tissues have been rarely reported in cases of lead arsenate poisoning. In southern South America, these lesions are indistinguishable from those produced by Baccharis coridifolia, a toxic plant that contains macrocyclic trichothecenes, thus these conditions should be considered in the differential diagnosis of necrotizing lesions in alimentary and lymphoid organs.
Asunto(s)
Arseniatos/envenenamiento , Baccharis/envenenamiento , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Brotes de Enfermedades/veterinaria , Residuos de Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/etiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/patología , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Sistema Digestivo/patología , Femenino , Plomo , Hígado/patología , Masculino , Necrosis/clasificación , Necrosis/patología , Necrosis/veterinaria , Residuos de Plaguicidas/análisis , UruguayRESUMEN
Glyphosate-based formulation is used as non-selective and post-emergent herbicides in urban and rural activities. In view of its recurring applications in agricultural producing countries, the increase of glyphosate concentration in the environment stresses the need to test the adverse effects on non-target organisms and assess the risk of its use. This paper analyzes the toxicological and oxidative stress and modulatory effects of a glyphosate commercial formulation (glyphosate F) on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We detected ROS production and enhancement of oxidative stress response in glyphosate F-treated nematodes. Particularly, we found an increased ctl-1 catalase gene expression of a catalase specific activity. In addition, we showed that glyphosate F treatment activated the FOXO transcription factor DAF-16, a critical target of the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway, which modulates the transcription of a broad range of genes involved in stress resistance, reproductive development, dauer formation, and longevity. In summary, the exposure of glyphosate F induces an oxidative imbalance in C. elegans that leads to the DAF-16 activation and consequently to the expression of genes that boost the antioxidant defense system. In this regard, clt-1 gene and catalase activity proved to be excellent biomarkers to develop more sensitive protocols to assess the environmental risk of glyphosate use.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/agonistas , Caenorhabditis elegans/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Transcripción Forkhead/agonistas , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Herbicidas/toxicidad , Modelos Biológicos , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Animales Modificados Genéticamente , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Caenorhabditis elegans/crecimiento & desarrollo , Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Catalasa/química , Catalasa/genética , Catalasa/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Biomarcadores Ambientales/efectos de los fármacos , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Factores de Transcripción Forkhead/genética , Factores de Transcripción Forkhead/metabolismo , Glicina/toxicidad , Hormesis , Larva/efectos de los fármacos , Larva/genética , Larva/crecimiento & desarrollo , Larva/metabolismo , Mutación , Residuos de Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/agonistas , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Contaminantes del Suelo/toxicidad , Pruebas de Toxicidad Aguda/métodos , GlifosatoRESUMEN
A method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) associated to gas chromatography-flame photometric detection (GC-FPD), GC-electron capture detection (GC-ECD) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for confirmation purposes, was developed for the determination of a representative group of twelve pesticides in honeybee with particular concern in the apicultural field (fipronil, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, acrinathrin, metamidophos, dimetoathe, diazinon, chlorpyrifos, methidathion, profenophos, azinphos methyl and coumaphos). Factors influencing the extraction efficiency of MSPD were investigated and optimized through response surface method. The use of octadecylsilyl (C18) sorbent combined with a florisil clean-up and acetonitrile-methanol (99:1) elution was the optimal condition for the extraction of the selected pesticides. Under this condition the recovery of pesticides at the limit of quantification of the method (0.007 to 0.050⯵gâ¯g-1) ranged from 68 to 102% with RSDs for within-laboratory reproducibility ≤20%. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of honeybees collected in 68 field hives from areas of great apicultural and agricultural development in central Chile. In 65% of these samples eight different pesticides were detected. Pesticides most frequently found were chlorpyrifos (34% of the samples, <0.017-0.067⯵gâ¯g-1), acrinathrin (32% of the samples, <0.020-0.026⯵gâ¯g-1) and diazinon (10% of the samples at values <0.015⯵gâ¯g-1). The incidence of these pesticides in bees can be related to their high employ in central Chile, use to combat the varroosis in hives and hydrophobicity.
Asunto(s)
Abejas/química , Cromatografía de Gases , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Plaguicidas/análisis , Acetonitrilos/química , Animales , Chile , Residuos de Plaguicidas/análisis , Residuos de Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
The aim of this work was to determine the persistence of auxinic herbicides applied on tropical pasture and toxicity for succeeding crops. The herbicides were applied in an area of dystrophic redâyellow latosol with pasture infested of weeds. At 40, 80, and 280 days after application of herbicide, the soil samples were collected at depths of 0 to 20 cm. Soil with residues of 2,4-D, 2,4-D + picloram, triclopyr, and a soil without herbicide application were analyzed with six replicates. Seven crops were cultivated in these soils: cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), velvet bean [Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.], pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.], alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), lablab bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet], corn (Zea mays L.), and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. The plants of cucumber, pigeon pea, and alfalfa were the most susceptible to the auxinic herbicide residues. However, the lablab bean was the only one among the dicot evaluated that showed tolerance to the 2,4-D + picloram residual when cultivated in soils at 280 days after application of herbicide. Corn and sorghum showed lower chlorophyll content in soils with 2,4-D + picloram residual up to 80 days after application of herbicide.
Asunto(s)
Productos Agrícolas/efectos de los fármacos , Herbicidas/toxicidad , Ácidos Indolacéticos/toxicidad , Residuos de Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Ácido 2,4-Diclorofenoxiacético/toxicidad , Cucumis sativus/efectos de los fármacos , Fabaceae/efectos de los fármacos , Glicolatos/toxicidad , Medicago sativa/efectos de los fármacos , Picloram/toxicidad , Suelo/química , Sorghum/efectos de los fármacos , Zea mays/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
To control crop pests, parasitoid wasps of the genus Trichogramma are one alternative to the use of insecticides. Since a wide variety of agrochemicals may be applied to the same crops, it is essential to assess the selectivity of insecticides used for pest control on Trichogramma pretiosum. Information on which insecticides are less harmful to T. pretiosum can improve biological control using this insect, an important tactic in IPM programs for field crops. This study aimed to determine the effects of insecticides on the pupal stage and on the parasitism capacity of T. pretiosum. Lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam were slightly harmful and chlorpyriphos was moderately harmful to the pupal stage, while acephate, chlorfenapyr and flubendiamide, although considered innocuous, affected the succeeding generations of wasps, with low emergence of F1. Chlorfenapyr, chlorpyriphos and lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam reduced the parasitism, and acephate had a deleterious effect on the generation that contacted the insecticide residue. For an effective IPM program, it is important to apply selective insecticides. Further studies are needed to determine the selectivity of these insecticides under field conditions.
Asunto(s)
Insecticidas/toxicidad , Residuos de Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Avispas/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Femenino , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Control Biológico de Vectores , Pupa/efectos de los fármacos , Glycine max/crecimiento & desarrollo , Avispas/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
Chlorpyrifos is an anticholinesterase organophosphate insecticide widely used in Argentina in the production of food derived from animal, fruit and horticultural origin and is reported as a residue within these products. Local reference values for acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase were determined in Aberdeen Angus bovine and cross bred cattle (n = 25), a requirement to be able to evaluate toxicity of commercial organophosphate and carbamate formulations. The activity of cholinesterase enzymes presented an overall mean of 2,183.00 ± 485.6 IU L-1 for erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase and 203.1 ± 42.06 IU L-1 for plasma butyrylcholinesterase, which are used as reference values for meat steers within a system of intensive production in a semi-arid region. The toxic potential of chlorpyrifos in steers of the same breeds (n = 12) was assessed applying chlorpyrifos 15.00% Tipertox® in a single therapeutic dose of 7.50 mg kg-1 by topical route. Prior to application and then on day 1 and day 21 post-application, both blood cholinesterases, serum chlorpyrifos concentration by ultra-high resolution liquid chromatography with mass detector, analysis of blood counts, total proteins, liver enzymes, urea and creatinine were evaluated. The mean plasma concentration of chlorpyrifos was 27.90 ug L-1 at 24 h. The findings indicate that the therapeutic treatment of castrated male bovines treated with chlorpyrifos, applied by pour-on according to the manufacturer's instructions, does not cause changes in the variables evaluated.
Asunto(s)
Acetilcolinesterasa/sangre , Butirilcolinesterasa/sangre , Cloropirifos/toxicidad , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/toxicidad , Animales , Argentina , Bovinos , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Eritrocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Contaminación de Alimentos , Insecticidas/toxicidad , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Riñón/fisiología , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/enzimología , Masculino , Residuos de Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Valores de ReferenciaRESUMEN
Cumulative acute dietary risk assessments of organophosphorus (OPs), carbamates (CBs) and pyrethroids (PYs) were conducted for the Brazilian population. Residue data for 30786 samples of 30 foods were obtained from two national monitoring programs and one University laboratory, and consumption data from a national survey conducted among persons 10 years or older. Acephate and methamidophos were used as index compounds (IC) for OPs, oxamyl for CBs and deltamethrin for PYs. Exposures were estimated using the Monte Carlo Risk Assessment (MCRA 8.2) software. Orange and orange juice (mainly containing methidathion), pasta and salted bread (mainly pirimiphos-methyl) contributed most to the OPs intake. Rice accounted for 80% of the CBs intake (teenagers), mainly due to aldicarb. Pasta, salted bread and beans contributed most to the PYs intake (9-14%), mainly due to bifenthrin. The intake did not exceed the ARfD at the 99.9th percentile for OPs, CBs and PYs, and the risks from the exposure were not considered of health concern. When food consumption data become available for children under age 10, studies in the cumulative exposure should be conducted, as this age group is the most critical among the population, mainly due to their higher food consumption per kg body weight.
Asunto(s)
Carbamatos/toxicidad , Exposición Dietética , Insecticidas/toxicidad , Compuestos Organofosforados/toxicidad , Residuos de Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Piretrinas/toxicidad , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Método de Montecarlo , Medición de Riesgo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The article aims to present an overview of pesticide usage and population exposure, focusing on the impact on health and the correlation with food and nutrition security (FNS). This review is relevant due to the extensive use of pesticides in food production, which exposes individuals in various ways, including the ingestion of contaminated food, with adverse health effects. Brazil is one of the largest consumers of pesticides in the world, with product sale growth above 200% from 2000 to 2013, increasing the predisposition of the population and environment to the impacts caused by these compounds. The country has weaknesses regarding the monitoring of pesticide usage, besides its vulnerable population affected by social and economic problems. Studies on the correlation between pesticides and diseases have shown potential health risks, including birth defects, hearing loss, cancer, and infertility, in addition to symptoms related to acute intoxication, such as weakness, vomiting, seizures, difficulty breathing, loss of appetite, and nosebleed, among others. Reduction policies in pesticide usage and the encouragement for the sustainable agricultural practices should be prioritized by public managers. It is also essential to improve the monitoring and surveillance programs and research on the topic, as well as training of health professionals to identify and report the cases of pesticide poisoning.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Seguridad Alimentaria , Residuos de Plaguicidas/efectos adversos , Residuos de Plaguicidas/metabolismo , Residuos de Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Monitoreo del AmbienteRESUMEN
O consumo, de alimentos seguros, vem aumentando e a prática do uso de agrotóxicos é comum no Brasil. A cesta básica deve ter os alimentos monitorados, para tanto, esforços do governo deveriam garantir a produção de alimentos seguros. O monitoramento de resíduos de agrotóxicos auxilia na garantia da qualidade. Neste estudo, no Laboratório de Resíduos de Pesticidas, analisaram-se amostras de frutas, grãos e hortaliças, no período de 10 anos (2001 a 2010). Método multirresíduos foi utilizado para identificar e quantificar os agrotóxicos. As amostras sem resíduos corresponderam de 60 a 95% do total. As amostras positivas apresentaram principalmente fungicidas e inseticidas. As violações (não permitido para a cultura e acima do limite máximo de resíduos-LMR) corresponderam a 20% do total e, apesar dos valores acima do LMR, a ingestão diária aceitável dos agrotóxicos encontrados nos alimentos não foi ultrapassada. Os resultados, embora não sejam críticos, são importantes para avaliar a qualidade do alimento consumido.(AU)
Nowadays, the safe food products concerning the human and animal health is increasing. Pesticide usage is a common practice in Brazil, therefore, the food basket must be controlled. Pesticide residues analysis conducted by laboratories as Pesticide Residues Laboratory (LRP) and national programs are important to guarantee the food quality. The objective of this work was to evaluate the data from LRP to these from monitoring programs. Samples of fruits, grains and vegetables (10-year period, 2001 to 2010) were analyzed. Multi-residues method was used to identify and quantify the pesticide residues. The total of 60 to 95% were negative samples. About 20% of the samples could be declared as inappropriate for the consumption, considering compounds not permitted for the crops and above the MRL. The ADI parameter was not exceeded. Perhaps such levels could represent a public health concern, the results are not critical, but are useful to evaluate the exposure to the food contaminants.