RESUMEN
Grape pomace (GP) and pecan shell (PS) are two by-products rich in phenolic compounds (PC), and dietary fiber (DF) that may be considered for the development of functional baked foods. In this study, four formulations with different GP:PS ratios (F1(8%:5%), F2(5%:5%), F3(5%:2%), F4(0%:5%), and control bread (CB)) were elaborated and characterized (physiochemical and phytochemical content). Also, their inner structure (SEM), changes in their FTIR functional group's vibrations, and the bioaccessibility of PC and sugars, including an in vitro glycemic index, were analyzed. Results showed that all GP:PS formulations had higher mineral, protein, DF (total, soluble, and insoluble), and PC content than CB. Additionally, PC and non-starch polysaccharides affected gluten and starch absorbance and pores distribution. In vitro digestion model showed a reduction in the glycemic index for all formulations, compared to CB. These findings highlight the possible health benefits of by-products and their interactions in baked goods.
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Pan , Fibras de la Dieta , Índice Glucémico , Fenoles , Vitis , Fibras de la Dieta/análisis , Fibras de la Dieta/metabolismo , Pan/análisis , Vitis/química , Fenoles/química , Fenoles/metabolismo , Humanos , Digestión , Alimentos Fortificados/análisis , Residuos/análisisRESUMEN
The Atlantic salmon is an extremely popular fish for its nutritional value and unique taste among several fish species. Researchers are focusing on the utilization of Atlantic salmon waste for generating protein hydrolysates rich in peptides and amino acids and investigating their health benefits. Several technological approaches, including enzymatic, chemical, and the recently developed subcritical water hydrolysis, are currently used for the production of Atlantic salmon waste protein hydrolysates. Hydrolyzing various wastes, e.g., heads, bones, skin, viscera, and trimmings, possessing antioxidant, blood pressure regulatory, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties, resulting in applications in human foods and nutraceuticals, animal farming, pharmaceuticals, cell culture, and cosmetics industries. Furthermore, future applications, constraints several challenges associated with industrial hydrolysate production, including sensory, safety, and economic constraints, which could be overcome by suggested techno processing measures. Further studies are recommended for developing large-scale, commercially viable production methods, focusing on eradicating sensory constraints and facilitating large-scale application.
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Proteínas de Peces , Hidrolisados de Proteína , Salmo salar , Animales , Salmo salar/metabolismo , Hidrolisados de Proteína/química , Proteínas de Peces/química , Proteínas de Peces/metabolismo , Humanos , Hidrólisis , Residuos/análisisRESUMEN
Food waste, accounting for about one-third of the total global food resources wasted each year, is a substantial challenge to global sustainability, contributing to adverse environmental impacts. The utilization of food waste as a valuable source for bioactive extraction can be facilitated through the application of DES (Deep Eutectic Solvents). Acknowledging the significant need to tackle this issue, the United Nations integrated food waste management into its Sustainable Development Goals, hence, the present review explores the role of DES in bioactive compounds extraction from food waste. Various extraction processes using the DES system are thoroughly studied and the application of bioactive components as antioxidants, antimicrobials, flavourings, nutraceuticals, functional ingredients, additives, and preservatives is investigated. Most importantly, regulatory considerations and safety aspects of DES in food applications are discussed in-depth along with consumer perception and acceptance of DES in the food sector. The key hypothesis of the review is to evaluate emerging DES systems for their efficiency in bioactive extraction technologies and various food applications. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of utilizing DES for synthesizing valuable food waste-derived bioactive components, offering a sustainable approach to waste management and the development of high-value products.
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Disolventes Eutécticos Profundos , Desarrollo Sostenible , Disolventes Eutécticos Profundos/química , Residuos/análisis , Administración de Residuos/métodos , Humanos , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Alimento Perdido y DesperdiciadoRESUMEN
Negotiations for a global treaty on plastic pollution1 will shape future policies on plastics production, use and waste management. Its parties will benefit from a high-resolution baseline of waste flows and plastic emission sources to enable identification of pollution hotspots and their causes2. Nationally aggregated waste management data can be distributed to smaller scales to identify generalized points of plastic accumulation and source phenomena3-11. However, it is challenging to use this type of spatial allocation to assess the conditions under which emissions take place12,13. Here we develop a global macroplastic pollution emissions inventory by combining conceptual modelling of emission mechanisms with measurable activity data. We define emissions as materials that have moved from the managed or mismanaged system (controlled or contained state) to the unmanaged system (uncontrolled or uncontained state-the environment). Using machine learning and probabilistic material flow analysis, we identify emission hotspots across 50,702 municipalities worldwide from five land-based plastic waste emission sources. We estimate global plastic waste emissions at 52.1 [48.3-56.3] million metric tonnes (Mt) per year, with approximately 57% wt. and 43% wt. open burned and unburned debris, respectively. Littering is the largest emission source in the Global North, whereas uncollected waste is the dominant emissions source across the Global South. We suggest that our findings can help inform treaty negotiations and develop national and sub-national waste management action plans and source inventories.
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Ciudades , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Contaminación Ambiental , Internacionalidad , Microplásticos , Administración de Residuos , Residuos , Ciudades/estadística & datos numéricos , Contaminación Ambiental/análisis , Mapeo Geográfico , Cooperación Internacional , Aprendizaje Automático , Microplásticos/análisis , Administración de Residuos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Administración de Residuos/estadística & datos numéricos , Residuos/análisisRESUMEN
Food wastes can be a valuable reservoir of bioactive substances that can serve as natural preservatives in foods or as functional ingredients with potential health benefits. The antimicrobial properties of protein hydrolysates, especially antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) derived from food byproducts (FBs), have been extensively explored. These protein fragments are defined by their short length, low molecular weight, substantial content of hydrophobic and basic amino acids, and positive net charge. The intricate mechanisms by which these peptides exert their antimicrobial effects on microorganisms and pathogens have been elaborately described. This review also focuses on techniques for producing and purifying AMPs from diverse FBs, including seafood, livestock, poultry, plants, and dairy wastes. According to investigations, incorporating AMPs as additives and alternatives to chemical preservatives in food formulations and packaging materials has been pursued to enhance both consumer health and the shelf life of foods and their products. However, challenges associated with the utilization of AMPs derived from food waste depend on their interaction with the food matrix, acceptability, and commercial viability. Overall, AMPs can serve as alternative safe additives, thereby ensuring the safety and prolonging the storage duration of food products based on specific regulatory approvals as recommended by the respective safety authorities.
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Péptidos Antimicrobianos , Péptidos Antimicrobianos/química , Péptidos Antimicrobianos/farmacología , Animales , Residuos/análisisRESUMEN
Shrimp consumption is in great demand among the seafood used globally. However, this expansion has resulted in the substantial generation and disposal of shrimp shell waste. Through literature search, it has been observed that since 2020, global scholars have shown unprecedented interest in shrimp shell waste and its chitin/chitosan. However, these new insights lack corresponding and comprehensive summarization and analysis. Therefore, this article provides a detailed review of the extraction methods, applications, and the latest research developments on chitin/chitosan from shrimp shells, including micro-nano derivatives, from 2020 to the present. The results indicate that chemical extraction remains the primary technique for the extraction and preparation of chitin/chitosan from shrimp shells. With further refinement and development, adjusting parameters in the chemical extraction process or employing auxiliary techniques such as microwave and radiation enable the customization of target products with different characteristics (e.g., deacetylation degree, molecular weight, and degree of acetylation) according to specific needs. Additionally, in pursuit of environmentally friendly, efficient, and gentle extraction processes, recent research has shifted toward microbial fermentation and green solvent methods for chitin/chitosan extraction. Beyond the traditional antibacterial, film-forming, and encapsulation functionalities, research into the applications of chitosan in biomedical, food processing, new materials, water treatment, and adsorption fields is gradually deepening. Chitin/chitosan derivatives and their modified products have also been a focal point of research in recent years. However, with the rapid expansion, the future development of chitin/chitosan and its derivatives still faces challenges related to the unclear mechanism of action and the complexities associated with industrial scale-up.
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Exoesqueleto , Quitina , Quitosano , Quitina/química , Quitosano/química , Animales , Exoesqueleto/química , Residuos/análisis , Penaeidae/química , Crustáceos/químicaRESUMEN
The accumulation of marine litter on beaches has a detrimental impact on the environment, human health, and recreational activities. A total of 116 monitoring surveys were conducted along the shore of the Kaliningrad region between 2019 and 2023. Sampling of anthropogenic and plastic litter (>0.5 cm) was carried out under various meteorological conditions on eight sandy beaches. The greatest abundance and mass of plastic marine litter (mean ± SE: 13.75 ± 8.61 items/m2 and 19.97 ± 5.92 gDW/m2, correspondingly) were observed in the aftermath of storms within beach-cast accumulation stains at the shoreline, where it was intermixed with organic debris. This is two orders of magnitude greater than the plastic litter contamination obtained using the OSPAR methodology at the same beach during fine weather (0.11 ± 0.01 items/m2, 0.33 ± 0.02 gDW/m2). The results suggest that the most effective strategy for beach cleaning is to implement it in the post-storm period.
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Playas , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Plásticos , Plásticos/análisis , Playas/estadística & datos numéricos , Residuos/análisis , ArenaRESUMEN
Using satellite remote sensing, we show the distribution, dominant type, and amounts of marine debris off the northeast coast of Japan after the Great East Japan Earthquake on 11 March 2011 and subsequent tsunami. Extensive marine debris was found on March 12, with the maximal amount found on March 13. The debris was found to be mainly wood (possibly lumber wood), with an estimated 1.5 million metric tons in an elongated water area of 6800 km2 (18 km E-W and 380 km N-S) near parallel to the coast between 36.75°N and 40.25°N. The amount decreased rapidly with time, with scattered debris patches captured in high-resolution satellite images up to April 6. These results provide new insights on the initial distribution of the Japanese Tsunami Marine Debris, which may be used to help find bottom deposition of debris and help refine numerical models to predict the debris trajectory and fate. SYNOPSIS: Marine debris induced by the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami is found to be mainly composed of wood and possibly lumber wood from constructions, with maximum amount on 13 March 2011 distributed within a narrow band of â¼18 km near parallel to the northeast coast of Japan between 36.75°N and 40.25°N.
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Terremotos , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Tecnología de Sensores Remotos , Tsunamis , Japón , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Residuos/análisis , MaderaRESUMEN
On 24 June 2024, we detected foil that tightly adhered to an intertidal wall in Vigo harbor (Spain) during low tide. It covered multiple barnacles, potentially threatening their survival. We present photos of this novel debris-animal interaction and discuss possible effects that such cover could have on barnacles.
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Thoracica , Animales , España , Residuos , Monitoreo del AmbienteRESUMEN
Spent coffee grounds (SCG) are commercial waste that are still rich in numerous valuable ingredients and can be further processed into useful products such as coffee oil, antioxidant extract, lactic acid, and lignin. The challenge and innovation is to develop the SCG processing technology, maximizing the use of raw material and minimizing the use of other resources within the sequential process. The presented research is focused on the aspect of biotechnological production of lactic acid from SCG by using the Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus strain isolated from the environment. Thanks to the optimization of the processes of acid hydrolysis, neutralization, enzymatic hydrolysis of SCG, and fermentation, the obtained concentration of lactic acid was increased after 72 hr of culture from the initial 4.60 g/l to 48.6 g/l. In addition, the whole process has been improved, taking into account the dependence on other processes within the complete SCG biorefinery, economy, energy, and waste aspects. Costly enzymatic hydrolysis was completely eliminated, and it was proven that supplementation of SCG hydrolysate with expensive yeast extract can be replaced by cheap waste from the agri-food industry. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY: A process for efficient lactic acid production from spent coffee grounds using the Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus strain was developed and optimized, including nutrient solution preparation, supplementation and fermentation.
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Café , Fermentación , Ácido Láctico , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/metabolismo , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ácido Láctico/metabolismo , Ácido Láctico/biosíntesis , Café/química , Hidrólisis , ResiduosRESUMEN
This study evaluated the dark-fermentative hydrogen (H2) production potential of isolated and identified Shigella flexneri SPD1 from various pure (glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, and galactose) and biowastes (coconut coir, cotton fiber, groundnut shells, rice-, and wheat-straws)-derived sugars. Among sugars, S. flexneri SPD1 exhibited high H2 production of up to 3.20 mol/mole of hexose using glucose (5.0 g/L). The pre-treatment of various biowastes using green solvents (choline chloride and lactic acid mixture) and enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in the generation of up to 36.0 g/L of sugars. The maximum H2 production is achieved up to 2.92 mol/mol of hexose using cotton-hydrolysate. Further, the upscaling of bioprocess up to 5 L of capacity resulted in a maximum yield of up to 3.06 mol/mol of hexose. These findings suggested that S. flexneri SPD1, a novel H2-producer, can be employed to develop a circular economy-based approach to produce clean energy.
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Fermentación , Hidrógeno , Shigella flexneri , Solventes , Shigella flexneri/metabolismo , Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Solventes/química , Tecnología Química Verde/métodos , Hidrólisis , Azúcares/metabolismo , Oscuridad , Residuos , Biotecnología/métodosRESUMEN
This study assessed the hydrochar production potential of fish and crustacean waste from 8 marine species (Scomber japonicus, Trichiurus lepturus, Larimichthys polyactis, Trachurus trachurus, Paralichthys olivaceus Litopenaeus vannamei, Portunus trituberculatus, and Penaeus monodon) through hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of their waste fractions. The impact of reaction temperature (200 - 240°C), fixed residence time (5 h), and water-to-biomass ratio (7) on HTC was analyzed. The results showed that hydrochar yields varied between fish (15.1 - 21.5 %) and crustaceans (36.9 - 69.3 %). The elemental composition and surface properties of the hydrochar were influenced by reaction temperature, as indicated by the pH point of zero charge. The adsorption capacity of hydrochar was tested for methylene blue (MB, 2.7 - 10.8 mg/g) and methyl orange (MO, 5.9 - 9.2 mg/g), with MO showing higher adsorption, except for Scomber japonicus, Larimichthys polyactis, and Trachurus trachurus. These findings highlight the significant potential for converting marine waste into valuable hydrochar, contributing to waste management and sustainable resource utilization.
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Temperatura , República de Corea , Animales , Adsorción , Residuos , Peces , Carbón Orgánico/química , CrustáceosRESUMEN
Fruit pomace, a by-product of the fruit industry, includes the skins, seeds, and pulp most commonly left behind after juice extraction. It is produced in large quantities: apple residues alone generate approximately 4 million tons of waste annually, which is a serious problem for the processing industry but also creates opportunities for various applications. Due to, among other properties, their high content of dietary fiber and polyphenolic compounds, fruit residues are used to design food with functional features, improving the nutritional value and health-promoting, technological, and sensory properties of food products. This article presents the health-promoting (antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial) properties of fruit pomace. Moreover, the possibilities of their use in the food industry are characterized, with particular emphasis on bread, sweet snack products, and extruded snacks. Attention is paid to the impact of waste products from the fruit industry on the nutritional value and technological and sensory characteristics of these products. Fruit pomace is a valuable by-product whose use in the food industry can provide a sustainable solution for waste management and contribute to the development of functional food products with targeted health-promoting properties.
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Industria de Alimentos , Frutas , Valor Nutritivo , Frutas/química , Humanos , Alimentos Funcionales , Antioxidantes/análisis , Residuos/análisis , Promoción de la Salud/métodos , Fibras de la Dieta/análisis , Antiinflamatorios , Hipoglucemiantes , Polifenoles/análisis , Malus/química , Antibacterianos , BocadillosRESUMEN
Walnut shells, often discarded as waste, hold hidden potential as a source of ellagitannins (ETs), compounds known for their promising antioxidant properties and health benefits. This study employed reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) coupled with Orbitrap-based high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) via electrospray ionization (ESI) in negative polarity to investigate the ET profile in extracts of dried powdered walnut shells. Several compounds belonging to various ET families were successfully identified as deprotonated molecules ([M - H]-) and characterized, including mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, and pentagalloyl glucopyranoses, as well as ETs containing the hexahydroxydiphenoyl (HHDP) group. Characteristic product ions were identified in HR tandem MS spectra and employed to recognize the ET landscape. Analysis revealed a complex picture with more than 10 isomers identified in some cases. However, the structural similarity and limitations in MS/MS data hindered the definitive identification of all isomers. Characterization of ETs featuring HHDP groups also remained challenging. Despite these restraints, the estimated total content of ETs suggests potential application in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries of those extracts. These findings indicate that walnut shells can be considered a sustainable source of health-promoting compounds, contributing to a greener economy.
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Taninos Hidrolizables , Juglans , Nueces , Extractos Vegetales , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Taninos Hidrolizables/química , Taninos Hidrolizables/análisis , Juglans/química , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodos , Extractos Vegetales/química , Nueces/química , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Cromatografía Liquida/métodos , Residuos/análisis , Estructura MolecularRESUMEN
Fabricating metal oxide nanoparticles has garnered much attention lately because creating safe chemicals, sustainable materials, economic processes, and renewable resources is becoming increasingly important. This research shows how TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) could be generated in an ecologically responsible way using waste coconut husk with the help of tender coconut. This extract functions as both a reducing agent and a sealing agent. The investigation of TiO2 NPs exploited ultraviolet (UV), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) methods. The germicidal properties of TiO2 NPs against food-borne pathogenic strains were studied using the agar well method. Employing Congo red pigment, the photodecomposition behavior was investigated. The TiO2 NPs produced had a crystallite size measuring 16.2 nm. The average grain size of the sample, as measured by FE-SEM inspection, falls within the range of 15 to 25 nm. Impressive anti-germ effects against food-borne germs like Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes), Gram-negative (Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli) bacteria, and fungi (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger) have been proved by the sustainable fabrication of TiO2 NPs. The catalytic effectiveness of Congo red decreased by 88% after 90 min. The findings suggest that sustainable synthesis of TiO2 NPs is an effective tool for food-borne germicides and photodecomposition behaviors.
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Cocos , Titanio , Titanio/química , Titanio/farmacología , Cocos/química , Residuos/análisis , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Luminiscencia , Microbiología de Alimentos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/síntesis química , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Procesos Fotoquímicos , Tamaño de la PartículaRESUMEN
With the increasing emphasis on sustainability and eco-friendliness, a novel biodegradable packaging materials has received unprecedented attention. Nanocellulose, owing to its high crystallinity, degradability, minimal toxicity, and outstanding biocompatibility, has gained considerable interest in the field of sustainable packaging. This review provided a comprehensive perspective about the recent advances and future development of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). We first introduced the utilization of agricultural waste for nanocellulose production, such as straw, bagasse, fruit byproducts, and shells. Next, we discussed the preparation process of nanocellulose from various agricultural wastes and expounded the advantages and shortcomings of different methods. Subsequently, this review offered an in-depth investigation on the application of nanocellulose in food packaging, especially the function and packaged form of nanocellulose on food preservation. Finally, the safety evaluation of nanocellulose in food packaging is conducted to enlighten and promote the perfection of relevant regulatory documents. In short, this review provided valuable insights for potential research on the biobased materials utilized in future food packaging.
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Agricultura , Celulosa , Embalaje de Alimentos , Embalaje de Alimentos/métodos , Celulosa/química , Agricultura/métodos , Nanopartículas/química , Nanofibras/química , Residuos , Conservación de Alimentos/métodosRESUMEN
The nearshore zone turns out to be the area with the higher concentration of plastic debris and, for this reason, it is important to know the processes that affect the transport and the fate of this type of litter. This study focuses on investigating the dynamics of various plastic types under several hydrodynamic conditions primarily induced by waves. 2D tests were carried out at the Hydraulic Laboratory of the University of Messina reproducing the main phenomena that occurred during the wave propagation on a planar beach. More than 200 different conditions were tested changing the wave characteristics, the water depth, the plastic debris characteristics (density and shape), and the roughness of the fixed bottom. In general, it can be observed that the reduction in particle displacement occurs due to: i) a decrease in wave steepness; ii) an increase in depth; iii) an increase in particle size; iv) an increase in plastic density. However, the experimental investigation shows that some plastic characteristics and bed roughness, even when hydraulically smooth, can alter these results. The experimental data analysis identified a criterion for predicting the short-term fate of plastic debris under wave action. This criterion to determine equilibrium conditions, based on an empirical relationship, takes into account the wave characteristics, the bed roughness and slope, and the weight of the debris.
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Monitoreo del Ambiente , Plásticos , Movimientos del Agua , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Tamaño de la Partícula , Residuos/análisis , Hidrodinámica , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisisRESUMEN
The consumption of animal products has witnessed a significant increase over the years, leading to a growing need for industries to adopt strict waste control measures to mitigate environmental impacts. The disposal of animal waste in landfill can result in diverse and potentially hazardous decomposition by-products. Animal by-products, derived from meat, poultry, seafood and fish industries, offer a substantial raw material source for collagen and gelatin production due to their high protein content. Collagen, being a major protein component of animal tissues, represents an abundant resource that finds application in various chemical and material industries. The demand for collagen-based products continues to grow, yet the availability of primary material remains limited and insufficient to meet projected needs. Consequently, repurposing waste materials that contain collagen provides an opportunity to meet this need while at the same time minimizing the amount of waste that is dumped. This review examines the potential to extract value from the collagen content present in animal-derived waste and by-products. It provides a systematic evaluation of different species groups and discusses various approaches for processing and fabricating repurposed collagen. This review specifically focuses on collagen-based research, encompassing an examination of its physical and chemical properties, as well as the potential for chemical modifications. We have detailed how the research and knowledge built on collagen structure and function will drive the new initiatives that will lead to the development of new products and opportunities in the future. Additionally, it highlights emerging approaches for extracting high-quality protein from waste and discusses efforts to fabricate collagen-based materials leading to the development of new and original products within the chemical, biomedical and physical science-based industries.
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Colágeno , Residuos , Colágeno/química , Colágeno/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Residuos/análisisRESUMEN
Edible fungi, healthier for humans and sustainable for the planet, attract unprecedented attention. In the study, the genetically modified Pleurotus ostreatus overexpression phosphoglucomutase (PGM) was constructed. P. ostreatus overexpression PGM (Po::PGM) had 4.96-folds higher expression level of PGM. Po::PGM grew thicker mycelium and more mycelium branches. Additional Ca2+ can inhibit mycelium growth, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate completely inhibited their growth of Po::PGM. Secondly, Overexpression of PGM made P. ostreatus become more sensitive to cell wall disruptors, and caused 12.75 % reduction of ß-1, 3-glucan and 40.53 % increase of chitin in cell wall. In submerged fermentation, the mycelia biomass yield and endopolysaccharide (IPS) production of Po::PGM in basic PDB can reach 11.18 g/l and 2.55 g/l, increasing by 20.86 % and 28.79 %, respectively. Whereas exopolysaccharide (EPS) reduced by 3.28 %. After replacing potato and glucose in PDB by wheat bran, mycelia biomass and EPS production of Po::PGM were all improved. The additional lactose in wheat bran did not only furtherly enhance mycelia biomass yield of Po::PGM to 27.78 g/l by 199.03 %, but IPS production also increased by 277.99 % to 6.07 g/l. The results provided us key ideas and important research directions that at least manipulating the PGM gene could obtain high-efficient use of agricultural wastes producing more fungus-based foods.
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Biomasa , Micelio , Pleurotus , Pleurotus/genética , Pleurotus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Pleurotus/metabolismo , Micelio/crecimiento & desarrollo , Micelio/genética , Micelio/metabolismo , Agricultura/métodos , Polisacáridos/biosíntesis , Polisacáridos/metabolismo , Fermentación , Fosfoglucomutasa/genética , Fosfoglucomutasa/metabolismo , Residuos , Pared Celular/metabolismo , Pared Celular/genéticaRESUMEN
The aim of this paper is to characterize the plastic and to study a potential relationship between plastic debris characteristics and the presence of fouling biota in an Antarctic Specially Protected Area Robert Island, on the Antarctic peninsula region. A combination of lab-based sorting, advanced spectral analysis and general linear modelling was used to assess the abundance and type of plastic debris washed up on the shore. Observations recorded 730 debris items, with 85 % being plastic. Polystyrene (PS) and Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were the dominant plastics (61 %). Biofouling was observed on 25 % of plastic debris, with debris complexity and degradation significantly increasing the likelihood of fouling occurring. There was no correlation found between biofouling type and plastic polymer type. Findings raise concerns that even with the highest level of environmental protection, an external marine-based source of pollution can intrude the coastal habitat, with uncertain consequences to local flora and fauna.