RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis is common in Colombia, negatively affecting the health of military personnel active in endemic areas. The disease is transmitted by sand fly bites. Therefore, during duty, use of long-sleeved uniforms and other clothes treated with permethrin and application of mosquito repellent are important personal preventive measures. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess personal and occupational factors associated with the use of personal protection in male soldiers deployed to Leishmaniasis-endemic areas. METHODS: Three hundred soldiers participated in a cross-sectional questionnaire study (response 84.3%). The self-administered questionnaire contained questions about sociodemographics, duration of service, compliance with personal mosquito protection, and knowledge about leishmaniasis. Descriptive analyses were followed by multiple logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders (EpiInfo Version 7.0) FINDINGS: Overall, 23% of the soldiers reported complete use of the recommended personal protection measures. About 83% of the participants had heard about leishmaniasis. In the adjusted regression model, knowledge about leishmaniasis (adjusted odds ratio = 2.9; 95% confidence interval: 1.1-7.2) and being enrolled in the army for more than 5 years (2.2; 1.1-4.1) increased the odds of using personal protection. CONCLUSIONS: Improving knowledge about leishmaniasis is one measure to increase use of personal protection, thereby diminishing the risk of infection.
Asunto(s)
Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Repelentes de Insectos/uso terapéutico , Insecticidas/uso terapéutico , Leishmaniasis/prevención & control , Personal Militar , Permetrina/uso terapéutico , Ropa de Protección/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Colombia , Estudios Transversales , Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Oportunidad Relativa , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
La tungiasis es una ectoparasitosis causada por la penetración en la piel de la pulga hembra Tunga penetrans. Esta enfermedad no es específica del hombre y se distribuye en regiones cálidas y secas alrededor del mundo. Se adquiere por contacto directo con el suelo en donde habitan los parásitos adultos. En zonas endémicas, su alta prevalencia se asocia a pobreza y falta de acceso al sistema de salud. Además es frecuente entre viajeros que visitan regiones endémicas y que regresan a sus lugares de origen. Presentamos un caso típico de tungiasis en un paciente 39 años que había realizado un viaje reciente a zona endémica. (AU)
Tungiasis is an ectoparasitosis caused by penetration into the skin of the female flea Tunga penetrans. This disease is not human-specific and is distributed worldwide in warm, dry regions. It is acquired by direct contact with the soil where the adult parasites live. In endemic areas, its high prevalence is associated with poverty and lack of access to the health system. It is also frequent among travelers visiting endemic regions and returning to their places of origin. We present a typical case of tungiasis in a 39 year old patient who had made a recent trip to an endemic area. (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Animales , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Tungiasis/diagnóstico , Tungiasis/patología , Argentina/epidemiología , Factores Socioeconómicos , Infecciones Bacterianas/complicaciones , Áreas de Pobreza , Factores de Riesgo , Enfermedades Endémicas , DDT/uso terapéutico , Tunga/clasificación , Tungiasis/cirugía , Tungiasis/etiología , Tungiasis/parasitología , Tungiasis/prevención & control , Enfermedad Relacionada con los Viajes , Barreras de Acceso a los Servicios de Salud , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud , Repelentes de Insectos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
This study was developed to evaluate the repellent activity of N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) against Amblyomma cajennense nymphs. Two repellent bioassays were compared and the effective concentration and repellent time were calculated. The fingertip test was accomplished to evaluate in vivo four concentrations of the compound (0.200; 0.100; 0.050 and 0.025 mg.cm potention -2) and the filter-paper bioassay to evaluate in vitro the two highest concentrations. The compound provided repellence higher than 90% in all concentrations and at least 95% repellency in the highest concentration over 5 hours. The effective concentration against 50% of tested nymphs (EC50) was 0.006 mg.cm potention -2 and the EC99 was 0.036 mg.cm potention -2. Those concentrations were lower than the ones obtained against other tick species, denoting the effectiveness of DEET against A. cajennense. The repellency time against 50% of the ticks (RT50) was 4.8 hours and the RT90 was 2.7 hours. Both bioassays were adequate to evaluate A. cajennense repellency and provided similar results; however the in vivo test is more appropriate to estimate the effective concentration and repellency time.(AU)
Este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a atividade repelente do N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) sobre ninfas de Amblyomma cajennense. Dois bioensaios para a avaliação de repelência foram comparados e cálculos da concentração eficaz e do tempo de repelência foram realizados. Foram empregados o bioensaio da ponta do dedo, para avaliação in vivo de quatro concentações do químico (0,200; 0,100; 0,050 e 0,025 mg.cm elevado a 2) e o bioensaio do papel filtro, para a avaliação in vitro das duas concentrações mais altas. O composto conferiu mais de 90% de repelência em todas as concentrações utilizadas e 95% de repelência por mais de cinco horas na maior concentração. A concentração do composto efetiva contra 50% das ninfas testadas (CE50) foi de 0,006 mg.cm elevado a 2 e a CE99 foi de 0,036 mg.cm elevado a 2. Estas concentrações são mais baixas do que as observadas em outras espécies de carrapatos, denotando a efetividade do princípio contra A. cajennense. O tempo de repelência de 50% dos carrapatos (TR50) foi de 4,8 horas e o TR90 de 2,7 horas. Os dois bioensaios avaliados permitiram a observação de percentuais de repelência igualmente altos e se mostraram adequados para tal avaliação, sendo que o teste in vivo é mais indicado para cálculo da concentração eficaz e da duração da repelência.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Ixodidae , DEET/análisis , DEET/uso terapéutico , Repelentes de Insectos/análisis , Repelentes de Insectos/uso terapéutico , Bioensayo , Fiebre Maculosa de las Montañas Rocosas/prevención & controlRESUMEN
Las picaduras de mosquitos constituyen un riesgo frecuente al que se adiciona la posible transmisión de enfermedades. Para evitarlas contamos con barreras físicas, ropas, mosquiteros y repelentes. La elección del repelente a usar debe desprenderse de una meticulosa evaluación entre los beneficios y los riesgos generados por cada producto. El DEET (n,n-dietil,m,toluamida o su nueva denominación n,n-dietil-3-metilbenzamida) es, hasta el momento, el repelente más usado, mejor estudiado y efectivo, pero existen otros productos más nuevos. En este artículo se describen los repelentes naturales y sintéticos más utilizados que se encuentran disponibles en el mercado y se intenta orientar para una adecuada elección de los mismos en situaciones especiales como el embarazo, la lactancia y la niñez.
Mosquitoe bites are a common risk in which we have to take into account the transmission of many diseases. To prevent both risks we count with physical barriers, clothes, nets and repellents. The election of the repellent should be the result of a very meticulous evaluation of the risks and benefits of each product. The DEET (n,n-dietil,m,toluamida or the new name for the same product: n,n-dietil-3-metilbenzamida) is up to date the most used, best studied and effective repellent, but there are many other new options. In this article we describe the different natural and synthetic repellents on the market and try to help on the adequate election in special situations such as pregnancy, nursing and childhood.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Cymbopogon , DEET , Permetrina/administración & dosificación , Repelentes de Insectos/administración & dosificación , Repelentes de Insectos/uso terapéutico , Mordeduras y Picaduras de Insectos/prevención & control , Fitoterapia , Preparaciones de Plantas/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
OBJETIVO: Apresentar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o uso de repelentes de insetos em crianças, com ênfase especial na proteção contra mosquitos. FONTES DE DADOS: Realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases de dados Pubmed e Lilacs, cujos artigos incluíam produtos comercialmente disponíveis no Brasil. Foram selecionados artigos publicados nos últimos dez anos em língua inglesa ou portuguesa, referentes a crianças, obtidos com as seguintes palavras-chave: "insect repellents", "children", "mosquitoes", "N,N-dietil-metatoluamida (DEET)". SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Entre os repelentes tópicos, DEET, icaridina e óleo natural de eucalipto-limão apresentam, em concentrações adequadas, perfil de segurança favorável e são eficazes na prevenção de picadas de mosquitos em crianças e adultos. Em geral, são indicados para crianças acima de dois anos de idade. Medidas físicas são fundamentais para proteger lactentes jovens, especialmente menores de seis meses, com destaque para o uso de telas com permetrina. CONCLUSÕES: Os mosquitos são vetores de doenças infectoparasitárias que acometem, anualmente, milhões de pessoas no mundo e causam milhares de mortes. O combate aos mosquitos inclui medidas ambientais e de proteção individual. O uso de repelentes tópicos para proteção individual da criança exige cuidados específicos e conhecimento quanto ao produto ideal para cada idade, especialmente quando consideradas sua eficácia e segurança.
OBJECTIVE: To present a literature review about the use of insect repellents on children, highlighting the protection against mosquitoes. DATA SOURCES: Pubmed and Lilacs databases were searched for articles in English and Portuguese published in the last ten years with the following key-words: "insect repellents", "children", "mosquitoes", "N,N-dietil-metatoluamida (DEET)". DATA SYNTHESIS: Concerning topical repellents, DEET, icaridine and natural oil of lemon eucalyptus are effective to prevent mosquito bites in children and adults and have favorable safety profile when used in appropriate concentration. They are generally recommended for children older than two years-old. Physical barriers are essential for infant protection, especially if they are six months old or less, with special interest in the permethrin-treated nets. CONCLUSIONS: Mosquitoes are vectors of a variety of infectious and parasitic diseases which annually affect millions of people and cause thousands of deaths worldwide. The combat to mosquitoes includes individual and environmental measures. Topic repellents for children's individual protection demand specific handling attention and knowledge about the ideal product for each age, especially regarding their efficacy and safety.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , DEET , Control de Mosquitos , Culicidae , Repelentes de Insectos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Mosquitoes are the most important vectors of infectious diseases and their bites are related to several adverse skin reactions. Permethrin impregnated clothes are an efficient strategy against arthropods' bites; however, its topical efficacy as a repellent has not been well established. We studied the response to permethrin lotion 5 percent and N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) spray 50 percent applied to the unprotected forearms of 10 volunteers. Each arm was exposed to 20 female mosquitoes of Aedes aegypti. We performed 71 bilateral comparative measurements evaluating the timing for the first bites. The average times for the arm without the product, with permethrin 5 percent, and with DEET 50 percent were: 7.9 seconds, 336.2 seconds and 7512.1 seconds. The results showed a significant difference between repellency times between either product and unprotected controls. In addition, there was a significant difference in time to first bite between permethrin and DEET treated arms (p<0.01). Permethrin affords some repellent activity against Aedes aegypti bites in this experimental setting. However, permethrin's profile of repellency was significantly inferior to that of DEET.
Asunto(s)
Aedes , DEET/uso terapéutico , Mordeduras y Picaduras de Insectos/prevención & control , Permetrina/uso terapéutico , Animales , Brasil , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Repelentes de Insectos/uso terapéutico , Control de Mosquitos , Probabilidad , Valores de Referencia , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Inexpensive insect repellents may be needed to supplement the use of impregnated bed-nets in the Amazon region, where the primary malaria vector, Anopheles darlingi (Root), is exophilic and feeds in the early evening. Three plants that are traditionally used to repel mosquitoes in Riberalta, Bolivian Amazon, were identified by focus group, and then they were tested against An. darlingi as well as Mansonia indubitans (Dyar & Shannon)/Mansonia titillans (Walker). Cymbopogon citratus (Staph), Guatemalan lemongrass, essential oil at 25% was used as a skin repellent, and it provided 74% protection for 2.5 h against predominantly An. darlingi and 95% protection for 2.5 h against Mansonia spp. Attalea princeps (name not verified) husks, burned on charcoal in the traditional way provided 35 and 51% protection against An. darlingi and Mansonia spp., respectively. Kerosene lamps, often used to light rural homes, were used as a heat source to volatilize 100% Mentha arvensis (Malinv ex. Bailey) essential oil, and they reduced biting by 41% inside traditional homes against Mansonia spp., although they were ineffective outdoors against An. darlingi. All three plant-based repellents provided significant protection compared with controls. Plant-based repellents, although less effective than synthetic alternatives, were shown by focus groups to be more culturally acceptable in this setting, in particular para-menthane-3, 8, idol derived from lemon eucalyptus, Corymbia citriodora (Hook). Plant-based repellents have the potential to be produced locally and therefore sold more cheaply than synthetic commercial repellents. Importantly, their low cost may encourage user compliance among indigenous and marginalized populations.
Asunto(s)
Anopheles/efectos de los fármacos , Repelentes de Insectos/uso terapéutico , Aceites de Plantas/uso terapéutico , Animales , Bolivia , Femenino , Fumigación , Masculino , Población Rural , Caracteres Sexuales , Población UrbanaAsunto(s)
Infestaciones Ectoparasitarias/prevención & control , Enfermedades Endémicas/prevención & control , Repelentes de Insectos/uso terapéutico , Ácido Pantoténico/uso terapéutico , Aceites de Plantas/uso terapéutico , Siphonaptera , Adulto , Anciano , Animales , Brasil/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Combinación de Medicamentos , Infestaciones Ectoparasitarias/epidemiología , Enfermedades del Pie/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades del Pie/parasitología , Humanos , Masculino , Ácido Pantoténico/análogos & derivados , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
The efficacy of repellents against Anopheles darlingi, the main malaria vector in Bolivia, was evaluated. This mosquito has a peak in biting activity early in the evening. Three natural repellents (1 eucalyptus based, 1 neem based, and 1 containing several repellent essential oils) were tested in comparison with 15% deet in human landing catches in Bolivia. The eucalyptus-based repellent containing 30% p-menthane-diol applied at a dose similar to those used in practice gave 96.89% protection for 4 h. Deet gave 84.81% protection. The other 2 products did not provide significant protection from mosquito bites.
Asunto(s)
Anopheles , Mordeduras y Picaduras de Insectos/prevención & control , Repelentes de Insectos/uso terapéutico , Insectos Vectores , Malaria/prevención & control , Animales , Bolivia , Monoterpenos Ciclohexánicos , DEET/uso terapéutico , Eucalyptus , Glicéridos/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Malaria/transmisión , Mentol/análogos & derivados , Mentol/uso terapéutico , Terpenos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Casi todos necesitamos en alguna oportunidad un repelente contra insectos, ya sea en un asado al aire libre o en un paseo por bosques o playas. Sin embargo, existe preocupación por la seguridad del empleo de dietiltoluamida (DEET) que es usado en casi todos los productos porque se han comunicado reacciones adversas y la gente tiene miedo de aplicarlos en sus niños. ¿Cuáles son efectivo e inocuos?. Los autores revisan los principales estudios en relación a los repelentes de insectos y proponen recomendaciones para un uso óptimo
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Repelentes de Insectos/clasificación , DEET/efectos adversos , DEET/farmacología , Control de Insectos , Repelentes de Insectos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
El prúrigo por insectos es una manifestación cutánea por sensibilización a la picadura de artrópodos que es casi exclusiva de la población pediátrica. Se descrien su etiología, sus aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos, inmunológicos e histopatológicos, así como su tratamiento
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Niño , Mordeduras y Picaduras de Insectos/diagnóstico , Mordeduras y Picaduras de Insectos/fisiopatología , Mordeduras y Picaduras de Insectos/prevención & control , Mordeduras y Picaduras de Insectos/terapia , Repelentes de Insectos/uso terapéutico , Insectos/patogenicidadRESUMEN
Fue evaluada una formulacion tipo jabon de un repelente de mosquitos, el cual contiene 20% de deet y 0.5% de permetrin, comparada con la de un repelente solido comercial disponible en Colombia y con controles no tratados. Para la evaluacion se midio, en condiciones naturales, el porcentaje de reduccion de la picadura de los mosquitos o porcentaje de repelencia de varias especies de Anopheles, entre las que se destacan los vectores de malaria An. darlingi, An. nuneztovari, ademas de Aedes Aegypti y Culex sp. Ambos repelentes mostraron un alto grado de proteccion que vario en un rango entre 88 a 99% con el repelente tipo jabon y 82 a 100% con el repelente comercial. Existen diferencias estadisticamente significativas (p<0.05) entre los porcentajes de repelencia de los dos repelentes en An. darlingi y todos los anofelinos, pero estas diferencias no tienen importancia practica puesto que persiste el riesgo de sufrir picaduras con el uso de cualquiera de los dos repelentes. Los resultados indican que ambos repelentes son igualmente efectivos para disminuir el contacto con los mosquitos Anopheles, Culex y Aedes aegypti hasta por 4 horas con una reduccion mayor al 80%; pero el repelente tipo jabon tiene un mayor efecto residual hasta al menos 7 horas para los anofelinos. Ninguna persona, de las 14 involucradas en el ensayo, manifesto molestias que pudieran sindicar a los repelentes como los causales