RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In response to a changing regulatory and consumer landscape, tobacco companies developed new strategies to promote cigarettes and smoking. We examined one of these strategies: to fund and conduct scientific research related to potential benefits of nicotine, and to use their findings to promote nicotine. METHODS: Qualitative analysis of previously secret tobacco industry documents from the Truth (formerly Legacy) Tobacco Documents Library (industrydocuments.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco), triangulated with data from other sources, including the online search engine Google, from the 1970s to December 2017. RESULTS: After publication of the 1988 Surgeon General's report on nicotine addiction, tobacco companies (particularly RJ Reynolds) intensified efforts to promote the benefits of nicotine while downplaying its addictiveness and health risks. Activities included building relationships with academic institutions and funding scientific studies of the benefits of nicotine on cognition and other performance areas through intramural and extramural programmes. Companies then promoted their research findings through public relations campaigns, often minimising nicotine's health risks by comparing it to caffeine or coffee. These comparisons appeared in highly publicised scientific meetings and interviews with the press. Nicotine-positive messages reappeared in the popular press and on some company websites in the 2010s. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco companies implemented strategies to promote benefits of nicotine to scientific and general audiences while minimising its health risks. These strategies reappeared at the time novel tobacco products like electronic cigarettes were introduced. A greater awareness of the source of claims related to purported benefits of nicotine could inform discussions about emerging tobacco products.
Asunto(s)
Nicotina/administración & dosificación , Industria del Tabaco/métodos , Productos de Tabaco , Conducta Adictiva/epidemiología , Documentación , Humanos , Nicotina/efectos adversos , Nicotina/farmacología , Relaciones Públicas/economía , Investigación/economía , Fumar/efectos adversos , Fumar/epidemiología , Industria del Tabaco/economía , Productos de Tabaco/efectos adversosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: DrinkWise Australia is an alcohol industry Social Aspects/Public Relations Organisation (SAPRO). We assessed the Australian public's awareness of DrinkWise, beliefs about its funding source, and associations between funding beliefs and perceptions of DrinkWise. METHODS: A total of 467 adult weekly drinkers completed an online cross-sectional survey in February 2016. RESULTS: Half the sample had heard of DrinkWise (48.6%); of these, the proportion aware that DrinkWise is industry funded (37.0%) was much smaller than the proportion believing it receives government funding (84.1%). Respondents who incorrectly believed DrinkWise receives government funding were more likely to hold a favourable perception of the organisation's credibility, trustworthiness and respectability than those who did not believe it receives government funding (75.9% vs. 58.3%; p=0.032). CONCLUSIONS: The drinking population is vulnerable to believing that alcohol industry public relations organisations such as DrinkWise are government funded, which in turn is associated with more favourable perceptions of the organisation's credibility, trustworthiness, and respectability. Implications for public health: Favourable perceptions of DrinkWise may enhance the industry's ability to delay or dilute potentially effective alcohol control policies. Future research should investigate whether educating the public about DrinkWise's alcohol industry funding alters the public's perception of how credible, trustworthy and respectable the organisation is.
Asunto(s)
Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas , Comercio , Opinión Pública , Relaciones Públicas , Adolescente , Adulto , Australia , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Mercadotecnía , Persona de Mediana Edad , Relaciones Públicas/economía , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
In the speakers' bureau system, physicians are recruited and trained by pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical device companies to deliver information about products to other physicians, in exchange for a fee. Using publicly available disclosures, we assessed the thesis that speakers' bureau involvement is not a feature of academic medicine in Canada, by estimating the prevalence of participation in speakers' bureaus among Canadian faculty in one medical specialty, cardiology. We analyzed the relevant features of an actual contract made public by the physician addressee and applied the Canadian Medical Association (CMA) guidelines on physician-industry relations to participation in a speakers' bureau. We argue that speakers' bureau participation constitutes a form of peer selling that should be understood to contravene the prohibition on product endorsement in the CMA Code of Ethics. Academic medical institutions, in conjunction with regulatory colleges, should continue and strengthen their policies to address participation in speakers' bureaus.
Asunto(s)
Industria Farmacéutica/ética , Docentes Médicos/normas , Relaciones Interprofesionales/ética , Mercadotecnía/ética , Médicos/ética , Canadá , Códigos de Ética , Industria Farmacéutica/economía , Guías como Asunto , Humanos , Mercadotecnía/economía , Grupo Paritario , Médicos/economía , Relaciones Públicas/economía , Sociedades Médicas/ética , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
Understanding online social networks is of critical importance to the plastic surgeon. With knowledge, it becomes apparent that the numerous networks available are similar in their structure, usage, and function. The key is communication between Internet media such that one maximizes exposure to patients. This article focuses on 2 social networking platforms that we feel provide the most utility to plastic surgeons. Ten tips are provided for incorporation of Facebook and Twitter into your practice.
Asunto(s)
Comunicación , Comercialización de los Servicios de Salud , Relaciones Médico-Paciente , Administración de la Práctica Médica , Relaciones Públicas , Medios de Comunicación Sociales , Red Social , Cirugía Plástica , Actitud del Personal de Salud , Actitud hacia los Computadores , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Humanos , Comercialización de los Servicios de Salud/economía , Administración de la Práctica Médica/economía , Relaciones Públicas/economía , Mercadeo Social , Medios de Comunicación Sociales/economía , Cirugía Plástica/economíaRESUMEN
As part of a feminist commitment to collaboration, this article, which appears as a companion essay to Minh-Ha T. Pham's "The Right to Fashion in the Age of Terror," offers a point of departure for thinking about fashion and beauty as processes that produce subjects recruited to, and aligned with, the national interests of the United States in the war on terror. The Muslim woman in the veil and her imagined opposite, the fashionably modern and implicitly Western woman, become convenient metaphors for articulating geopolitical contests of power as human rights concerns, as rescue missions, as beautifying mandates. This essay examines newer iterations of this opposition, after September 11, 2001, in order to demonstrate the critical resonance of a biopolitics of fashion and beauty. After the events of September 11, 2001, George W. Bush's administration launched a military and public relations campaign to promote U.S. national interests using the language of feminism and human rights. While these discourses in the United States helped to reinvigorate a declining economy, and specifically a flagging fashion industry (as Pham addresses in her companion essay), feminism abroad was deployed to very different ends. This article considers the establishment of the Kabul Beauty School by the nongovernmental organization Beauty without Borders, sponsored in large part by the U.S. fashion and beauty industries. Examining troubling histories of beauty's relation to morality, humanity, and security, as well as to neoliberal discourses of self-governance, the author teases out the biopower and biopolitics of beauty, enacted here through programs of empowerment that are inseparable from the geopolitical aims of the U.S. deployment in Afghanistan.
Asunto(s)
Vestuario , Economía , Feminismo , Islamismo , Lenguaje , Derechos de la Mujer , Afganistán/etnología , Altruismo , Vestuario/economía , Vestuario/historia , Vestuario/psicología , Economía/historia , Economía/legislación & jurisprudencia , Feminismo/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Derechos Humanos/economía , Derechos Humanos/educación , Derechos Humanos/historia , Derechos Humanos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Derechos Humanos/psicología , Islamismo/historia , Islamismo/psicología , Lenguaje/historia , Poder Psicológico , Relaciones Públicas/economía , Terrorismo/economía , Terrorismo/etnología , Terrorismo/historia , Terrorismo/legislación & jurisprudencia , Terrorismo/psicología , Estados Unidos/etnología , Mujeres/educación , Mujeres/historia , Mujeres/psicología , Derechos de la Mujer/economía , Derechos de la Mujer/educación , Derechos de la Mujer/historia , Derechos de la Mujer/legislación & jurisprudenciaRESUMEN
Medical diplomacy, the collaboration between countries to simultaneously produce health benefits and improve relations, has been a cornerstone of Cuban foreign policy since the outset of the revolution fifty years ago. It has helped Cuba garner symbolic capital (goodwill, influence, and prestige) well beyond what would have been possible for a small, developing country, and it has contributed to making Cuba a player on the world stage. In recent years, medical diplomacy has been instrumental in providing considerable material capital (aid, credit, and trade), as the oil-for-doctors deals with Venezuela demonstrates. This has helped keep the revolution afloat in trying economic times. What began as the implementation of the one of the core values of the revolution, namely health as a basic human right for all peoples, has continued as both an idealistic and a pragmatic pursuit. This article examines the factors that enabled Cuba to conduct medical diplomacy over the past fifty years, the rationale behind the conduct of this type of soft power politics, the results of that effort, and the mix of idealism and pragmatism that has characterized the experience. Moreover, it presents a typology of medical diplomacy that Cuba has used over the past fifty years.
Asunto(s)
Atención a la Salud , Misiones Médicas , Salud Pública , Relaciones Públicas , Cuba/etnología , Atención a la Salud/economía , Atención a la Salud/etnología , Atención a la Salud/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Internacionalidad/historia , Misiones Médicas/economía , Misiones Médicas/historia , Sistemas Políticos/historia , Salud Pública/economía , Salud Pública/educación , Salud Pública/historia , Relaciones Públicas/economía , Factores Socioeconómicos/historiaRESUMEN
In 1913, the Anti-Saloon League of America declared its intention to pursue national prohibition. While it continued to adhere to its core principles of agitation, it expanded its communication efforts and entered a partnership with the Scientific Temperance Federation, a spin-off of the education arm of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. The League's tactics were not necessarily new to the temperance movement -- or even to other reform movements of the time. What did set it apart was its single-minded focus on stopping the liquor traffic. Tracing through archival artifacts the League's communication strategies and tactics during 1913, then, this study contributes to a larger body of work that seeks to expand on the traditional model of public relations history.
Asunto(s)
Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas , Bebidas Alcohólicas , Opinión Pública , Relaciones Públicas , Conducta Social , Templanza , Mujeres Trabajadoras , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/economía , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/etnología , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/historia , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/legislación & jurisprudencia , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/psicología , Bebidas Alcohólicas/economía , Bebidas Alcohólicas/historia , Agencias Gubernamentales/economía , Agencias Gubernamentales/historia , Agencias Gubernamentales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Historia del Siglo XX , Opinión Pública/historia , Relaciones Públicas/economía , Condiciones Sociales/economía , Condiciones Sociales/historia , Condiciones Sociales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Valores Sociales/etnología , Bienestar Social/economía , Bienestar Social/etnología , Bienestar Social/historia , Bienestar Social/legislación & jurisprudencia , Bienestar Social/psicología , Templanza/economía , Templanza/historia , Templanza/legislación & jurisprudencia , Templanza/psicología , Estados Unidos/etnología , Mujeres Trabajadoras/educación , Mujeres Trabajadoras/historia , Mujeres Trabajadoras/legislación & jurisprudencia , Mujeres Trabajadoras/psicologíaRESUMEN
This study examines the unique publicity activities devised by the Tooth's brewery in Sydney during the Great Depression and the 1930s. Unlike many advertisers, the brewery did not turn its back on advertising or marketing. Recognising the importance of publicity, the brewery developed innovative advertising and marketing initiatives in an attempt to arrest its declining sales. Such strategies included the development of co-operative advertising campaigns, the creation of advertisements directly targeting female consumers, and the renovation of pubs owned by the brewery. However, the significance of these initiatives extends beyond the immediate economic concerns. They were also celebration of modernity. By locating Tooth's advertising, marketing, and public relations activities within the broader social, cultural, and political context, this study provides a revealing insight into the way in which such campaigns simultaneously informed and reflected the Australian experience of modernity during the 1930s.
Asunto(s)
Publicidad , Cerveza , Características Culturales , Promoción de la Salud , Mercadotecnía , Relaciones Públicas , Cambio Social , Publicidad/economía , Publicidad/historia , Publicidad/legislación & jurisprudencia , Bebidas Alcohólicas/economía , Bebidas Alcohólicas/historia , Cerveza/economía , Cerveza/historia , Economía/historia , Economía/legislación & jurisprudencia , Promoción de la Salud/economía , Promoción de la Salud/historia , Promoción de la Salud/legislación & jurisprudencia , Historia del Siglo XX , Estilo de Vida/etnología , Mercadotecnía/economía , Mercadotecnía/educación , Mercadotecnía/historia , Mercadotecnía/legislación & jurisprudencia , Nueva Gales del Sur/etnología , Salud Pública/economía , Salud Pública/educación , Salud Pública/historia , Salud Pública/legislación & jurisprudencia , Relaciones Públicas/economía , Cambio Social/historiaRESUMEN
Grinnell Regional Medical Center, Grinnell, Iowa, used the theme of an aspen grove for its 2002 annual report. It met the challenge of producing and mailing the usual number of copies while reducing the budget. The effort succeeded by eliminating color print, reducing the number of pages and mailing to "occupants" in its region, instead of designating them by name.
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Informes Anuales como Asunto , Presupuestos , Hospitales Comunitarios/economía , Relaciones Públicas/economía , Obtención de Fondos/métodos , Iowa , Comercialización de los Servicios de Salud/economía , Comercialización de los Servicios de Salud/métodosAsunto(s)
Industria Farmacéutica/economía , Efectos Colaterales y Reacciones Adversas Relacionados con Medicamentos , Educación Médica Continua/economía , Fraude/economía , Relaciones Públicas/economía , Industria Farmacéutica/legislación & jurisprudencia , Industria Farmacéutica/organización & administración , Educación Médica Continua/ética , Educación Médica Continua/organización & administración , Fraude/ética , Fraude/legislación & jurisprudencia , Humanos , Publicaciones Periódicas como Asunto , Relaciones Públicas/tendenciasAsunto(s)
Conflicto de Intereses , Industria Farmacéutica , Periodismo Médico , Relaciones Públicas , Proyectos de Investigación , Conflicto de Intereses/economía , Industria Farmacéutica/economía , Industria Farmacéutica/tendencias , Humanos , Periodismo Médico/normas , Relaciones Públicas/economía , Proyectos de Investigación/normas , Reino UnidoRESUMEN
The International Association of Tobacco Growers (IATG) has publicly blamed WHO's tobacco control policies for a decline in the amount of land where tobacco is grown in the Americas and for the fact that many farmers have lost a way to make a living. Contrary to these allegations, the surface of land where tobacco is grown and the production of tobacco have increased between 1990 and 2000 (from 471 975 to 505 636 hectares and from 703 431 to 868 302 metric tons, respectively). Furthermore, the IATG's internal documents point to the cause of the declining harvests observed in some countries as being the drop in prices that has been triggered by surplus production on a global scale. According to internal documents belonging to the tobacco industry, the IATG is a public relations agency that was created by the industry as its spokesman in developing countries in an effort to curb tobacco control initiatives. WHO aims to reduce the use of tobacco products and the morbidity and mortality that are attributable to such use, a measure which will have no impact on the current generation of tobacco growers because, even if the prevalence of smoking does decline, the total number of smokers will continue to grow due to the overall increase in the size of the population.
Asunto(s)
Agricultura/estadística & datos numéricos , Nicotiana/crecimiento & desarrollo , Industria del Tabaco/estadística & datos numéricos , Organización Mundial de la Salud , Agricultura/economía , Humanos , Prevalencia , Relaciones Públicas/economía , Relaciones Públicas/estadística & datos numéricos , Fumar/epidemiología , Industria del Tabaco/economíaRESUMEN
The International Association of Tobacco Growers (IATG) has publicly blamed WHOÆs tobacco control policies for a decline in the amount of land where tobacco is grown in the Americas and for the fact that many farmers have lost a way to make a living. Contrary to these allegations, the surface of land where tobacco is grown and the production of tobacco have increased between 1990 and 2000 (from 471 975 to 505 636 hectares and from 703 431 to 868 302 metric tons, respectively). Furthermore, the IATGÆs internal documents point to the cause of the declining harvests observed in some countries as being the drop in prices that has been triggered by surplus production on a global scale. According to internal documents belonging to the tobacco industry, the IATG is a public relations agency that was created by the industry as its spokesman in developing countries in an effort to curb tobacco control initiatives. WHO aims to reduce the use of tobacco products and the morbidity and mortality that are attributable to such use, a measure which will have no impact on the current generation of tobacco growers because, even if the prevalence of smoking does decline, the total number of smokers will continue to grow due to the overall increase in the size of the population