RESUMEN

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) has been widely used as adjuvant of anti-tumor therapy for variety tumors. The bioactive ingredients of G. lucidum mainly include triterpenes, such as Ganoderic acid A, Ganoderic acid B, Ganoderenic acid A, Ganoderenic acid B, Ganoderenic acid D, and Ganoderic acid X. However, the effects and underlying mechanisms of G. lucidum are often challenging in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment. AIM OF THE STUDY: To explore the potential role and mechanism of enhancer-associated lncRNAs (en-lncRNAs) in G. lucidum treated HCC through the in vivo and in vitro experiments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hepa1-6-bearing C57 BL/6 mice model were established to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of G. lucidum treated HCC. Ki67 and TUNEL staining were used to detect the tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis in vivo. The Mouse lncRNA 4*180K array was implemented to identify the differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs and mRNAs of G. lucidum treated tumor mice. The constructed lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network and bioinformatics analysis were used to selected core en-lncRNAs and its neighboring genes. The UPLC-MS method was used to identify the triterpenes of G. lucidum, and the in vitro experiments were used to verify which triterpene monomers regulated en-lncRNAs in tumor cells. Finally, a stable knockdown/overexpression cell lines were used to confirm the relationship between en-lncRNA and neighboring gene. RESULTS: Ki67 and TUNEL staining demonstrated G. lucidum significantly inhibited tumor growth, suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in vivo. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the existence of 126 DE lncRNAs high correlated with 454 co-expressed mRNAs in G. lucidum treated tumor mice. Based on lncRNA-mRNA network and qRT-PCR validation, 6 core lncRNAs were selected and considered high correlated with G. lucidum treatment. Bioinformatics analysis revealed FR036820 and FR121302 might act as enhancers, and qRT-PCR results suggested FR121302 might enhance Popdc2 mRNA level in HCC. Furthermore, 6 main triterpene monomers of G. lucidum were identified by UPLC-MS method, and in vitro experiments showed FR121302 and Popdc2 were significantly suppressed by Ganoderenic acid A and Ganoderenic acid B, respectively. The knock/overexpression results demonstrated that FR121302 activating and enhancing Popdc2 expression levels, and Ganoderenic acid A and Ganoderenic acid B dramatically suppressed FR121302 and decreased Popdc2 level in Hepa1-6 cells. CONCLUSIONS: Enhancer-associated lncRNA plays a crucial role as an enhancer during hepatocarcinogenesis, and triterpenes of G. lucidum significantly inhibited tumor cell proliferation and induced apoptosis by regulating en-lncRNAs. Our study demonstrated Ganoderenic acid A and Ganoderenic acid B suppressed en-lncRNA FR121302 may be one of the critical strategies of G. lucidum inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma growth.

Asunto(s)

Apoptosis , Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Proliferación Celular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , ARN Largo no Codificante , Reishi , Triterpenos , Animales , Triterpenos/farmacología , Triterpenos/aislamiento & purificación , ARN Largo no Codificante/genética , ARN Largo no Codificante/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patología , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patología , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Reishi/química , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Línea Celular Tumoral , Masculino , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/aislamiento & purificación

RESUMEN

Psychological disparities impact physical activity and fitness in sedentary female college students by affecting cardiovascular efficiency. Ganoderma lucidum, vitality-enhancing herb alleviates health and rejuvenates the mind-body to improve endurance fitness. A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled parallel design study was conducted to determine whether supplementation of G. lucidum in daily dosages of 500 mg (GL500mg group) and 1000 mg (GL1000mg group) improves psychophysiological health capabilities during the different phases of the experimental trial. Analysis for pre-experimental trial (day 0), experimental trial (day 15), and post-experimental trial (after day 30) on anthropometric, psychological, physiological, and physical fitness parameters were executed. Seventy-eight participants (n = 78, age 20.64 ± 3.21 years) were assigned randomly and equally divided (n = 26) to one of the three treatment groups for intragroup and intergroup comparisons. Significant differences in the post-experimental GL1000mg group for heart rate (HR), maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), physical work capacity (PWC170), and right-hand grip strength (P < 0.05) compared with the placebo group were observed. GL1000mg-supplemented group also significantly improved (P < 0.05) HR, VO2max and PWC170 (P < 0.001) after pre- to post-trials. Experimental trial between placebo and GL1000mg group and post-experimental trial between the GL500mg and GL1000mg group showed significant changes in VO2max(P < 0.001) and PWC170 (P < 0.05). Anxiety, depression, vitality and positive well-being scores significantly improved, leading to improved psychological well-being after GL1000mg supplementation. GL1000mg supplementation for 30 days might act as a longevity-promoting tonic for endurance and strength performance by ameliorating stress to improve the overall psychophysiological health, vitality and quality of life for better cardiovascular efficacy.

Asunto(s)

Suplementos Dietéticos , Aptitud Física , Reishi , Estrés Psicológico , Estudiantes , Humanos , Femenino , Reishi/química , Adulto Joven , Estudiantes/psicología , India , Método Doble Ciego , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Estrés Psicológico/tratamiento farmacológico , Adulto , Adolescente , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Consumo de Oxígeno/efectos de los fármacos , Fuerza de la Mano , Universidades

RESUMEN

The electrospinning process is an effective technique for creating micro- and nanofibers from synthetic and natural polymers, with significant potential for biomedical applications and drug delivery systems due to their high drug-loading capacity, large surface area, and tunable release times. Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) stands out for its excellent thermo-mechanical properties, biodegradability, and bioabsorbability. Electrospun PLLA nanofibrous structures have been extensively investigated as wound dressings, sutures, drug delivery carriers, and tissue engineering scaffolds. This study aims to create and characterize electrospun PLLA membranes loaded with spironolactone (SP), mimicking active compounds of Ganoderma lucidum (GL), to develop a biodegradable patch for topical wound-healing applications. GL, a medicinal mushroom, enhances dermal wound healing with its bioactive compounds, such as polysaccharides and ganoderic acids. Focusing on GL extracts-obtained through green extraction methods-and innovative drug delivery, we created new fibers for wound-healing potential applications. To integrate complex mixtures of bioactive compounds into the fibers, we developed a prototype using a single pure substance representing the extract mixture. This painstaking work presents the results of the fabricating, wetting, moisture properties, material resilience, and full characterization of the product, providing a robust rationale for the fabrication of fibers imbued with more complex extracts.

Asunto(s)

Vendajes , Poliésteres , Espironolactona , Cicatrización de Heridas , Espironolactona/química , Cicatrización de Heridas/efectos de los fármacos , Poliésteres/química , Nanofibras/química , Reishi/química , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos/métodos , Humanos

RESUMEN

Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) is a traditional edible fungus with strong medicinal value. G. lucidum polysaccharides (GLP) encapsulate many of the key beneficial properties of this species, providing a valuable tool for the treatment of a range of diseases. The present study was developed to explore the protective benefits of GLP treatment in the context of arsenic poisoning. Through microscopy and flow cytometry experiments, NaAsO2 was found to induce rat tracheal epithelial (RTE) cell apoptosis, together with reductions in cell surface epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression. GLP treatment, however, was able to reduce apoptosis rates and elevate the expression of EGFR relative to NaAsO2-treated cells. GLP extracts (50, 100, 200 mg·mL-1) prepared from four types of G. lucidum were administered to RTE cells damaged with arsenic, revealing limited differences in position resistance among these varieties. This work provides reference for the pharmaceutical and medical research of G. lucidum.

Asunto(s)

Apoptosis , Arsénico , Reishi , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Reishi/química , Ratas , Arsénico/toxicidad , Polisacáridos Fúngicos/farmacología , Polisacáridos Fúngicos/química , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Polisacáridos/química , Mediciones Luminiscentes/métodos , Células Epiteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Ganoderma lucidum is a unique form of fungus utilized in Chinese medicine for various therapies as it exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activity. In this study, the purpose is to evaluate the possible drug-like qualities of the metabolites of G. lucidium as well as the impact that these metabolites have on the pathways involved in atherosclerosis. Throughout our research, a total of 17 compounds were chosen based on their drug-like properties. These compounds were then utilized in the subsequent networking and docking simulations. According to the findings, the compound ganodone has a maximum binding energy of -7.243 Kcal/mol. In terms of the binding energy, it has been discovered that the compound cianidanol has the lowest value. Based on the findings of the molecular docking investigations, it was determined that TNF, AKT1, SRC, and STAT3 exhibited a higher affinity for the complex. To determine this, molecular dynamics simulation was performed for about 100 nanoseconds. Following the completion of the GO functional analysis, it was discovered that the target genes were involved in the processes of protein binding, ATP binding, enzyme binding, and protein tyrosine kinase activity. Overall, the study results provide a view of possible metabolites that may have an impact on disease progression.

Asunto(s)

Aterosclerosis , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Reishi , Reishi/química , Reishi/metabolismo , Aterosclerosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Aterosclerosis/metabolismo , Humanos , Estructura Molecular

RESUMEN

Ganoderic acid T (GAT), a triterpenoid molecule of Ganoderma lucidum, exhibits anti-cancer activity; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-cancer molecular mechanisms of GAT and explore its therapeutic applications for cancer treatment. GAT exhibited potent anti-cancer activity in an ES-2 orthotopic ovarian cancer model in a humanized mouse model, leading to significant alterations in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Specifically, GAT reduced the proportion of α-SMA+ cells and enhanced the infiltration of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in tumor tissues. After conducting proteomic analysis, it was revealed that GAT downregulates galectin-1 (Gal-1), a key molecule in the TME. This downregulation has been confirmed in multiple cancer cell lines and xenograft tumors. Molecular docking suggested a theoretical direct interaction between GAT and Gal-1. Further research revealed that GAT induces ubiquitination of Gal-1. Moreover, GAT significantly augmented the anti-cancer effects of paclitaxel, thereby increasing intratumoral drug concentrations and reducing tumor size. Combined with immunotherapy, GAT enhanced the tumor-suppressive effects of the anti-programmed death-ligand 1 antibody and increased the proportion of CD8+ cells in the EMT6 syngeneic mammary cancer model. In conclusion, GAT inhibited tumor growth, downregulated Gal-1, modulated the TME, and promoted chemotherapy and immunotherapy efficacy. Our findings highlight the potential of GAT as an effective therapeutic agent for cancer.

Asunto(s)

Regulación hacia Abajo , Galectina 1 , Neoplasias Ováricas , Microambiente Tumoral , Microambiente Tumoral/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Galectina 1/metabolismo , Humanos , Femenino , Regulación hacia Abajo/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Ratones , Neoplasias Ováricas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Ováricas/patología , Neoplasias Ováricas/inmunología , Neoplasias Ováricas/metabolismo , Paclitaxel/farmacología , Triterpenos/farmacología , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de Xenoinjerto , Reishi/química , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/farmacología , Inmunoterapia/métodos , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Ratones Desnudos , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/inmunología , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Sinergismo Farmacológico

RESUMEN

Ganoderma lucidum, a member of the Basidiomycetes family, is attracting attention for its medicinal potential due to its biological activity and the presence of numerous bioactive compounds. Although it is known that extracts of this mushroom inhibit melanin production, there are few reports on a single substance associated with this effect. In this study, we identified ganodermanontriol (GT), a novel compound from G. lucidum, that effectively inhibited melanin biosynthesis in B16F10 cells. GT inhibits melanin production by suppressing the expression of cellular tyrosinase proteins and microphthalmia-related transcription factor (MITF). Furthermore, GT affects the phosphorylation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein (CREB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling molecules, which are involved in melanogenesis in B16F10 cells. Finally, the biosynthesis of GT and other substances by G. lucidum was evaluated using HPLC analysis. Thus, this study revealed the mechanism by which GT in G. lucidum inhibits melanin production in B16F10 cells, and these findings will contribute to promoting the potential use of this mushroom in the future.

Asunto(s)

Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas , Melaninas , Reishi , Melaninas/biosíntesis , Melaninas/metabolismo , Animales , Ratones , Reishi/química , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas/efectos de los fármacos , Proteína de Unión a Elemento de Respuesta al AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Monofenol Monooxigenasa/metabolismo , Monofenol Monooxigenasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Línea Celular Tumoral , Melanoma Experimental/metabolismo , Melanoma Experimental/patología , Fosforilación/efectos de los fármacos , Factor de Transcripción Asociado a Microftalmía/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos

RESUMEN

Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal mushroom usually cultivated in logs and covered with soil. Its production decreases after continuous cultivation. Changes of microbial diversity in soil are suggested to be one of the reasons. This study aims to investigate the changes of microbial diversity and abundance in soil during cultivation, and isolate potential microbial strains that affect the yield of G. lucidum. Soil samples were collected at two different ranges from logs during one complete growth cycle of G. lucidum. The changes in fungi and bacteria were investigated by using high-throughput sequencing and real-time PCR. Results indicated that the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the bacterial community decreased at the short-range site. In the fungal community, the relative abundance of Ganoderma increased to 70% at the long-range site at the end of the cultivation. The abundance of bacteria and fungi decreased significantly at the end of the growth cycle. Recovery of microbial changes in soil should be proceeded separately based on different ranges to logs. The microbial strains in these soil samples were also isolated and identified. Potential strains were assessed in the form of bio-fertilizer. The yield of G. lucidum in the field using bio-fertilizer with isolated bacterial strains from the Firmicutes phylum was about 13% higher than that without using bio-fertilizer, suggesting the possibility of alleviating the production decrease of G. lucidum by this method.

Asunto(s)

Bacterias , Biodiversidad , Hongos , Reishi , Microbiología del Suelo , Reishi/metabolismo , Reishi/crecimiento & desarrollo , Reishi/genética , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/genética , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Bacterias/metabolismo , Hongos/clasificación , Hongos/genética , Hongos/aislamiento & purificación , Hongos/metabolismo , Fertilizantes/análisis , Microbiota , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Filogenia , Suelo/química

RESUMEN

Ganoderma has received much attention for its medicinal value, but the manipulation of multiple genes remains a challenge, hindering the genetic engineering of this species for the development of cell factories. Here, we first showed that the presence of an intron is necessary for the efficient expression of the endogenous cDNA of carboxin-resistant gene (cbx) in G. lucidum. Then, the self-cleaving function of 2 A peptide was investigated in G. lucidum by linking cbx cDNA to the codon-optimized hygromycin B-resistant gene (ophph) using the 2A-peptide sequence. The results showed that cbx cDNA and ophph can be successfully expressed in G. lucidum in a bicistronic manner from a single transcript. Moreover, the expression of both genes was not affected by the order within the 2 A cassette. In addition, simultaneous expression of cbx cDNA, ophph, and codon-optimized yellow fluorescent protein gene (opyfp) was conducted for the first time in G. lucidum using the 2 A peptide-based approach. The developed method was successfully applied to express both cDNA of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (hmgr) and squalene epoxidase gene (se) for enhanced production of ganoderic acids (GAs) in G. lucidum. The engineered strain produced the maximum content of GA-Mk, GA-T, GA-S, and GA-Me were 26.56±3.53,39.58±3.75, 16.54±2.16, and 19.1±1.87 µg/100 mg dry weight, respectively. These values were 3.85-, 4.74-, 3.65-, and 3.23-fold higher than those produced by the control strain. The developed method will be useful for the manipulation of complex metabolic or regulatory pathways involving multiple genes in Ganoderma.

Asunto(s)

Reishi , Triterpenos , Reishi/genética , Reishi/metabolismo , Triterpenos/metabolismo , Péptidos/genética , Péptidos/metabolismo , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Reductasas/genética , Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Reductasas/metabolismo

RESUMEN

The chemical composition of Ganoderma lucidum ethanol extracts was systematically analyzed and identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole electrostatic field orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry(UPLC-Orbitrap-HRMS). The fragmentation pattern of the representative chemical compounds was summarized, and the potential anti-liver fibrosis active compounds of G. lucidum acting on the farnesoid X receptor(FXR) target were studied to elucidate its pharmacodynamic substance basis. Preliminarily, 95 chemical constituents of G. lucidum ethanol extracts were identified, including 24 ganoderic acids, 9 ganoderenic acids, 13 lucidenic acids, 3 ganolucidic acids, 1 ganoderma lactone, 40 other triterpenoids, 4 fatty acids, and 1 other constituent. In addition, the fragmentation patterns of the representative compounds were also analyzed. The structural characteristics of ganoderic acids and ganoderenic acids were the C30 skeleton, containing free-COOH and-OH groups, which could easily lose H_2O and CO_2 to form fragment ions. The D-ring was mostly a five-membered ring, which was prone to breakage. Lucidenic acids were the lanosterolane-type of the C27 skeleton, and the side-chain structure became shorter and contained the same free-COOH and-OH compared with ganoderic acids, which had been reduced from 8 to 5 cartons and prone to lose H_2O and CO_2. Then, six reported FXR receptor agonists were selected to form a training set for establishing a pharmacophore model based on FXR ligands. The 95 identified chemical constituents of G. lucidum were matched with the pharmacophore, and the optimal pharmacophore model 02(sensitivity=0.750 00, specificity=0.555 56, ROC=0.750) was selected for the virtual screening of the G. lucidum compound library through the validation of the test set. Finally, 31 potential G. lucidum active constituents were screened and chosen to activate the FXRs. The ADMET results showed that ganoderic acid H and lucidenic acid J had less than 90% plasma protein binding rate and no hepatotoxicity, which could be used as FXR activators for developing clinical drugs for the treatment of liver fibrosis, either alone or in combination.

Asunto(s)

Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Cirrosis Hepática , Receptores Citoplasmáticos y Nucleares , Reishi , Receptores Citoplasmáticos y Nucleares/metabolismo , Receptores Citoplasmáticos y Nucleares/química , Cirrosis Hepática/tratamiento farmacológico , Cirrosis Hepática/metabolismo , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Humanos , Reishi/química , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/química , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacología , Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Estructura Molecular , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular

RESUMEN

Since 2019, COVID-19 has been raging around the world. Respiratory viral infectious diseases such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection are also prevalent, with influenza having the ability to cause seasonal pandemics. While vaccines and antiviral drugs are available to prevent and treat disease, herbal extracts would be another option. This study investigated the inhibitory effects of extracts of Echinacea purpurea (EP) and Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) and the advanced G. lucidum drink (AG) on influenza A/B viruses. To determine whether EP and G. lucidum extracts enhance cell immunity and thus prevent virus infection or act to directly suppress viruses, cell survival and hemagglutination (HA) assays were used in this study. Cells were treated with samples at different concentrations (each sample concentration was tested from the highest non-cytotoxic concentration) and incubated with influenza A/B for 24 h, with the results showing that both G. lucidum and EP extracts and mixtures exhibited the ability to enhance cell survival against viruses. In the HA assay, AG and EP extract showed good inhibitory effect on influenza A/B viruses. All of the samples demonstrated an improvement of the mitochondrial membrane potential and improved resistance to influenza A/B virus infection. EP and G. lucidum extracts at noncytotoxic concentrations increased cell viability, but only AG and EP extract directly decreased influenza virus titers. In conclusion, results indicate the ability of EP and G. lucidum extract to prevent viruses from entering cells by improving cell viability and mitochondrial dysfunction and EP extract showed direct inhibition on viruses and prevented viral infection at post-infection strategy.

Asunto(s)

Antivirales , Supervivencia Celular , Echinacea , Virus de la Influenza A , Virus de la Influenza B , Gripe Humana , Extractos Vegetales , Reishi , Reishi/química , Virus de la Influenza B/efectos de los fármacos , Antivirales/farmacología , Antivirales/química , Echinacea/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Humanos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Gripe Humana/tratamiento farmacológico , Gripe Humana/virología , Virus de la Influenza A/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Células de Riñón Canino Madin Darby , Perros

RESUMEN

Dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) belong to a novel superfamily of heme peroxidases that can oxidize recalcitrant compounds. In the current study, the GlDyP2 gene from Ganoderma lucidum was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and the enzymatic properties of the recombinant GlDyP2 protein were investigated. The GlDyP2 protein could oxidize not only the typical peroxidase substrate ABTS but also two lignin substrates, namely guaiacol and 2,6-dimethoxy phenol (DMP). For the ABTS substrate, the optimum pH and temperature of GlDyP2 were 4.0 and 35 °C, respectively. The pH stability and thermal stability of GlDyP2 were also measured; the results showed that GlDyP2 could function normally in the acidic environment, with a T50 value of 51 °C. Moreover, compared to untreated controls, the activity of GlDyP2 was inhibited by 1.60 mM of Mg2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, and ethanol; 0.16 mM of Cu2+, Zn2+, methanol, isopropyl alcohol, and Na2EDTA·2H2O; and 0.016 mM of Fe2+ and SDS. The kinetic constants of recombinant GlDyP2 for oxidizing ABTS, Reactive Blue 19, guaiacol, and DMP were determined; the results showed that the recombination GlDyP2 exhibited the strongest affinity and the most remarkable catalytic efficiency towards guaiacol in the selected substrates. GlDyP2 also exhibited decolorization and detoxification capabilities towards several dyes, including Reactive Blue 19, Reactive Brilliant Blue X-BR, Reactive Black 5, Methyl Orange, Trypan Blue, and Malachite Green. In conclusion, GlDyP2 has good application potential for treating dye wastewater.

Asunto(s)

Colorantes , Estabilidad de Enzimas , Escherichia coli , Guayacol , Proteínas Recombinantes , Reishi , Temperatura , Colorantes/metabolismo , Colorantes/química , Reishi/genética , Reishi/enzimología , Reishi/metabolismo , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Guayacol/metabolismo , Guayacol/análogos & derivados , Biodegradación Ambiental , Cinética , Benzotiazoles/metabolismo , Especificidad por Sustrato , Lignina/metabolismo , Oxidación-Reducción , Peroxidasa/genética , Peroxidasa/metabolismo , Peroxidasa/química , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Proteínas Fúngicas/química , Peroxidasas/genética , Peroxidasas/metabolismo , Peroxidasas/química , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/metabolismo , Compuestos Azo/metabolismo , Aguas Residuales/microbiología , Aguas Residuales/química , Ácidos Sulfónicos/metabolismo , Antraquinonas , Colorantes de Rosanilina

RESUMEN

Ganoderma lucidum, a medicinal mushroom with a long history in traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used for chronic diseases. Ganospirones A-G (1-7), seven pairs of undescribed spiro-meroterpenoids, were isolated from the fruiting bodies of G. lucidum. Their structures including absolute configurations were characterized by using NMR spectroscopic data, ECD computational and X-ray diffraction methods. The anti-inflammatory and anti-renal fibrosis activities of the meroterpenoids 1-7 were tested, and the results revealed that (-)-2 and (+)-2 could inhibit iNOS expression in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells at 20 µM.

Asunto(s)

Lipopolisacáridos , Reishi , Ratones , Animales , Células RAW 264.7 , Reishi/química , Lipopolisacáridos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Estructura Molecular , Compuestos de Espiro/química , Compuestos de Espiro/farmacología , Compuestos de Espiro/aislamiento & purificación , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/antagonistas & inhibidores , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/metabolismo , Terpenos/farmacología , Terpenos/química , Terpenos/aislamiento & purificación , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/química , Antiinflamatorios/aislamiento & purificación , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga

RESUMEN

Mycelium-based leather substitutes with a three-dimensional reticulated structure have attracted attention owing to the negative environmental impacts of natural and synthetic leather. This study utilised Ganoderma lucidum mycelium to prepare a mycelium-based leather substitute with zinc cross-linking (MF-Zn) and evaluated its physicochemical properties and sensory performance; the conventional Cr3+ tanning method was used as reference. Results demonstrated that Zn2+ and Cr3+ formed cross-links with the -OH and -NHOCH3 groups in the polysaccharides of chitin, while Zn2+ selectively bonded to a fraction of -NH2 groups in cystine and phenylalanine. The mycelium-based leather substitute with Zn cross-linking exhibited impressive tensile strength and tear strength of 7.0 MPa and 16.4 kN/m, respectively, while demonstrating desirable organoleptic properties. The free radical-scavenging capacity of MF-Zn was assessed, revealing a DPPH radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging rates of 39.4% and 52.7%, respectively. By successfully investigating the cross-linking mechanism of mycelial fibres with Zn2+ and obtaining the stabilised mycelium-based leather substitute, this study establishes a fundamental basis for the development of sustainable leather substitutes, meeting the requirements and facilitating significant advancements in low-carbon leather substitute production.

Asunto(s)

Quitina , Micelio , Zinc , Quitina/química , Micelio/química , Zinc/química , Resistencia a la Tracción , Reactivos de Enlaces Cruzados/química , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/química , Reishi/química

RESUMEN

Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides are valuable natural compounds possessing significant biological activity, with glycosyltransferases playing a crucial role in their biosynthesis. Although the function of ß-1,3-glucosyltransferase in polysaccharides production is well understood, the role of α-1,3-glucosyltransferase in edible fungi remains unclear. In this study, over-expression of the α-1,3-glucosyltransferase gene in G. lucidum (glagt) was found to suppress the growth, with the maximum biomass and mycelial growth rate decreasing by 21.78 % and 79.61 %, respectively, a behavior distinct from ß-1,3-glucosyltransferase. The fungal pellet diameter decreased by 38 % and the cell-wall thickness by 32.44 %, whereas intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides production increased by 27.58 % and 66.08 %, respectively. In the transcription level, overexpressing the glagt gene i) downregulated the citrate synthase and isocitrate dehydrogenase gene in the TCA cycle, disrupting energy metabolism and fungal growth; ii) upregulated key enzymes involved in UDP-glucose synthesis and glycosyltransferases (gl24465, gl24971, and gl22535); and iii) universally increased the transcriptional level of glucosidases gl21451, gl30087, and gl24581 by 22 %-397 %, contributing to cell-wall thinning to facilitate polysaccharides export. Conversely, the glagt gene downregulation promoted G. lucidum growth and decreased polysaccharides production. The results elucidate the roles of GLAGT and are expected to inspire in-depth exploration of polysaccharides biosynthesis pathways.

Asunto(s)

Regulación Fúngica de la Expresión Génica , Glucosiltransferasas , Reishi , Reishi/genética , Reishi/enzimología , Reishi/crecimiento & desarrollo , Reishi/metabolismo , Glucosiltransferasas/metabolismo , Glucosiltransferasas/genética , Polisacáridos/biosíntesis , Biomasa , Polisacáridos Fúngicos/biosíntesis , Pared Celular/metabolismo , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Lingzhi or reishi mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, is a medicinal mushroom quite widely developed as herbal medicine because it has acted as an anticancer, antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. The active mycochemical compounds of G. lucidum mushrooms, such as flavonoids and polysaccharides, can suppress the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and prevent lipid peroxidation due to oxidative stress. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease where the exact cause is unknown, and RA prevalence continues to increase yearly. In patients with RA, joint damage and inflammation occur. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of G. lucidum nanogels as anti-arthritis, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative. The research method was a true experiment using a control group and treatment group that randomly assigned, using 24 male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) 0.1 mL. The rats were divided into six groups; healthy control/HCt (did not receive the treatment), negative control/NCt (induced by CFA), and positive control/PCt (given 0.012 diclofenac sodium). TG1 (given 250 mg G. lucidum nanogels), TG2 (given 500 mg G. lucidum nanogels), TG3 (given 750 mg G. lucidum nanogels). IgG, eNOS, IL-1ß, COX-2, NOS, TNF-α, and IL-6 parameters were measured using ELISA, and the data obtained were analyzed by one-way ANOVA using SPSS (P < 0.05). The results showed that administering G. lucidum nanogels significantly reduced IgG, NOS, TNF-α, COX-2, IL-1ß, and IL-6 and increased eNOS levels. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities in suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and increasing eNOS levels prove that the nanogel extract G. lucidum have the potential to be developed as anti-arthritis natural therapeutic.

Asunto(s)

Antiinflamatorios , Antioxidantes , Artritis Reumatoide , Adyuvante de Freund , Ratas Wistar , Reishi , Animales , Masculino , Reishi/química , Artritis Reumatoide/tratamiento farmacológico , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/administración & dosificación , Ratas , Nanogeles , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Artritis Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Artritis Experimental/inducido químicamente , Citocinas/metabolismo , Polietilenglicoles , Polietileneimina

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND/AIM: Cancer remains a major global health challenge, with an estimated 10 million cancer-related deaths in 2020, hindering efforts to extend life expectancy. Cisplatin, an effective platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent used against various malignancies, has numerous side effects. Ganoderma lucidum is a traditional Chinese medicine with extensive historical use and proven biological activity. This study investigated the effects of G. lucidum on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and gastrointestinal toxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: RAW264.7 cells were treated with cisplatin, G. lucidum, or both. Cytotoxicity and antioxidant capacity were measured. Slc:ICR (ICR) mice were treated with cisplatin, G. lucidum, or both. The survival rate and physiological data were measured. RESULTS: G. lucidum suppressed cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells. G. lucidum suppressed cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and gastrointestinal toxicity via its antioxidant effects in ICR mice. CONCLUSION: The suppressive mechanism of G. lucidum may be mediated via its antioxidant effects. These findings indicate its potential to reduce the side effects of cisplatin.

Asunto(s)

Apoptosis , Cisplatino , Reishi , Animales , Cisplatino/efectos adversos , Ratones , Reishi/química , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Células RAW 264.7 , Antineoplásicos/efectos adversos , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Masculino , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Riñón/patología , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/patología

RESUMEN

Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal mushroom that has been used since ancient times. We studied whether chronic oral administration of G. lucidum extract withstands increases in levels of proinflammatory TNF-α and lipid peroxide (LPO), an indicator of oxidative stress, in the gingival tissues of periodontitis model rats. G. lucidum extract was initially examined for inhibition of in vitro oxidative stress, produced by Fenton's reagents in whole homogenates of fresh gum tissues from rats. Prior to in vivo and in vitro experiments with rats, G. lucidum extract was quantitatively tested for its total polyphenol and/or flavonoid contents and ability to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-free radicals. Chronic oral administration of G. lucidum extract (300 mg/kg BW) significantly decreased TNF-α and LPO levels in the gingival tissues of periodontitis model rats. G. lucidum extract also inhibited (P < 0.05) in vitro oxidative stress, as indicated by reduced levels of LPO in G. lucidum extract-preincubated gum tissue homogenates of fresh rats. The in vitro results were, thus, consistent with the in vivo inhibition of lipid peroxidation, DPPH free radical-scavenging effects, and the presence of total polyphenols/flavonoids in G. lucidum extract. Our results provide the evidence, at least partially, for the beneficial effects of G. lucidum on periodontitis, an inflammatory condition of gums which is associated with oxidative stress and preceded by infectious gum diseases.

Asunto(s)

Encía , Estrés Oxidativo , Periodontitis , Reishi , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa , Animales , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Periodontitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Periodontitis/prevención & control , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Reishi/química , Encía/efectos de los fármacos , Encía/metabolismo , Ratas , Masculino , Administración Oral , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/administración & dosificación , Ratas Wistar

RESUMEN

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has recently been recognized as an important gaseous transmitter with multiple physiological effects in various species. Previous studies have shown that H2S alleviated heat-induced ganoderic acids (GAs) biosynthesis, an important quality index of Ganoderma lucidum. However, a comprehensive understanding of the physiological effects and molecular mechanisms of H2S in G. lucidum remains unexplored. In this study, we found that heat treatment reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) in G. lucidum. Increasing the intracellular H2S concentration through pharmacological and genetic means increased the MMP level, mtDNAcn, oxygen consumption rate level and ATP content under heat treatment, suggesting a role for H2S in mitigating heat-caused mitochondrial damage in G. lucidum. Further results indicated that H2S activates sulfide-quinone oxidoreductase (SQR) and complex III (Com III), thereby maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis under heat stress in G. lucidum. Moreover, SQR also mediated the negative regulation of H2S to GAs biosynthesis under heat stress. Furthermore, SQR might be persulfidated under heat stress in G. lucidum. Thus, our study reveals a novel physiological function and molecular mechanism of H2S signalling under heat stress in G. lucidum with broad implications for research on the environmental response of microorganisms.

Asunto(s)

Respuesta al Choque Térmico , Homeostasis , Sulfuro de Hidrógeno , Potencial de la Membrana Mitocondrial , Mitocondrias , Reishi , Triterpenos , Sulfuro de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Reishi/metabolismo , Reishi/genética , Triterpenos/metabolismo , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Potencial de la Membrana Mitocondrial/efectos de los fármacos , Quinona Reductasas/metabolismo , Quinona Reductasas/genética , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Complejo III de Transporte de Electrones/metabolismo , Complejo III de Transporte de Electrones/genética

RESUMEN

Globally, the circular efficiency of biomass resources has become a priority due to the depletion and negative environmental impacts of fossil fuels. This study aimed to quantify the atmosphere-dependent combustion of Ganoderma lucidum (GL) biomass and its thermodynamic and kinetic parameters toward enhancing its circularity and transformability characteristics. The GL combustion occurred in the three stages of moisture removal, volatile release, and coke combustion. Combustion performance characteristics were more favorable in the N2/O2 atmosphere than in the CO2/O2 atmosphere under the same heating rates. The rising heating rate facilitated the release of volatiles. According to the model-free methods of Ozawa-Flynn-Wall and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose, the activation energies essential for the primary reaction were 283.09 kJ/mol and 288.28 kJ/mol in the N2/O2 atmosphere and 233.09 kJ/mol and 235.64 kJ/mol in the CO2/O2 atmosphere. The gaseous products of the GL combustion included CH4, H2O, C = O, CO, CO2, NH3, C = C, and C-O(H). Ash prepared in both atmospheres exhibited a tendency for slag formation, with oxy-fuel combustion lowering its risk. This study thus provides a theoretical and practical basis for transforming GL residues into a sustainable energy source.

Asunto(s)

Biomasa , Reishi , Reishi/química , Atmósfera/química , Dióxido de Carbono/química , Dióxido de Carbono/análisis