RESUMEN
ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate the cost-utility of the iStent inject® for the treatment of mild-to-moderate open-angle glaucoma (OAG) within the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). Methods A Markov model was developed, in which the effectiveness outcome measure was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER: R$ / QALY quality-adjusted life-year). Direct medical costs were obtained from the SUS perspective. The base case comprised of a hypothetical cohort of patients with OAG using topical medication and being managed according to the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines (PCDT) and a real-world setting based on data from Datasus. The model's robustness through sensitivity analyses was tested. Results In the PCDT base case setting, the trabecular micro-bypass implant provided gains of 0.47 QALYs and an ICER of R$7,996.66/QALY compared to treatment with topical medication. In the real-world setting based on data from Datasus, the trabecular micro-bypass implant, provided gains of 0.47 QALYs and an ICER of R$4,485.68/QALY compared to treatment with topical medication. The results were robust to sensitivity analyses. Conclusion Incorporating iStent inject® to SUS provides an improvement in the patient's quality of life with an additional cost that warrants the benefit provided to patients. Results may be considered cost-effective compared to topical medication.
RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a relação custo-utilidade do iStent inject® para o tratamento do glaucoma de ângulo aberto leve a moderado no Sistema Único de Saúde. Métodos Foi desenvolvido um modelo de Markov, no qual a medida de resultado de efetividade foi a razão custo-efetividade incremental (razão de custo-efetividade incremental: R$/ano de vida ajustado pela qualidade). Os custos médicos diretos foram obtidos por meio da perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde. O caso base foi composto de uma coorte hipotética de pacientes com glaucoma de ângulo aberto em uso de medicação tópica tratados de acordo com o Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas e um cenário do mundo real baseado em dados do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde. Foi testada a robustez do modelo por meio de análises de sensibilidade. Resultados No cenário base do Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas, o implante trabecular micro-bypass proporcionou ganhos de 0,47 ano de vida ajustado pela qualidade e razão de custo-efetividade incremental de R$7.996,66/ano de vida ajustado pela qualidade em relação ao tratamento com medicação tópica. No cenário real baseado em dados do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde, o implante trabecular proporcionou ganhos de 0,47 ano de vida ajustado pela qualidade e razão de custo-efetividade incremental de R$ 4.485,68/ano de vida ajustado pela qualidade em relação ao tratamento com medicação tópica. Os resultados foram robustos para análises de sensibilidade. Conclusão A incorporação do iStent inject® ao Sistema Único de Saúde proporciona melhora na qualidade de vida do paciente com um custo adicional que garante o benefício proporcionado a eles. Os resultados podem ser considerados custo-efetivos em comparação com a medicação tópica.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Sistema Único de Salud , Stents/economía , Glaucoma de Ángulo Abierto/cirugía , Glaucoma de Ángulo Abierto/economía , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Costos y Análisis de Costo , Trabeculectomía/economía , Campos Visuales/fisiología , Cadenas de Markov , Costos de la Atención en Salud , Años de Vida Ajustados por Calidad de Vida , Recursos en Salud/economía , Recursos en Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Presión Intraocular/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The American response to the pandemic involves a prominent volume of federal resources, especially for developing and acquiring products for internal use, such as diagnostics or vaccines. Investment mechanisms and historical aspects justify this expenditure. Thus, the social construction of nationalism in American society hinders access to health technologies. The review of such aspects shows how the United States (U.S.) secured a large number of potential products, ensuring excessive local production. This unilateral foreign policy has influenced other countries or regional blocs and undermined global cooperation and solidarity, affecting the collective health of several nations.
A resposta americana à pandemia envolve um proeminente volume de recursos federais, em especial destinados ao desenvolvimento e aquisição de produtos no uso interno, como diagnósticos ou vacinas. As justificativas para esse desembolso se baseiam em mecanismos de investimentos e aspectos históricos. Assim, a construção social do nacionalismo na formação na sociedade americana prejudica o acesso a tecnologias em saúde. A revisão desses aspectos demonstra como os Estados Unidos (EUA) garantiram compra de grande quantitativo de produtos em potencial, inclusive assegurando excessiva produção local. Essa política externa unilateral tem influenciado outros países ou blocos regionais e prejudicado a cooperação e a solidariedade global com impacto na saúde coletiva de diversas nações.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19/epidemiología , Salud Global , Cooperación Internacional , Pandemias , COVID-19/diagnóstico , COVID-19/terapia , Prueba de COVID-19/estadística & datos numéricos , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/provisión & distribución , Costos y Análisis de Costo , Países en Desarrollo , Difusión de Innovaciones , Economía , Recursos en Salud/economía , Recursos en Salud/provisión & distribución , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud , Humanos , Sistemas Políticos , Asignación de Recursos/economía , Asignación de Recursos/métodos , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , United States Dept. of Health and Human Services/economíaRESUMEN
Resumo A resposta americana à pandemia envolve um proeminente volume de recursos federais, em especial destinados ao desenvolvimento e aquisição de produtos no uso interno, como diagnósticos ou vacinas. As justificativas para esse desembolso se baseiam em mecanismos de investimentos e aspectos históricos. Assim, a construção social do nacionalismo na formação na sociedade americana prejudica o acesso a tecnologias em saúde. A revisão desses aspectos demonstra como os Estados Unidos (EUA) garantiram compra de grande quantitativo de produtos em potencial, inclusive assegurando excessiva produção local. Essa política externa unilateral tem influenciado outros países ou blocos regionais e prejudicado a cooperação e a solidariedade global com impacto na saúde coletiva de diversas nações.
Abstract The American response to the pandemic involves a prominent volume of federal resources, especially for developing and acquiring products for internal use, such as diagnostics or vaccines. Investment mechanisms and historical aspects justify this expenditure. Thus, the social construction of nationalism in American society hinders access to health technologies. The review of such aspects shows how the United States (U.S.) secured a large number of potential products, ensuring excessive local production. This unilateral foreign policy has influenced other countries or regional blocs and undermined global cooperation and solidarity, affecting the collective health of several nations.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Salud Global , Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Pandemias , Cooperación Internacional , Sistemas Políticos , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , United States Dept. of Health and Human Services/economía , Infecciones por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Coronavirus/terapia , Costos y Análisis de Costo , Asignación de Recursos/economía , Asignación de Recursos/métodos , Países en Desarrollo , Difusión de Innovaciones , Economía , Recursos en Salud/economía , Recursos en Salud/provisión & distribución , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de SaludRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Considering clinical benefits of new combination therapies for metastatic renal-cell carcinoma (mRCC), this study aims to calculate the number needed to treat (NTT) and the cost of preventing an event (COPE) for pembrolizumab plus axitinib (P + A), and nivolumab plus ipilimumab (N + I) as first-line treatments, from the Brazilian private perspective. METHODS: Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) data for intermediate- and poor-risk groups were obtained from KEYNOTE-426 and CHECKMATE-214 trials for P + A and N + I, respectively, versus sunitinib as mRCC first-line treatment. RESULTS: Considering a 12-month time horizon, 6 patients should be treated with P + A to prevent one death with sunitinib use, resulting in a COPE of 3,773,865 BRL. Using N + I, NNT for 12-month OS rate was 13 compared to sunitinib, with a COPE of 6,357,965 BRL. Regarding PFS data, NNT was also 6 when comparing P + A versus sunitinib, with an estimated COPE of 3,773,865 BRL. Estimated NNT was 20 comparing N + I and sunitinib, resulting in a COPE of 10,172,744 BRL. Cost differences between two treatment options, reached more than 6 million BRL for PFS, and 2 million BRL for OS. CONCLUSION: At the 12-month landmark, P + A suggests better economic scenario versus N + I as first-line mRCC treatment option for intermediate- and poor-risk groups, through an indirect comparison using sunitinib as a common comparator.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos Inmunológicos/economía , Antineoplásicos Inmunológicos/uso terapéutico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/economía , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Carcinoma de Células Renales/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Renales/tratamiento farmacológico , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados/economía , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados/uso terapéutico , Antineoplásicos Inmunológicos/efectos adversos , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efectos adversos , Axitinib/economía , Axitinib/uso terapéutico , Brasil , Carcinoma de Células Renales/patología , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Femenino , Gastos en Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Recursos en Salud/economía , Recursos en Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Ipilimumab/economía , Ipilimumab/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias Renales/patología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Modelos Económicos , Nivolumab/economía , Nivolumab/uso terapéutico , Supervivencia sin Progresión , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Sunitinib/economía , Sunitinib/uso terapéutico , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
This review aims to identify information on epidemiological parameters and estimate the cost of moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A search for related literature was carried out in major databases. A consensus of local rheumatology experts was used to find the most realistic parameters, using a modified Delphi method. Direct medical costs were estimated, using information collected from the cost per unit database of the Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria de Argentina. Indirect costs were estimated using the human resources approach. Costs were expressed in US dollars (USD) as of November 2017. The reported prevalence of RA in Argentina was 0.94% (95%CI: 0.86 to 1.02), with an annual incidence rate of 19 per 100,000 people (95%CI: 17 to 20). The annual cost of disease-modifying drugs was 33,936.10 USD per patient. The cost attributed to serious infections was 2,474.6 USD. The cost of bilateral knee replacement per patient was $5,276.8 USD; and the cost for total hip replacement was $9,196.4. Both, the cost of hospitalization days per patient per year, and the indirect costs of RA increased as the disability score increased. This review reports useful information on epidemiological and cost parameters of moderate to severe RA, in the era of biological agents, in order to be useful for conducting economic evaluations regarding health in Argentina.
La presente revisión tiene como objetivo identificar información sobre parámetros epidemiológicos y estimar el costo de la artritis reumatoidea (AR) moderada a severa. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda de la literatura en las principales bases de datos. Se recurrió a un consenso de expertos locales en reumatología para encontrar los parámetros más realistas, utilizando un método Delphi modificado. Se estimaron los costos médicos directos, utilizando información recopilada en la base de datos de costos unitarios del Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria de Argentina. Los costos indirectos se estimaron a través del enfoque del capital humano. Los costos se expresaron en dólares estadounidenses (USD) a noviembre de 2017. La prevalencia reportada de AR en Argentina fue 0,94% (IC95%: 0,86 a 1,02), con una tasa de incidencia anual de 19 cada 100 000 personas (IC95%: 17 a 20). El costo anual de las drogas modificadoras de la enfermedad fue de USD 33 936,10 por paciente. El costo atribuido a las infecciones serias fue de USD 2474,6. El costo del reemplazo bilateral de rodillas por paciente fue de USD 5276,8, y el del reemplazo total de cadera, de USD 9196,4. El costo por paciente por año de días de hospitalización y los costos indirectos de la AR se acrecentaron al aumentar el puntaje de discapacidad. La revisión reporta información útil acerca de parámetros epidemiológicos y de costos de la AR moderada a severa en la era de los agentes biológicos, con el fin de resultar de utilidad para la conducción de evaluaciones económicas de salud en Argentina.
Asunto(s)
Artritis Reumatoide , Costo de Enfermedad , Costos de la Atención en Salud , Recursos en Salud , Argentina/epidemiología , Artritis Reumatoide/economía , Artritis Reumatoide/epidemiología , Costos de la Atención en Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Recursos en Salud/economía , Recursos en Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , HumanosAsunto(s)
Infecciones por Coronavirus/economía , Costo de Enfermedad , Gastos en Salud/tendencias , Recursos en Salud/tendencias , Pandemias/economía , Neumonía Viral/economía , Medicina Estatal/economía , Betacoronavirus/aislamiento & purificación , Brasil/epidemiología , COVID-19 , Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/terapia , Infecciones por Coronavirus/virología , Gastos en Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Recursos en Salud/economía , Recursos en Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Disparidades en Atención de Salud/economía , Disparidades en Atención de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Disparidades en Atención de Salud/tendencias , Humanos , Neumonía Viral/epidemiología , Neumonía Viral/terapia , Neumonía Viral/virología , Atención Primaria de Salud/economía , Atención Primaria de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Atención Primaria de Salud/tendencias , SARS-CoV-2 , Medicina Estatal/estadística & datos numéricos , Medicina Estatal/tendencias , Recursos Humanos/economía , Recursos Humanos/estadística & datos numéricos , Recursos Humanos/tendenciasRESUMEN
Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is an ongoing health threat, and the greatest challenge to adequate control of TB in many countries lies in the lack of proper laboratory drug-susceptibility test. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity-based costs (ABC) of Kit SIRE Nitratase® (Kit SIRE) and compare its values with the conventional drug-susceptibility test. Methods: The ABC was calculated for three different approaches: Kit SIRE (clinical samples and cultures), proportion methods in Lowenstein Jensen (PM-LJ), and the Bactec™ MGIT™ 960 system based on Mycobacterial Research Laboratory's routine. Results: The ABC of Kit SIRE from cultures was US$ 148.54, while from clinical samples was US$ 136.12. In the case of conventional tests, the ABC of Bactec™ MGIT™ 960 was US$ 227.63 and of the PM-LJ was US$ 132.64. The Kit SIRE has a lower ABC when clinical samples are used instead of cultures. Compared to conventional tests, the ABC is similar to the PM-LJ and lower the Bactec™ MGIT™ 960. Conclusion: The Kit SIRE should be used as a screening method in clinical specimens and in culture for laboratories that do not have Bactec™ MGIT™ 960. Therefore, it can be incorporated into the routine of laboratories in countries with low resources and a high burden of TB and drug-resistant TB.
Asunto(s)
Antituberculosos/farmacología , Técnicas de Laboratorio Clínico/instrumentación , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efectos de los fármacos , Juego de Reactivos para Diagnóstico/economía , Brasil , Técnicas de Laboratorio Clínico/economía , Recursos en Salud/economía , Hospitales , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/economía , Centros de Atención Terciaria , Tuberculosis Resistente a Múltiples Medicamentos/microbiologíaRESUMEN
The Haitian health system includes a public and a private sector. The public sector comprises the Ministry of Health and Population (MSPP) and a social security institution (Ofatma). The private sector includes private insurance agencies and providers. MSPP provides health services to the non-salaried population, while Ofatma provides services to the salaried population. Health expenditure in Haiti in 2016 was 5.4% of gross domestic product. Expenditure per capita in health was 38 American dollars. There is a great dependency on foreign resources. The MSPP is in charge of most stewardship functions. The main challenge faced by the Haitian health system is the provision of comprehensive health services with financial protection to all the population. This goal will not be met without additional financial resources, mostly public, and an effort to strengthen health institutions.
El sistema de salud haitiano se conforma por un sector público y un sector privado. El primero está compuesto por el Ministerio de Salud Pública y Población (MSPP) y la Caja de Seguro de Accidentes de Trabajo, Enfermedades y Maternidad (Ofatma). El sector privado incluye a los seguros y prestadores de servicios de salud privados. El MSPP ofrece servicios básicos a la población no asalariada (95% de la población total), mientras que la Ofatma ofrece seguros contra accidentes de trabajo, enfermedades y maternidad a los trabajadores del sector formal privado y público. El gasto total en salud enmHaití representó 5.4% del producto interno bruto en 2016 y el gasto en salud per cápita fue de 38 dólares estadunidenses. Hay una enorme dependencia de los recursos externos. El MSPP es el responsable de la mayor parte de las actividades de rectoría. El mayor reto que enfrenta el sistema de salud de Haití es ofrecer servicios integrales de salud con protección financiera a toda la población. Esta meta no podrá alcanzarse sin mayores recursos financieros, sobre todo públicos, y sin un importante esfuerzo de fortalecimiento institucional.
Asunto(s)
Gastos en Salud , Administración de los Servicios de Salud , Seguro de Salud/organización & administración , Sector Privado/organización & administración , Sector Público/organización & administración , Envejecimiento , Causas de Muerte , Femenino , Fertilidad , Producto Interno Bruto , Haití , Recursos en Salud/economía , Servicios de Salud/economía , Estado de Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Sector Público/economía , Seguridad Social/organización & administraciónRESUMEN
Identifying the true prevalence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus, mostly type 1 (HTLV-1), and the number of patients with HTLV-1-associated diseases, in addition to introducing HTLV-1/2 serology during the prenatal of pregnant women and in individuals infected with other viruses that share transmission routes with HTLV-1, are actions that could help to recognize the importance of this virus by WHO and national health organizations, and to control its transmission/dissemination. As Brazil is endemic to HTLV and there is an increase in health care expenditure, but resources are limited, any strategy that could reduce the cost of HTLV screening is needed and welcomed. This study aimed to determine whether the strategy of pooling sera for HTLV antibody determination is feasible and reduces the costs. Two enzyme immunoassays (EIA Murex HTLV-I+II, Diasorin, UK, and Gold ELISA HTLV-1+2, REM Ind. Com. Ltda., SP, Brazil), and serum samples that resulted in different levels of HTLV-1/2 antibodies by EIA and of which a volume allowed assay validation were employed for analysis. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity and Cohen's Kappa value, as well as the accuracy and precision were analyzed. After validating the five-sample pool using the EIA Murex (Cohen's Kappa = 1.0), the technique was employed for individual cost comparison in 2,625 serum samples from populations at risk of HTLV infections (HBV, HCV, and HIV-infected individuals). The results from individual and pooled samples confirmed the diagnostic sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%) of the pooling and a cost minimization varying from 60.7% to 73.6%. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest the use of pooling sera in sero-epidemiological surveillance studies and possibly in prenatal care screening programs in Brazil.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por HTLV-I/diagnóstico , Infecciones por HTLV-II/diagnóstico , Gastos en Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Recursos en Salud/economía , Virus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/inmunología , Virus Linfotrópico T Tipo 2 Humano/inmunología , Tamizaje Masivo/economía , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Recursos en Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , HumanosRESUMEN
Costs may hinder the implementation of BK polyomavirus (BKV)-DNAemia screening in resource-limited kidney transplant (KT) centers. We analyzed data from two studies to assess the performance and potential cost saving of a dual-step screening strategy based on the use of a preliminary qualitative semi-nested PCR (snPCR) assay followed by BKV-DNAemia quantification after KT. In the preliminary study, in which 130 samples from 33 KT recipients were screened for BKV-DNAemia, the estimated positive and negative predictive values of snPCR, as compared to quantitative PCR (qPCR), were 88% and 99%, respectively. In the second study, which included 84 KT recipients, BKV-DNAemia was detected by snPCR in 28/472 (5.9%) samples and confirmed by qPCR in 26 samples of 21 (25%) subjects. No graft loss occurred among KT recipients who developed BKV-DNAemia. Cost analyses suggested that this strategy might be a cost saving alternative for BKV-DNAemia screening for some resource-limited settings.
Asunto(s)
Virus BK/aislamiento & purificación , ADN Viral/sangre , Trasplante de Riñón/efectos adversos , Infecciones por Polyomavirus/diagnóstico , Infecciones Tumorales por Virus/diagnóstico , Adulto , Brasil , Costos y Análisis de Costo , Femenino , Recursos en Salud/economía , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proyectos Piloto , Infecciones por Polyomavirus/sangre , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Estudios Prospectivos , Infecciones Tumorales por Virus/sangre , Carga ViralRESUMEN
Sob a égide do movimento de retomada da política de Educação Permanente em Saúde (EPS), este estudo deu voz a atores que a promovem, no intuito de compreender os fatores que favoreceram ou dificultaram a sua implementação. Por meio de um grupo focal com 14 informantes-chave, evidenciou-se que o repasse de recursos e os espaços colegiados são elementos que favorecem a implementação da política e precisam ser assegurados. Ao mesmo tempo, o desalinhamento conceitual acerca do que seja EPS e a fragmentação das ações e das áreas que compõem a política são desafios que precisam ser superados. Recolocar a política de Educação Permanente como prioritária na agenda da Educação em Saúde é o fator mais importante e ao mesmo tempo mais desafiador para a sua implementação.(AU)
Bajo la cúpula del movimiento de retomada de la política de Educación Permanente en Salud (EPS), este estudio dio voz a los actores que la promueven con el objetivo de comprender los factores que favorecieron o dificultaron su implementación. Por medio de un grupo focal con 14 informantes clave quedó claro que el traspaso de recursos y los espacios colegiados son elementos que favorecen la implementación de la política y que hay que asegurar. Al mismo tiempo, el desalineamiento conceptual sobre lo que sería la EPS y la fragmentación de las acciones y de las áreas que componen la política son retos por superar. Replantear la política de Educación Permanente como prioritaria en la agenda de la Educación en Salud es el factor más importante y al mismo tiempo más desafiador para su implementación.(AU)
Under the aegis of the restarting movement of the policy of Permanent Education in Health (CEH), this study gives voice to the actors that promote it, in order to understand the factors that favored or hindered its implementation. Through a focus group of 14 key informants, it was evidenced that the transfer of resources and collegiate spaces are elements that favor the implementation of the policy and need to be ensured. At the same time, challenges that need to be overcome are the conceptual misalignment of what CEH is and the fragmentation of policy actions and areas. Putting Permanent Education policy as a priority on the Health Education agenda is the most important and, at the same time, the most challenging factor for its implementation.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Sistemas de Salud/economía , Educación Continua/normas , Brasil , Fuerza Laboral en Salud , Recursos en Salud/economíaAsunto(s)
Atención a la Salud/organización & administración , Educación Médica/organización & administración , Misiones Médicas/organización & administración , Ortopedia/educación , Heridas y Lesiones/cirugía , Países en Desarrollo , Terremotos , Femenino , Haití , Recursos en Salud/economía , Humanos , Masculino , Área sin Atención Médica , Mejoramiento de la Calidad , Sociedades Médicas , Heridas y Lesiones/diagnósticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Health systems for surgical care for children in low- and middle-income countries remain poorly understood. Our goal was to characterize the delivery of surgical care for children across Brazil and to identify associations between surgical resources and childhood mortality. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional, ecological study to analyze surgical care for children in the public health system (Sistema Único de Saúde) across Brazil from 2010 to 2015. We collected data from several national databases, and used geospatial analysis (two-step floating catchment, Getis-Ord-Gi analysis, and geographically weighted regression) to explore relationships between infrastructure, workforce, access, procedure rate, under-5 mortality rate (U5MR), and perioperative mortality rate (POMR). RESULTS: A total of 246,769 surgical procedures were performed in 6,007 first level/ district hospitals and 491 referral hospitals across Brazil over the study period. The surgical workforce is distributed unevenly across the country, with 0.13-0.26 pediatric surgeons per 100,000 children in the poorer North, Northeast and Midwest regions, and 0.6-0.68 pediatric surgeons per 100,000 children in the wealthier South and Southeast regions. Hospital infrastructure, procedure rate, and access to care is also unequally distributed across the country, with increased resources in the South and Southeast compared to the Northeast, North, and Midwest. The U5MR varies widely across the country, although procedure-specific POMR is consistent across regions. Increased access to care is associated with lower U5MR across Brazil, and access to surgical care differs by geographic region independent of socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS: There are wide disparities in surgical care for children across Brazil, with infrastructure, manpower, and resources distributed unevenly across the country. Access to surgical care is associated with improved U5MR independent of socioeconomic status. To address these disparities, policy should direct the allocation of surgical resources commensurate with local population needs.
Asunto(s)
Disparidades en Atención de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores Socioeconómicos , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Operativos/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Brasil , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Recursos en Salud/economía , Recursos en Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Necesidades y Demandas de Servicios de Salud/economía , Necesidades y Demandas de Servicios de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Hospitales/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Políticas , Cirujanos/estadística & datos numéricos , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Operativos/economía , Recursos Humanos/economía , Recursos Humanos/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
Micro-costing studies still deserving for methods orientation that contribute to achieve a patient-specific resource use level of analysis. Time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC) is often employed by health organizations in micro-costing studies with that objective. However, the literature shows many deviations in the implementation of TDABC, which might compromise the accuracy of the results obtained. One reason for that can be attributed to the non-existence of a step-by-step orientation to conduct cost analytics with the TDABC specific for micro-costing studies in healthcare. This article aimed at exploring the literature and practical cases to propose an eight-step framework to apply TDABC in micro-costing studies for health care organizations. The 8-step TDABC framework is presented and detailed exploring online spreadsheets already coded to demonstrate data structure and math formula building. A list of analyses that can be performed is suggested, including an explanation about the information that each analysis can provide to increase the organization capability to orient decision making. The case study developed show that actual micro-costing of health care processes can be achieved with the 8-step TDABC framework and its use in future researches can contribute to increase the number of studies that achieve high-quality level in cost information, and consequently, in health resource evaluation.
Asunto(s)
Análisis Costo-Beneficio/métodos , Costos de la Atención en Salud , Recursos en Salud/economía , Brasil , Economía Hospitalaria , Humanos , Estudios de Casos Organizacionales , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Salt fortified with the drug, diethylcarbamazine (DEC), and introduced into a competitive market has the potential to overcome the obstacles associated with tablet-based Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) elimination programs. Questions remain, however, regarding the economic viability, production capacity, and effectiveness of this strategy as a sustainable means to bring about LF elimination in resource poor settings. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We evaluated the performance and effectiveness of a novel social enterprise-based approach developed and tested in Léogâne, Haiti, as a strategy to sustainably and cost-efficiently distribute DEC-medicated salt into a competitive market at quantities sufficient to bring about the elimination of LF. We undertook a cost-revenue analysis to evaluate the production capability and financial feasibility of the developed DEC salt social enterprise, and a modeling study centered on applying a dynamic mathematical model localized to reflect local LF transmission dynamics to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of using this intervention versus standard annual Mass Drug Administration (MDA) for eliminating LF in Léogâne. We show that the salt enterprise because of its mixed product business strategy may have already reached the production capacity for delivering sufficient quantities of edible DEC-medicated salt to bring about LF transmission in the Léogâne study setting. Due to increasing revenues obtained from the sale of DEC salt over time, expansion of its delivery in the population, and greater cumulative impact on the survival of worms leading to shorter timelines to extinction, this strategy could also represent a significantly more cost-effective option than annual DEC tablet-based MDA for accomplishing LF elimination. SIGNIFICANCE: A social enterprise approach can offer an innovative market-based strategy by which edible salt fortified with DEC could be distributed to communities both on a financially sustainable basis and at sufficient quantity to eliminate LF. Deployment of similarly fashioned intervention strategies would improve current efforts to successfully accomplish the goal of LF elimination, particularly in difficult-to-control settings.
Asunto(s)
Dietilcarbamazina/economía , Erradicación de la Enfermedad/economía , Filariasis Linfática/tratamiento farmacológico , Filaricidas/economía , Medicina Social/economía , Cloruro de Sodio Dietético/administración & dosificación , Administración Oral , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Dietilcarbamazina/administración & dosificación , Erradicación de la Enfermedad/métodos , Filariasis Linfática/prevención & control , Filaricidas/administración & dosificación , Haití , Recursos en Salud/economía , Humanos , Administración Masiva de Medicamentos , Modelos Teóricos , Enfermedades Desatendidas/tratamiento farmacológico , Medicina Social/métodos , Cloruro de Sodio Dietético/economíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the cost-effectiveness of strategies for the treatment of VL in Brazil. METHODS: Cost-effectiveness study comparing three therapeutic options: meglumine antimoniate (MA), liposomal amphotericin B (LAMB) and a combination of LAMB plus MA (LAMB plus MA), from public health system and societal perspectives. An analytical decision-making model was used to compare strategies for the following outcomes: early therapeutic failure avoided at 30 days, days of hospitalisation avoided and VL cure at 180 days. The efficacy and safety parameters of the drugs came from a randomised, open-label trial and the cost data came from a cost-of-illness study, both carried out in Brazil. RESULTS: For all outcomes analysed, the LAMB strategy was more effective. The MA strategy was inferior to the LAMB plus MA strategy for the outcomes early therapeutic failure avoided and cure. When only LAMB and MA were compared from a societal perspective, a cost of US$ 278.56 was estimated for each additional early therapeutic failure avoided, a cost of US$ 26.88 for each additional day of hospitalisation avoided and a cost of US$ 89.88 for each additional case of cured VL, for the LAMB strategy vs. MA. CONCLUSION: In Brazil, the LAMB strategy proved to be cost-effective for treating VL, considering a GDP per capita as the willingness-to-pay threshold, for all of the outcomes analysed in comparison to MA.
OBJECTIF: Estimer la rentabilité des stratégies de traitement de la leishmaniose viscérale (LV) au Brésil. MÉTHODES: Etude coût-efficacité comparant trois options thérapeutiques: l'antimoniate de méglumine (AM), amphotéricine B liposomale (LAMB) et une combinaison de LAMB et MA (LAMB plus AM), du point de vue du système de santé publique et sociétal. Un modèle décisionnel analytique a été utilisé pour comparer les stratégies pour les résultats suivants: échec thérapeutique précoce évité à 30 jours, jours d'hospitalisation évités et guérison de la LV à 180 jours. Les paramètres d'efficacité et de sécurité des médicaments provenaient d'un essai randomisé ouvert et les données relatives aux coûts, d'une étude sur le coût de la maladie, toutes deux menées au Brésil. RÉSULTATS: Pour tous les résultats analysés, la stratégie LAMB était plus efficace. La stratégie AM était inférieure à la stratégie LAMB plus AM pour les résultats: échec thérapeutique précoce évité et guérison. Lorsque seules les stratégies LAMB et AM ont été comparées d'un point de vue sociétal, un coût de 278,56 USD a été estimé pour chaque échec thérapeutique précoce additionnel évité, un coût de 26,88 USD pour chaque jour d'hospitalisation additionnel évité et un coût de 89,88 USD pour chaque cas additionnel de LV guéri, pour la stratégie LAMB par rapport à AM. CONCLUSION: Au Brésil, la stratégie LAMB s'est avérée rentable pour traiter la LV, considérant un PIB par habitant comme seuil de volonté de payer, pour tous les résultats analysés par rapport à l'AM.
Asunto(s)
Anfotericina B/economía , Anfotericina B/uso terapéutico , Antiprotozoarios/uso terapéutico , Leishmaniasis Visceral/tratamiento farmacológico , Antimoniato de Meglumina/economía , Antimoniato de Meglumina/uso terapéutico , Anfotericina B/administración & dosificación , Antiprotozoarios/economía , Brasil , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Quimioterapia Combinada , Recursos en Salud/economía , Recursos en Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Servicios de Salud/economía , Servicios de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Antimoniato de Meglumina/administración & dosificación , Modelos EconométricosRESUMEN
Re-emerging diseases outbreaks are being reported in Venezuela since 2012/13, following ongoing political and economic crisis. Healthcare system collapse has led to an increasing incidence and mortality from communicable diseases. Increasing movement of people between Venezuela and the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA) creates a need for increased awareness of the infectious disease risks and requirements for appropriate investigation and treatment of individuals arriving from Venezuela; overall risk for EU/EEA citizens is low.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Transmisibles/epidemiología , Brotes de Enfermedades/prevención & control , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes , Unión Europea , Recursos en Salud/tendencias , Migrantes , Enfermedades Transmisibles/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Transmisibles/economía , Brotes de Enfermedades/economía , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Unión Europea/economía , Recursos en Salud/economía , Humanos , Vigilancia de la Población/métodos , Venezuela/epidemiología , Organización Mundial de la Salud/economíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Severe mental illness (SMI) presents a major burden to societies worldwide. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) often do not have sufficient financial resources and qualified staff to provide extensive specialised services for outpatients with SMI. Our research therefore aims to explore and test low-cost interventions that use existing resources in routine patient-clinician meetings, families and communities. METHODS: In Bosnia-Herzegovina, Colombia and Uganda, three psychosocial interventions will be tested, i.e. making patient-clinician meetings therapeutically effective through DIALOG+, family involvement in multi-family group meetings, and support for patients in befriending schemes with volunteers. All interventions will be provided to patients with SMI, delivered over a six-month period and evaluated with assessments at baseline and after six and 12 months. We will conduct nine trials including non-controlled trials, non-randomised controlled trials and randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Core outcome criteria will be used across all studies. However, details of study delivery and additional outcome criteria vary to accommodate local contexts, interests and priorities. The studies will be analysed separately, but with the option to compare and combine findings. DISCUSSION: The approach provides the opportunity to learn from commonalities and differences in the results and experiences across the three resource-oriented approaches and the three countries. If successfully implemented the studies can lead to more extensive research and are expected to inform health policies and clinical practice of community care for patients with SMI in the three participating countries and other LMICs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: All RCTs were registered prospectively and non-randomised trials retrospectively within the ISRCTN Registry. DIALOG+ in Uganda: ISRCTN25146122 (Date of Registration: 20/11/2018, prospective); DIALOG+ in Colombia: ISRCTN83333181 (Date of Registration: 20/11/2018, prospective); DIALOG+ in Bosnia-Herzegovina: ISRCTN13347129 (Date of Registration: 20/11/2018, prospective); Volunteer Support in Uganda: ISRCTN86689958 (Date of Registration: 04/03/2019, retrospective); Volunteer Support in Colombia: ISRCTN72241383 (Date of Registration: 04/03/2019, retrospective);Volunteer Support in Bosnia-Herzegovina: ISRCTN51290984 (Date of Registration: 20/11/2018, prospective); Family Involvement in Uganda: ISRCTN78948497 (Date of Registration: 04/03/2019, retrospective); Family Involvement in Colombia: ISRCTN11440755 (Date of Registration: 04/03/2019, retrospective); Family Involvement in Bosnia-Herzegovina: ISRCTN13347355 (Date of Registration: 20/11/2018, prospective).
Asunto(s)
Países en Desarrollo/economía , Recursos en Salud/economía , Trastornos Mentales/economía , Trastornos Mentales/terapia , Pobreza/economía , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Bosnia y Herzegovina/epidemiología , Colombia/epidemiología , Humanos , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Sistema de Registros , Estudios Retrospectivos , Uganda/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION AND AIM: The prevalence and incidence of chronic liver disease is increasing resulting, in substantial direct and indirect medical costs. Overuse of investigations, treatments and procedures contribute to rising health care costs and can expose patients to unnecessary harm and delay in receiving care. The Choosing Wisely Canada (CWC) campaign has encouraged professional societies to develop statements that are directly actionable by their members in an effort to promote higher-value health care that will lead to downstream effect on how other practitioners make decisions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Canadian Association for the Study of the Liver (CASL) established its Choosing Wisely top five list of recommendations using the framework put forward by CWC. CASL convened a task force that developed a list of draft recommendations and shared this with CASL membership electronically with eventual ranking of the top five recommendations by consensus at Canadian Digestives Disease Week (CDDW) 2017. Following revisions, the CASL Executive Committee endorsed the final list, which was disseminated online by CWC (July 2017). RESULTS: The top five recommendations physicians and patients should question include: 1) Don't order serum ammonia to diagnose or manage hepatic encephalopathy (HE). 2) Don't routinely transfuse fresh frozen plasma, vitamin K, or platelets to reverse abnormal tests of coagulation in patients with cirrhosis prior to abdominal paracentesis, endoscopic variceal band ligation, or any other minor invasive procedures. 3) Don't order HFE genotyping based on serum ferritin values alone to diagnose hereditary hemochromatosis. 4) Don't perform computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) routinely to monitor benign focal liver lesions. 5) Don't repeat hepatitis C viral load testing in an individual who has established chronic infection, outside of anti-viral treatment. CONCLUSION: The Choosing Wisely recommendations will foster patient-physician discussions, reduce unnecessary treatment and testing, avert adverse effects from testing and treatment along with reducing medical expenditure in hepatology.
Asunto(s)
Consenso , Toma de Decisiones , Gastroenterología/economía , Costos de la Atención en Salud , Recursos en Salud/economía , Hepatopatías/terapia , Sociedades Médicas/normas , Canadá , Enfermedad Crónica , Humanos , Hepatopatías/economíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Despite international efforts to increase performance of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in rural Guatemala, the vast majority of cholecystectomies are still performed via the open cholecystectomy (OC) approach. Our goal was to explore barriers to the adoption of LC in Guatemala as well as possible mechanisms to overcome them. METHODS: We reviewed 9402 cholecystectomies performed over 14 years by surgeons at the Hospital Nacional de San Benito (HNSB) in El Peten, Guatemala, with either an open or a laparoscopic approach. We conducted personal interviews with all the surgeons who perform cholecystectomies at HNSB to determine current practice and barriers to adopting LC. RESULTS: Overall, seven general surgeons were interviewed who regularly perform cholecystectomy. Of the total number of cholecystectomies reviewed, 8440 (90%) were open and 962 (10%) were laparoscopic. The mean number of cholecystectomies performed per surgeon was 1341.1 ± 1244.9, with OC at 1205.7 ± 1194.9, and LC at 137.4 ± 188.0. Lack of formal training in laparoscopy was identified in 57% of surgeons. Lack of government funds to implement a laparoscopic program was noted by 71% of surgeons (29% felt there was insufficient ancillary staff, 29% poor allocation of hospital funding to purchase laparoscopic equipment/training). Lack of sufficient laparoscopic equipment was identified by 71% of surgeons. CONCLUSIONS: Ninety percent of cholecystectomies performed by surgeons at HNSB continue to be OC. The major limitation is the lack of funding to provide sufficient equipment or ancillary staff. The majority of surgeons preferred to perform LC if these problems could be addressed.