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Purpose Cancer cell-derived exosomes are the mediator of the tumor microenvironment and the molecular content of exosomes presents a promising prognostic or predictive marker in tumor progression and the treatment response of cancer patients. The aim of this study was to identify the expression levels of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and AKT1 and mTOR before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in the exosomes of BC patients compared with healthy females. Methods After isolating exosomes in the serum of 25 BC patients and characterization by flow cytometry, the mRNA levels of FGFR2, FGFR3, PDGFRB, AKT1 and mTOR in the exosomes were analyzed by RT-PCR. Results Our preliminary findings showed that FGFR2, PDGFRB, AKT1 and mTOR levels were significantly upregulated in BC patients before NACT compared with the healthy group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the mRNA levels PDGFRB and AKT1 were significantly down-regulated after NACT compared with control. PDGFRB expression level could predict pathological non-response and significantly correlated with tumor size after NACT. Conclusion Therefore, especially FGFR2, PDGFRB and AKT1 could be a therapeutic target as a prognostic marker, whereas PDGFRB may be a promising predictive indicator of therapy response in BC patients. However, the prognostic or predictive role of RTKs and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in the exosomes should be further investigated in a large patient population (AU)

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It has been shown that following demyelination, Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells (OPCs) migrate to the lesion site and begin to proliferate, and differentiate. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) on the expression of OLIG-2 and PDGFR-α markers during the myelination process. C57BL/6 mice were fed cuprizone pellets for 5 weeks to induce demyelination and return to a normal diet for 1 week to stimulate remyelination. During the Phase I all of the animals except CPZ and Vehicle groups were exposed to HCQ (2.5, 10, and 100 mg/kg) via drinking water. At the end of the study, animals were euthanized, perfused and the brain samples were assessed for myelination and immunohistochemistry evaluation. What is remarkable is the high rate of Olig2 + cells in the groups treated with 10 and 100 mg/kg HCQ in the demyelination phase and its decreasing trend in the remyelination phase. However, there was no significant difference between groups during phase I and Phase II based on the percentage of olig-2+/total cells in the corpus callosum region. The number of PDGFR-α+ cells in the group treated with 10 mg/kg HCQ was significant in the first phase (p value < 0.05). Considering that the 100 mg/kg HCQ group had the highest level of PDGFR-α as well as the highest level of myelin repair in LFB staining, it could be inferred that it was the most effective dose in inducing proliferation and migration of OPCs.

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Objetivo. En la literatura internacional existen numerosas técnicas descritas para realizar la preservación o regeneración del alveolo post-extracción que empelan diferentes materiales solos o en combinación. Material y métodos. Se ha realizado un ensayo clínico aleatorizado randomizado y doble ciego en el que se regeneraron alveolos post-extracción en molares del maxilar inferior durante un período de 12 semanas. Para ello se reclutaron un total de 60 pacientes que fueron randomizados en grupo tratamiento Endoret(R) (PRGF(R)) (36 pacientes) y grupo control (24 pacientes). Resultados. El análisis del TAC dental (tomografia computarizada de haz de cono: TCHC) a los 12 semanas después de la extracción ha indicado que en el grupo tratado con Endoret (R) (PRGF(R)) se alcanzó un volumen de regeneración del alveolo mayor o igual al 75% en un 96,67% de los casos, mientras que en el grupo control este porcentaje únicamente alcanzó un 45,45%, encontrándose diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p=0,005). El porcentaje de hueso neoformado medido en la histología fue del 63,08% para el Endoret(R) (PRGF(R)) comparado con un 35,56% para el grupo control. También se ha observado una mejor epitelización a los 3,7 y 15 días en el grupo experimental y menor dolor. Conclusiones. La técnica evaluada mediante el ensayo clínico puede considerarse segura ya que no ha existido ningún efecto adverso o negativo, siendo además eficaz en mejorar diferentes aspectos de la regeneración del alveolo post extracción (calidad de vida del paciente y la regeneración del alveolo post extracción) (AU)

Objetive. In the international literature there are many techniques described for the preservation or regeneration of post-extraction socket with different grafting materials. Material and methods. A double-blinded randomized clinical trial was conducted to study the healing of extraction socket of mandibular molar. A total of 60 patients were randomized into treatment Group (Endoret(TM) (PRGF(TM)); 36 patients) and control Group (24 patients). The observation period was 12 weeks. Results. The analysis of cone-beam CT scan at 12 weeks after the extraction indicated that the percentage of extraction socket healed by ≥ 75% was 96.67% in the treatment group and 45.5% in the control group. The differences were statistically significant (p=0,005). The histological analysis showed that the percentage of newly formed bone was 63.08% in the treatment group and 35.56% in the control group. There had also been a better epithelization and less pain at 3, 7 and 15 days after extraction in the experimental group. Conclusions. The use of Endoret(TM) (PRGF(TM)) is safe. There has not been any adversar effect or negative result. This technique was effective in the regeneration of post-extraction socket (AU)

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Se describe el caso clínico de una paciente de 20 años de edad, quien acudió a consulta para solicitar que le retiraran, de la manera más estética posible, un tatuaje que exhibía en el miembro inferior derecho desde hacía 10 años, el cual le impedía optar por una carrera militar. Una vez realizada la exéresis quirúrgica de dicho tatuaje se procedió a la aplicación local de concentrados de plaquetas como método alternativo. A los 20 días ya se había obtenido una cicatrización total, no aparecieron reacciones adversas y la joven quedó totalmente satisfecha con el medicamento empleado(AU)

The case report of a 20 year-old female patient who went to the department for the removal, in the most aesthetic way, of a tattoo in the right lower member for the last 10 years, which avoided her to opt for a military career is described. Once the exeresis of this tattoo was made, the local application of concentrated platelets was carried out as alternative method. After 20 days, a total scarring had already been obtained, there were not adverse reactions and the patient was completely satisfied with the used medication(AU)

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Intravesical immuno- and chemotherapy, surgery, and systemic chemotherapy are all critical elements in our management of patients with bladder cancer. Despite our advances with these modalities, we continue to seek newer treatment paradigms to improve patient outcome. Targeted therapy with novel agents directed at specific molecular pathways is a promising avenue to achieve such progress. This manuscript is based on a talk given at the Spring Session of the Society of Urologic Oncology in May 2006. Here, we focus on targeting growth factors and their receptors in bladder cancer. In particular, we summarize our own and others' ongoing basic science, translational, and clinical research in this field. Foremost in this line of study is the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted therapy with small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. We discuss the rationale for EGFR-directed therapy in bladder cancer. The clinical efficacy has been disappointing, and extensive work has been done to characterize molecular markers for predicting response. Some of our own preclinical findings related to platelet derived growth factor-beta (PDGFR-beta) and some background on ongoing clinical trials targeting human EGF receptor 2 (HER2) are summarized. Fibroblast growth factor 3 (FGFR3) offers promise as a potential target for therapy of both superficial and invasive disease. The role of FGFR3 mutations in bladder cancer is reviewed. Finally, we discuss the targeting of VEGF. Ultimately, it may be the use of multi-kinase inhibitors or the combination of different inhibitors to various targets that yields the best results.

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