RESUMEN
This study aimed to assess the impact of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and different non-Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Zygosaccharomyces bailii, Hanseniaspora opuntiae and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii) on the volatile compounds and sensory properties of low-alcohol pear beverages fermented from three varieties of pear juices (Korla, Laiyang and Binzhou). Results showed that all three pear juices were favorable matrices for yeasts growth. Non-Saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibited a higher capacity for acetate ester production compared to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, resulting in a significant enhancement in sensory complexity of the beverages. PCA and sensory analysis demonstrated that pear varieties exerted a stronger influence on the crucial volatile components and aroma characteristics of the fermented beverages compared to the yeast species. CA results showed different yeast strains exhibited suitability for the fermentation of specific pear juice varieties.
Asunto(s)
Fermentación , Odorantes , Pyrus , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/metabolismo , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/análisis , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/crecimiento & desarrollo , Pyrus/microbiología , Pyrus/química , Odorantes/análisis , Jugos de Frutas y Vegetales/análisis , Jugos de Frutas y Vegetales/microbiología , Gusto , Humanos , Zygosaccharomyces/metabolismo , Zygosaccharomyces/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hanseniaspora/metabolismo , Hanseniaspora/crecimiento & desarrollo , Frutas/microbiología , Frutas/química , SaccharomycetalesRESUMEN
Protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) and PDI-like proteins catalyze the oxidation and reduction in protein disulfide bonds, inhibit aggregation of misfolded proteins, and participate in isomerization and abiotic stress responses. The wild type 'duli' pear (Pyrus betulaefolia) is an important rootstock commonly used for commercial pear tree grafting in northern China. In this study, we identified 24 PDI genes, named PbPDIs, from the genome of 'duli' pear. With 12 homologous gene pairs, these 24 PbPDIs distribute on 12 of its 17 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis placed the 24 PbPDIs into four clades and eleven groups. Collinearity analysis of the PDIs between P. betulaefolia, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Oryza sativa revealed that the PbPDIs of 'duli' pear show a strong collinear relationship with those from Arabidopsis, a dicot; but a weak collinear relationship with those from rice, a monocot. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that most of the PbPDIs were upregulated by salt stress. Identification and expression analysis of 'duli' pear PbPDIs under salt stress conditions could provide useful information for further research in order to generate salt-resistant rootstock for pear grafting in the future.
Asunto(s)
Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Filogenia , Proteínas de Plantas , Proteína Disulfuro Isomerasas , Pyrus , Estrés Salino , Pyrus/genética , Pyrus/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Estrés Salino/genética , Proteína Disulfuro Isomerasas/genética , Proteína Disulfuro Isomerasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Fire blight is an infectious disease found in apple and pear orchards. While managing the disease is critical to maintaining orchard health, identifying symptoms early is a challenging task which requires trained expert personnel. This paper presents an inspection technique that targets individual symptoms via deep learning and density estimation. We evaluate the effects of including multi-spectral sensors in the model's pipeline. Results show that adding near infrared (NIR) channels can help improve prediction performance and that density estimation can detect possible symptoms when severity is in the mid-high range.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de las Plantas , Pyrus , Pyrus/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Aprendizaje Profundo , Malus/microbiología , Aprendizaje AutomáticoRESUMEN
Currently, the predominant method for managing pests in orchards is chemical control. However, prolonged use of chemicals leads to resistance issues and raise ecological safety. A promising approach to tackle these challenges involves nanoparticles-mediated delivery system of dsRNA and pesticides. Despite its potential, this strategy has not been widely applied in controlling pests in pear orchards. In this study, we developed a nanoparticle-mediated ternary biopesticide to tackle resistance and safety concerns associated with calmodulin dsRNA and cyantraniliprole. Initially, we assessed the effectiveness of cyantraniliprole against two key pear pests, Grapholita molesta and Cacopsylla chinensis. Subsequently, we observed an upregualtion of genes CaM and CN following cyantraniliprole treatment. Furthermore, inhibiting or silencing GmCaM and CcGaM enhanced the sensitivity to cyantraniliprole more effectively. By introducing hairpin RNA into the pET30a-BL21 RNaseIII- system to silence GmCaM and CcCaM, we developed a nanoparticle-mediated co-delivery system that exhibited improved control over these two pests. Importantly, our research demonstrated that using reduced cyantraniliprole dosages through ternary biopesticides could help mitigate risks to natural enemies. Overall, our research emphasizes the enhanced effectiveness of ternary biopesticides in boosting the performance of dsRNA and pesticide against pear pests, while fostering environmental sustainability-a novel advancement in this field.
Asunto(s)
Calmodulina , Nanopartículas , Pirazoles , Pyrus , ARN Bicatenario , ortoaminobenzoatos , Animales , ARN Bicatenario/genética , Pyrus/química , Nanopartículas/química , Calmodulina/genética , Insecticidas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Caffeoyl-coenzyme 3 A-O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) plays a crucial role in the lignin synthesis in many higher plants. In this study, nine PbCCoAOMT genes in total were identified from pear, and classified into six categories. We treated pear fruits with hormones abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA) and observed differential expression levels of these genes. Through qRT-PCR, we also preliminarily identified candidate PbCCoAOMT gene, potentially involved in lignin synthesis in pear fruits. Additionally, the overexpression of PbCCoAOMT1/2 in Arabidopsis and pear fruits increased in lignin content. Enzymatic assays showed that recombinant PbCCoAOMT1/2 proteins have similar enzymatic activity in vitro. The Y1H (Yeast one-hybrid) and dual luciferase (dual-LUC) experiments demonstrated that PbMYB25 can bind to the AC elements in the promoter region of the PbCCoAOMT1 gene. Our findings suggested that the PbCCoAOMT1 and PbCCoAOMT2 genes may contribute to the synthesis of lignin and provide insights into the mechanism of lignin biosynthesis and stone cell development in pear fruits.
Asunto(s)
Arabidopsis , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Lignina , Metiltransferasas , Pyrus , Lignina/metabolismo , Lignina/biosíntesis , Metiltransferasas/genética , Metiltransferasas/metabolismo , Pyrus/genética , Pyrus/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Frutas/genética , Frutas/metabolismo , Ácido Salicílico/metabolismo , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/genética , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Acetatos/metabolismoRESUMEN
Patulin (PAT) is a highly toxic mycotoxin, which can contaminate fruits and their products and cause harm to human health. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were functionalized by magnetite nanoparticles, dopamine (DA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) to form a multifunctional nanocarrier (DA/PEI@Fe3O4/CNCs) for immobilizing aldo-keto reductase (MgAKR) to degrade PAT. The MgAKR-DA/PEI@Fe3O4/CNCs were reusable and environmentally friendly due to its surface area, high magnetization value, and oxygen/amine function. The immobilization method significantly improved reusability, resistance to proteolysis, temperature stability and storage stability of MgAKR-DA/PEI@Fe3O4/CNCs. With NADPH as a coenzyme, the detoxification rate of MgAKR-DA/PEI@Fe3O4/CNCs on PAT reached 100 % in phosphate buffer and 98 % in fresh pear juice. The quality of fresh pear juice was unaffected by MgAKR-DA/PEI@Fe3O4/CNCs and could be quickly separated by magnet after detoxification, which was convenient for recycling. It has broad application prospects in the control of PAT contamination in beverage products containing fruit and vegetable ingredients.
Asunto(s)
Aldo-Ceto Reductasas , Celulosa , Dopamina , Enzimas Inmovilizadas , Jugos de Frutas y Vegetales , Patulina , Polietileneimina , Pyrus , Celulosa/química , Polietileneimina/química , Pyrus/química , Enzimas Inmovilizadas/química , Enzimas Inmovilizadas/metabolismo , Patulina/química , Jugos de Frutas y Vegetales/análisis , Dopamina/química , Aldo-Ceto Reductasas/química , Aldo-Ceto Reductasas/metabolismo , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/química , Nanopartículas/químicaRESUMEN
The successful germination of pollen is essential for double fertilization in flowering plants. Mechanosensitive channels of small conductance (MscS-like, MSL) inhibit pollen germination and maintains cellular integrity of pollen during this process. Therefore, it is vital to carefully regulate the expression of MSL to promote successful pollen germination. Despite its importance, the molecular mechanisms governing MSL expression in plants remain poorly understood. Here, we had identified 15 MSL genes in the pear, among which PbrMSL5 was expressed in pollen development. Subcellular localization experiments revealed that PbrMSL5 was located in both plasma membrane and cytoplasm. Functional investigations, including complementation experiments using the atmsl8 mutant background, demonstrated the involvement of PbrMSL5 in preserving pollen cell integrity and inhibiting germination. Antisense oligonucleotide experiments further confirmed that PbrMSL5 suppressed pear pollen germination by reducing osmotic pressure and Cl- content. Yeast one-hybrid, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and dual luciferase reporter assay elucidated that PbrMYC8 interacts directly with the N-box element, leading to the suppression of PbrMSL5 expression and promoted pollen germination. These results represented a significant advancement in unraveling the molecular mechanisms controlling plant MSL expression. This study showed valuable contribution to advancing our comprehension of the mechanism underlying pollen germination.
Asunto(s)
Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Germinación , Proteínas de Plantas , Polen , Pyrus , Factores de Transcripción , Polen/genética , Germinación/genética , Pyrus/genética , Pyrus/metabolismo , Pyrus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Non-specific lipid-transfer proteins (nsLTPs) are a group of small, cysteine-rich proteins that are involved in the transport of cuticular wax and other lipid compounds. Accumulating evidence suggests that dynamic changes in cuticular waxes are strongly associated with fruit russeting, an undesirable visual quality that negatively affects consumer appeal in pears. Currently, the regulatory role of nsLTPs in cuticular wax deposition and pear fruit skin russeting remains unclear. Here, we characterized the variations of cuticular waxes in non-treated (russeted) and preharvest bagging treated (non-russeted) pear fruits throughout fruit development and confirmed that the contents of cuticular waxes were significantly negatively correlated with the occurrence of pear fruit russeting. Based on RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses, two nsLTP genes (PpyLTP36 and PpyLTP39) were identified, which exhibited high expression levels in non-russeted pear fruit skins and were significantly repressed during fruit skin russeting. Subcellular localization analysis demonstrated that PpyLTP36 and PpyLTP39 were localized to the plasma membrane (PM). Further, transient Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) analyses of PpyLTP36 and PpyLTP39 in pear fruits significantly reduced cuticular wax deposition. In conclusion, PpyLTP36 and PpyLTP39 are involved in the transmembrane transport of cuticular wax and are associated with pear fruit skin russeting.
Asunto(s)
Frutas , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas , Pyrus , Ceras , Pyrus/metabolismo , Pyrus/química , Ceras/metabolismo , Ceras/química , Frutas/metabolismo , Frutas/química , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas Portadoras/metabolismo , Proteínas Portadoras/genética , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Transporte Biológico , Epidermis de la Planta/metabolismoRESUMEN
AIMS: The Gα subunit is a major component of heterotrimeric G proteins, which play a crucial role in the development and pathogenicity of several model fungi. However, its detailed function in the causal agent of pear black spot (Alternaria alternata) is unclear. Our aim was to understand the characteristics and functions of AaGA1 in A. alternata. METHODS AND RESULTS: AaGA1 was cloned from A. alternata in this study, which encodes 353 amino acids and has a "G-alpha" domain. Mutant ΔAaGA1 resulted in reduced vegetative growth, conidiation, and spore germination. Especially, mutant ΔAaGA1 produced only fewer conidia on the V8A medium, and spore formation-related genes AbaA, BrlA, and WetA were significantly downregulated. More tolerance against cell wall-inhibiting agents was observed after the deletion of AaGA1. Moreover, AaGA1 deletion led to a significant reduction in melanin and toxin production. Interestingly, deletion of AaGA1 resulted in defective appressorium-like formations, complete loss of the ability to penetrate cellophane, and decreased infection on non-wound inoculated tobacco leaves. Cell wall-degrading enzyme-related genes PME, CL, Cut2, and LC were significantly downregulated in mutant ΔAaGA1 mutant, significantly reducing virulence on wound-inoculated pear fruits. CONCLUSIONS: The G protein alpha subunit AaGA1 is indispensable for fungal development, appressorium-like formations, and pathogenicity in A. alternata.
Asunto(s)
Alternaria , Proteínas Fúngicas , Subunidades alfa de la Proteína de Unión al GTP , Enfermedades de las Plantas , Esporas Fúngicas , Alternaria/genética , Alternaria/crecimiento & desarrollo , Alternaria/patogenicidad , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Subunidades alfa de la Proteína de Unión al GTP/genética , Subunidades alfa de la Proteína de Unión al GTP/metabolismo , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Esporas Fúngicas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Esporas Fúngicas/genética , Virulencia/genética , Pyrus/microbiología , Nicotiana/microbiología , Regulación Fúngica de la Expresión GénicaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: PSEUDO RESPONSE REGULATOR (PRR) genes are essential components of circadian clock, playing vital roles in multiple processes including plant growth, flowering and stress response. Nonetheless, little is known about the evolution and function of PRR family in Rosaceae species. RESULTS: In this study, a total of 43 PRR genes in seven Rosaceae species were identified through comprehensive analysis. The evolutionary relationships were analyzed with phylogenetic tree, duplication events and synteny. PRR genes were classified into three groups (PRR1, PRR5/9, PRR3/7). The expansion of PRR family was mainly derived from dispersed and whole-genome duplication events. Purifying selection was the major force for PRR family evolution. Synteny analysis indicated the existence of multiple orthologous PRR gene pairs between pear and other Rosaceae species. Moreover, the conserved motifs of eight PbPRR proteins supported the phylogenetic relationship. PRR genes showed diverse expression pattern in various tissues of pear (Pyrus bretschneideri). Transcript analysis under 12-h light/ dark cycle and constant light conditions revealed that PRR genes exhibited distinct rhythmic oscillations in pear. PbPRR59a and PbPRR59b highly homologous to AtPRR5 and AtPRR9 were cloned for further functional verification. PbPRR59a and PbPRR59b proteins were localized in the nucleus. The ectopic overexpression of PbPRR59a and PbPRR59b significantly delayed flowering in Arabidopsis transgenic plants by repress the expression of AtGI, AtCO and AtFT under long-day conditions. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide information for exploring the evolution of PRR genes in plants, and contribute to the subsequent functional studies of PRR genes in pear and other Rosaceae species.
Asunto(s)
Flores , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Filogenia , Proteínas de Plantas , Rosaceae , Flores/genética , Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Rosaceae/genética , Pyrus/genética , Arabidopsis/genética , Evolución Molecular , Sintenía , Familia de MultigenesRESUMEN
The preservation of the genetic resources of crop wild relatives (CWRs) is crucial for food production systems and is considered a vital measure for global agricultural health and food security. The identification of potential areas where CWRs can thrive is one of the first steps towards their conservation. In this study, we used a maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) to determine the habitat suitability of seven wild relatives of pears (Pyrus L.) for the first time. We aimed to identify high-priority areas for conservation and determine the hotspots for rich biodiversity in Iran. The study showed excellent predictive performance for all species studied (AUC value ≥ 90). The soil depth, solar radiation, minimum temperature of the coldest month (Bio6), and precipitation of the wettest quarter (Bio16) were the main environmental factors that influenced the habitat suitability of all seven species, according to permutation importance. The projected maps revealed that P. elaeagnifolia had the largest suitable habitat area, while P. glabra had the lowest. The results also showed that less than 5% of the suitable habitats for these seven species were in protected areas. This research highlights the need for national preservation policies and the development of cultivation and rehabilitation strategies for these threatened species.
Asunto(s)
Biodiversidad , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Ecosistema , Pyrus , Irán , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/métodosRESUMEN
Korla pear has a unique taste and aroma and is a breeding parent of numerous pear varieties. It is susceptible to Valsa mali var. pyri, which invades bark wounded by freezing injury. Its genetic relationships have not been fully defined and could offer insight into the mechanism for freezing tolerance and disease resistance. We generated a high-quality, chromosome-level genome assembly for Korla pear via the Illumina and PacBio circular consensus sequencing (CCS) platforms and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C). The Korla pear genome is ~ 496.63 Mb, and 99.18% of it is assembled to 17 chromosomes. Collinearity and phylogenetic analyses indicated that Korla might be derived from Pyrus pyrifolia and that it diverged ~ 3.9-4.6 Mya. During domestication, seven late embryogenesis abundant (LEA), two dehydrin (DHN), and 54 disease resistance genes were lost from Korla pear compared with P. betulifolia. Moreover, 21 LEA and 31 disease resistance genes were common to the Korla pear and P. betulifolia genomes but were upregulated under overwintering only in P. betulifolia because key cis elements were missing in Korla pear. Gene deletion and downregulation during domestication reduced freezing tolerance and disease resistance in Korla pear. These results could facilitate the breeding of novel pear varieties with high biotic and abiotic stress resistance.
Asunto(s)
Cromosomas de las Plantas , Genoma de Planta , Pyrus , Pyrus/genética , Pyrus/fisiología , Cromosomas de las Plantas/genética , Filogenia , Estaciones del Año , Resistencia a la Enfermedad/genética , CongelaciónRESUMEN
Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apis), honey bees, are the most widely used managed crop pollinators. However, their high rental cost and uncertain availability for North American orchard crops have motivated growers to explore alternative pollination options. We examined whether adding solitary, spring-flying Osmia lignaria Say (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), blue orchard bees, as co-pollinators with A. mellifera in Washington sweet cherry and pear orchards enhances fruit set and yield compared to the use of A. mellifera alone. We added managed O. lignaria to orchard sites where A. mellifera hives were already present. Fruit set, fruit yield, and O. lignaria reproduction at O. lignaria-supplemented sites were compared to nearby, paired sites pollinated only by A. mellifera (3 paired cherry and 3 paired pear sites). For both crops, the addition of O. lignaria significantly increased fruit set but did not yield at harvest. Microscopic inspection of pollen grains from O. lignaria nest cell provisions confirmed that O. lignaria primarily visited orchard flowers. Mean retention of O. lignaria in cherry orchards was slightly higher (65%) than O. lignaria retention reported in other orchard crops (30%-60%). However, retention in pear orchards was much lower (≤20%). These results show that supplementing hives with O. lignaria in Washington spring orchard crops can increase overall pollination, but that trees fail to bear developing fruit to maturity. The strategy of using co-pollinators, O. lignaria and A. mellifera, in US orchards may act as "pollination insurance" when A. mellifera hives are in low supply or when the weather is not amenable for A. mellifera flight during the bloom period.
Asunto(s)
Polinización , Prunus avium , Pyrus , Animales , Abejas/fisiología , Prunus avium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Prunus avium/fisiología , Productos Agrícolas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Washingtón , Frutas/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
Fresh-cut pear fruit is greatly impacted by enzymatic browning, and maintaining quality remains a challenge. This study examined the impact of exogenous α-lipoic acid (α-LA) treatment on enzymatic browning and nutritional quality of fresh-cut pears. Results revealed that 0.5 g/L α-LA treatment effectively maintained color and firmness, and inhibited the increase in microbial number. The α-LA treatment also reduced MDA and H2O2 contents, decreased PPO activity, and enhanced SOD, CAT, and PAL activities. The α-LA treatment notably upregulated phenolic metabolism-related gene expression, including PbPAL, Pb4CL, PbC4H, PbCHI and PbCHS, and then increasing total phenols and flavonoids contents. Furthermore, it also influenced carbohydrate metabolism-related gene expression, including PbSS, PbSPS, PbAI and PbNI, maintaining a high level of sucrose content. These findings indicated that α-LA treatment showed promise in reducing browning and enhancing fresh-cut pears quality, offering a potential postharvest method to prolong the lifespan and maintain nutritional quality.
Asunto(s)
Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono , Frutas , Valor Nutritivo , Fenoles , Pyrus , Ácido Tióctico , Pyrus/química , Pyrus/metabolismo , Pyrus/genética , Frutas/química , Frutas/metabolismo , Frutas/efectos de los fármacos , Fenoles/metabolismo , Fenoles/análisis , Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono/efectos de los fármacos , Ácido Tióctico/metabolismo , Ácido Tióctico/farmacología , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genéticaRESUMEN
'Duli' (Pyrus betulifolia Bunge) is one of the main rootstocks of pear trees in China. Gibberellin (GA) is a key plant hormone and the roles of GA in nitrate (NO3-) uptake and metabolism in plants remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of exogenous GA3 on the N metabolism of 'Duli' seedlings under NO3- deficiency. The results showed that exogenous GA3 significantly improves 'Duli' growth under NO3- deficiency. On the one hand, GA3 altered the root architecture, increased the content of endogenous hormones (GA3, IAA, and ZR), and enhanced photosynthesis; on the other hand, it enhanced the activities of N-metabolizing enzymes and the accumulation of N, and increased the expression levels of N absorption (PbNRT2) and the metabolism genes (PbNR, PbGILE, PbGS, and PbGOGAT). However, GA3 did not delay the degradation of chlorophyll. Paclobutrazol had the opposite effect on growth. Overall, GA3 can increase NO3- uptake and metabolism and relieve the growth inhibition of 'Duli' seedlings under NO3- deficiency.
Asunto(s)
Giberelinas , Nitratos , Nitrógeno , Pyrus , Plantones , Plantones/metabolismo , Plantones/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plantones/efectos de los fármacos , Nitratos/metabolismo , Giberelinas/metabolismo , Nitrógeno/metabolismo , Pyrus/metabolismo , Pyrus/genética , Pyrus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Pyrus/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacos , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Raíces de Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/metabolismo , Clorofila/metabolismoRESUMEN
CONTEXT: Pyrus calleryana Decne (Rosaceae), renowned for its therapeutic properties, is known to moisturize the lungs (removing dryness; relieving cough), clear heat (acting as an antipyretic; febrifuge) and aid in detoxification (relieving pyogenic inflammation; eliminating toxins). However, scientific evidence supporting its efficacy in wound healing is lacking. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated P. calleryana samples collected over a year to explore metabolite variations and their impact on skin wound-healing activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: P. calleryana (PC) twigs and leaves were collected from the Matsu Islands, Taiwan, spanning 2018-2020. Extracts were prepared using 95% ethanol or water, and we assessed the chemical composition, total phenolic/triterpenoid contents and antioxidant properties. Metabolites were analysed via LC-MS/MS and molecular networking. Wound healing potential was evaluated on WS-1 cells through MTT and migration assays, and gene expression analyses, with tests including control (DMSO), compounds 1 (3'-hydroxylbenzyl-4-hydroxybenzoate-4'-O-ß-glucopyranoside) and 2 (vanilloylcalleryanin) (100 µM), and a positive control (ascorbic acid, 100 µM) for 24 h. RESULTS: Significant variations in extract compositions were observed based on the solvent used, with distinct metabolomic profiles in extracts collected during different months. Notably, compounds 1 and 2 showed no cytotoxic effects on human dermal fibroblast cells and significantly accelerated wound closure at 100 µM. A gene expression analysis indicated upregulation of wound healing-associated genes, including MMP-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-1) and COL1A1 (collagen, type 1, alpha 1). CONCLUSIONS: This study reports the first evidence of PC compounds aiding wound healing. Utilizing Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) and principal component analysis (PCA) approaches, we unveiled metabolomic profiles, suggesting the potential to expedite wound-healing.
Asunto(s)
Extractos Vegetales , Pyrus , Cicatrización de Heridas , Cicatrización de Heridas/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Pyrus/química , Estaciones del Año , Taiwán , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Hojas de la Planta , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Línea Celular , Fibroblastos/efectos de los fármacos , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Piel/metabolismo , Piel/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Calcium acts as a secondary messenger in plants and is essential for plant growth and development. However, studies on the pathway of aroma synthesis in 'Nanguo' pear (Pyrus ussriensis Maxim.) are scarce. In this study, a bioinformatics analysis of transcriptomic data from calcium-treated 'Nanguo' pear was performed, which identified two fatty acid desaturases, PuFAD2 and PuFAD3, and eight AP2/ERF transcription factors, all exhibiting the same expression patterns. Transient expression experiments showed overexpression of PuFAD2 and PuFAD3 significantly increased the levels of aromatic substrates linoleic acid, hexanal, linolenic acid, and (E)-2-hexenal, but RNAi (RNA interference) had the opposite expression. Promoter sequences analysis revealed that PuFAD2 and PuFAD3 have ERE (estrogen response element) motifs on their promoters. The strongest activation of PuFAD2 by PuERF008 was verified using a dual-luciferase reporting system. Additionally, yeast one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed PuERF008 could active PuFAD2. Transient overexpression and RNAi analyses of PuERF008 showed a strong correlation with the expression of PuFAD2. This study provides insights into the process of aroma biosynthesis in 'Nanguo' pear and offers a theoretical basis for elucidating the role of calcium signaling in aroma synthesis.
Asunto(s)
Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas , Pyrus , Pyrus/metabolismo , Pyrus/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Señalización del Calcio , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Ácido Graso Desaturasas/metabolismo , Ácido Graso Desaturasas/genética , Calcio/metabolismo , OdorantesRESUMEN
This study investigated the efficacy of various traps differing in colour (green or yellow), presence or absence of decoys (dead Agrilus planipennis) or design (commercial MULTz or multifunnel traps, and homemade bottle- or fan-traps) for monitoring European Buprestidae in deciduous forests and pear orchards. Over two years, we collected 2220 samples on a two-week basis from 382 traps across 46 sites in Belgium and France. None of the traps proved effective for monitoring Agrilus sinuatus in infested pear orchards (17 specimens captured in 2021, 0 in 2022). The decoys did not affect the catch rates whatever the trap model, colour, buprestid species or sex. The fluorescent yellow traps (MULTz and yellow fan-traps) tended to be more attractive than the green traps (green fan-traps and, to a lower extent, multifunnel green traps). Most Agrilus species showed similar patterns in mean trap catches, with the exception of Agrilus biguttatus, which had the largest catches in the green multifunnel traps. Finally, we observed a high variation in catch rates between localities: the site explained 64% of the catches variance, while the tree within the site and the type of trap explained only 6-8.5% each. In many sites, we captured very few specimens, despite the abundance of dying mature trees favourable to the development of Buprestidae. For the early detection of non-native Buprestidae, it therefore seems essential to maximise the number of monitoring sites. Due to their cost-effectiveness, lightweight design, and modularity, fan-traps emerged as promising tools for buprestid monitoring. The study's findings extend beyond European fauna, as a preliminary trial in Canada suggested that yellow fan-traps could also improve captures of non-European buprestid species and catch species of interest such as Agrilus bilineatus (a species on the EPPO A2 list of pests/pathogens recommended for regulation in the EU).
Asunto(s)
Color , Animales , Europa (Continente) , Control de Insectos/métodos , Bélgica , Masculino , Femenino , Pyrus , Dípteros/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Here, cytosine methylation in the whole genome of pear flower buds was mapped at a single-base resolution. There was 19.4% methylation across all sequenced C sites in the Pyrus pyrifolia cultivar 'Sucui 1' flower bud genome. Meantime, the CG, CHG, and CHH sequence contexts (where H = A, T or C) exhibited 47.4%, 33.3%, and 11.9% methylation, respectively. Methylation in different gene regions was revealed through combining methylome and transcriptome analysis, which presented various transcription trends. Genes with methylated promoters exhibited lower expression levels than genes with non-methylated promoters, while body-methylated genes displayed an obvious negative correlation with their transcription levels. The methylation profiles of auxin- and cytokinin-related genes were estimated. And some of them proved to be hypomethylated, with increased transcription levels, in wizened buds. More specifically, the expression of the genes PRXP73, CYP749A22, and CYP82A3 was upregulated as a result of methylation changes in their promoters. Finally, auxin and cytokinin concentrations were higher in wizened flower buds than in normal buds. The exogenous application of paclobutrazol (PP333) in the field influenced the DNA methylation status of some genes and changed their expression level, reducing the proportion of wizened flower buds in a concentration-dependent manner. Overall, our results demonstrated the relationship between DNA methylation and gene expression in wizened flower buds of P. pyrifolia cultivar 'Sucui 1', which was associated with changes in auxin and cytokinin concentrations.
Asunto(s)
Metilación de ADN , Epigenoma , Flores , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Pyrus , Flores/genética , Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Flores/metabolismo , Pyrus/genética , Pyrus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Pyrus/metabolismo , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Transcriptoma , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Citocininas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Sand pear is the main cultivated pear species in China, and brown peel is a unique feature of sand pear. The formation of brown peel is related to the activity of the cork layer, of which lignin is an important component. The formation of brown peel is intimately associated with the biosynthesis and accumulation of lignin; however, the regulatory mechanism of lignin biosynthesis in pear peel remains unclear. In this study, we used a newly bred sand pear cultivar 'Xinyu' as the material to investigate the biosynthesis and accumulation of lignin at nine developmental stages using metabolomic and transcriptomic methods. Our results showed that the 30 days after flowering (DAF) to 50DAF were the key periods of lignin accumulation according to data analysis from the assays of lignin measurement, scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation, metabolomics, and transcriptomics. Through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), positively correlated modules with lignin were identified. A total of nine difference lignin components were identified and 148 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 10 structural genes (PAL1, C4H, two 4CL genes, HCT, CSE, two COMT genes, and two CCR genes) and MYB, NAC, ERF, and TCP transcription factor genes were involved in lignin metabolism. An analysis of RT-qPCR confirmed that these DEGs were involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of lignin. These findings further help us understand the mechanisms of lignin biosynthesis and provide a theoretical basis for peel color control and quality improvement in pear breeding and cultivation.