RESUMEN
Manganese (Mn) is indispensable for plant growth, but its excessive uptake in acidic soils leads to toxicity, hampering food safety. Phosphorus (P) application is known to mitigate Mn toxicity, yet the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, we conducted physiological and transcriptomic analyses of peach roots response to P supply under Mn toxicity. Manganese treatment disrupted root architecture and caused ultrastructural damage due to oxidative injury. Notably, P application ameliorated the detrimental effects and improved the damaged roots by preventing the shrinkage of cortical cells, epidermis and endodermis, as well as reducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Transcriptomic analysis revealed the differentially expressed genes enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, cysteine, methionine and glutathione metabolism under Mn and P treatments. Phosphorus application upregulated the transcripts and activities of core enzymes crucial for lignin biosynthesis, enhancing cell wall integrity. Furthermore, P treatment activated ascorbate-glutathione cycle, augmenting ROS detoxification. Additionally, under Mn toxicity, P application downregulated Mn uptake transporter while enhancing vacuolar sequestration transporter transcripts, reducing Mn uptake and facilitating vacuolar storage. Collectively, P application prevents Mn accumulation in roots by modulating Mn transporters, bolstering lignin biosynthesis and attenuating oxidative stress, thereby improving root growth under Mn toxicity. Our findings provide novel insights into the mechanism of P-mediated alleviation of Mn stress and strategies for managing metal toxicity in peach orchards.
Asunto(s)
Ácido Ascórbico , Glutatión , Lignina , Manganeso , Fósforo , Raíces de Plantas , Prunus persica , Manganeso/metabolismo , Manganeso/toxicidad , Raíces de Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Raíces de Plantas/genética , Ácido Ascórbico/metabolismo , Fósforo/metabolismo , Lignina/metabolismo , Glutatión/metabolismo , Prunus persica/metabolismo , Prunus persica/efectos de los fármacos , Prunus persica/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
To explore the use of L-aspartic acid nano-calcium (nano-Ca) to reduce nectarine fruit-cracking, we sprayed the crack-susceptible nectarine cultivar 'Huaguang' [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. nectarina (Ait.) Maxim.] with nano-Ca. The results showed that nano-Ca could reduce the fruit-cracking percentage of nectarine by more than 20%. Nano-Ca was effective because it increased the calcium pectinate content of the peel, reduced the activity of cell-wall metabolic enzymes, and changed the peel structure and enhanced its toughness. We also found that nano-Ca enhanced calmodulin activity in leaves, upregulated key genes of sucrose synthesis in leaves and sucrose transport in stem phloem, and significantly increased the soluble sugar content in the fruit by more than 2%. In addition, Nano-Ca also enhanced calmodulin activity in peel and up-regulated key genes related to anthocyanin-synthesis, promoting anthocyanin accumulation in the peel. The result will lay a theoretical foundation for the physiological and molecular mechanisms of nectarine-cracking and its prevention.
Asunto(s)
Calcio , Fertilizantes , Nanocompuestos , Prunus persica , Frutas/efectos de los fármacos , Frutas/metabolismo , Prunus persica/anatomía & histología , Prunus persica/efectos de los fármacos , Prunus persica/metabolismo , Calmodulina/metabolismo , Sacarosa/metabolismo , Pectinas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Next-generation sequencing and analyses of whole-genome transcripts can be used to identify genes and potential mechanisms that may be responsible for the development of resistance to insecticides. Such genes can be identified by isolating and sequencing high-quality messenger RNA and identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and gene variants from insecticide-treated and untreated colonies of the Green peach aphid (GPA) or resistant and susceptible GPA populations. Datasets generated would reveal a set of genes whose expression may be associated with the insecticide treatment. The DEGs can then be validated using quantitative PCR assays.
Asunto(s)
Áfidos , Prunus persica , Animales , Áfidos/genética , Resistencia a los Insecticidas/genética , Insecticidas/toxicidad , Prunus persica/efectos de los fármacos , Prunus persica/genéticaRESUMEN
Identifying genes responsive to insecticide treatment is the first step towards understanding the mechanism(s) of insecticide resistance and the development of effective insecticides against economic insect pests such as the Green peach aphid (GPA). Functional and Reverse Genetics approaches such as the RNA interference (RNAi) technology can be used to assess the possible involvement of genes whose expression is associated with an insecticide treatment. For GPA, this can be done by comparing the behavior and development of the insect following RNAi of a putative gene associated with insecticide treatment and exposure of the RNAi-treated insects to lethal doses of insecticides. In a case where knockdown of a gene or genes increases the susceptibility of RNAi-treated populations compared to controls, the target gene may have a direct role in the development of resistance to the insecticide or the gene may be involved in other metabolic processes that may be required for resilience against the insecticide.
Asunto(s)
Áfidos , Resistencia a los Insecticidas , Prunus persica , Animales , Áfidos/genética , Resistencia a los Insecticidas/genética , Insecticidas/farmacología , Prunus persica/efectos de los fármacos , Prunus persica/genética , Interferencia de ARNRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Heat shock transcription factors (Hsfs) play pivotal roles in plant responses to stress. Although glycine betaine (GB) and hot water (HW) treatments are effective in reducing chilling injury (CI), little is known about the characterization of the Hsfs gene family and its potential roles in alleviating CI by regulating antioxidant systems in peach fruit. RESULTS: In this study, 17 PpHsfs were identified in the peach genome and were investigated using bioinformatics, including chromosomal locations, phylogenetic relationships, gene structure, motifs, and promoter analyses. The expression patterns of PpHsfs under GB and HW treatments were also investigated. The PpHsfs showed different expression patterns in GB- and HW-treated fruit, and most of them were significantly up-regulated by both treatments, especially PpHsfA1a/b, PpHsfA2a, PpHsfA9a, and PpHsfB2a/b. Meanwhile, GB and HW treatments induced higher levels of gene expression and antioxidant enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) compared to the control, contributing to the inhibition of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) accumulation and superoxide anion (O2 .- ) production. Moreover, the correlation analysis between PpHsfs and antioxidant-related genes showed that three PpAPXs were significantly correlated with ten PpHsfs, whereas PpCAT and PpSOD had no significant correlations with PpHsfs, which indicated that PpAPX might be regulated by PpHsfs. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that GB and HW treatments induced different PpHsfs transcript levels to regulate the antioxidant gene expressions, which might be beneficial in inhibiting the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and protecting the integrity of cell structure, thus alleviating the development of CI in peach fruit during cold storage. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Betaína/farmacología , Genoma de Planta , Factores de Transcripción del Choque Térmico/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Prunus persica/efectos de los fármacos , Ascorbato Peroxidasas/genética , Ascorbato Peroxidasas/metabolismo , Catalasa/genética , Catalasa/metabolismo , Almacenamiento de Alimentos , Frutas/efectos de los fármacos , Frutas/genética , Frutas/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Transcripción del Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Calor , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Prunus persica/genética , Prunus persica/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutasa/genética , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , Superóxidos/metabolismoRESUMEN
The dormancy-associated MADS-box (DAM) gene DAM5 has crucial roles in bud endodormancy; however, the molecular regulatory mechanism of PpDAM5 in peach (Prunus persica) has not been elucidated. In this study, using yeast two-hybrid screening, we isolated a BTB-TAZ Domain Protein PpBT3, which interacts with PpDAM5 protein, in the peach cultivar 'Chun xue'. As expected, we found that abscisic acid (ABA) maintained bud endodormancy and induced expression of the PpDAM5 gene, and that over-expressing PpDAM5 in Arabidopsis thaliana repressed seed germination. In contrast, over-expressing PpBT3 in A. thaliana promoted seed germination, and conferred resistance to ABA-mediated germination inhibition. Additionally, a qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction) experiment suggested that the transcript level of PpBT3 gradually increased towards the endodormancy release period, which is the opposite trend of the expression pattern of PpDAM5. Our results suggest that PpBT3 modulates peach bud endodormancy by interacting with PpDAM5, thus revealing a new mechanism for regulating bud dormancy of perennial deciduous trees.
Asunto(s)
Flores/efectos de los fármacos , Flores/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Prunus persica/efectos de los fármacos , Prunus persica/metabolismo , Ácido Abscísico/farmacología , Flores/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Prunus persica/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa InversaRESUMEN
The current study was performed on eight years old peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) trees cv. Florida prince to study the influence of spraying of commercial nano fertilizer on vegetative growth, pollen grain viability, yield, and fruit quality of the "Florida prince" peach cultivar. Furthermore, extracts from the nanofertilizer treated leaves were studied for their bioactivity as insecticidal or bactericidal activities against some stored grain insects and plant bacterial pathogens. Seventy uniform peach trees were sprayed three time as follow: before flowering; during full bloom, and one month later in addition using the water as a control. Commercial silver particales (Ag NPs) at 10, 12.5, and 15 mL/L and zinc particales (Zn NPs) at 2.5, 5 and 7.5 mL/L as recommended level in a randomized complete block design in ten replicates/trees. Spraying Ag NP at 15 mL/L increased shoot diameter, leaf area, total chlorophyll, flower percentage, fruit yield and fruit physical and chemical characteristics, followed by Ag NPs at 12.5 mL/L and Zn NPs at 7.5 mL/L. Moreover, Zn and Ag NPs caused a highly significant effect on pollen viability. Different type of pollen aberrations were detected by Zn NPs treatment. The commercial Ag NPs showed a high increase in pollen viability without any aberrations. The Ag NPs significantly increased the pollen size, and the spores also increased and separated in different localities, searching about the egg for pollination and fertilization. Peach leaves extract was examined for their insecticidal activity against rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzea L.) and the lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica, Fabricius) by fumigation method. The antibacterial activity of all treatments was also performed against molecularly identified bacteria. Ag NPs treated leaves extract at concentration 3000 µg/mL were moderate sufficient to inhibit all the bacterial isolates with inhibition zone (IZ) ranged 6-8.67 mm with high efficiency of acetone extracts from leaves treated with Ag NPs compared with Zn NPs. Also, S. oryzae was more susceptible to acetone extracts from leaves treated with both nanomaterials than R. dominica.
Asunto(s)
Prunus persica/efectos de los fármacos , Prunus persica/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Clorofila/metabolismo , Fertilizantes , Florida , Insecticidas/farmacología , Nanopartículas del Metal , Extractos Vegetales/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Polen/efectos de los fármacos , Polinización/efectos de los fármacos , Plata , Árboles/efectos de los fármacos , ZincRESUMEN
Peach fruit stored in the cold are susceptible to chilling injury. A pre-storage treatment with the natural hormone salicylic acid can alleviate chilling damage, although the mechanism is unclear. We found that a treatment with 1 µmol L-1 salicylic acid for 15 min prior to storage at 4 °C delayed and reduced fruit internal browning, a symptom of chilling injury. Salicylic acid had a large effect on sugar metabolism, increasing total soluble sugars via a substantial increase in sucrose content. The transcript abundance of genes related to sucrose biosynthesis and degradation was significantly regulated by salicylic acid, consistent with the changes in sucrose content. Salicylic acid treatment also increased the expression of two DREB cold stress-related proteins, transcriptional activators that regulate cold resistance pathways. The results show that salicylic acid alleviates chilling injury in peach by multiple mechanisms, including an increased content of sucrose and activation of cold response genes.
Asunto(s)
Almacenamiento de Alimentos/métodos , Frutas/efectos de los fármacos , Prunus persica/efectos de los fármacos , Prunus persica/metabolismo , Ácido Salicílico/farmacología , Frío , Frutas/genética , Frutas/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Prunus persica/genética , Sacarosa/metabolismo , Azúcares/metabolismoRESUMEN
Cold storage of peach fruit at low temperatures may induce chilling injury (CI). Pre-storage 1-MCP and high CO2 treatments were reported among the methods to ameliorate CI and reduce softening of peach fruit. However, molecular data indicating the changes associated with pre-storage 1-MCP and high CO2 treatments during cold storage of peach fruit are insufficient. In this study, a comparative analysis of the difference in gene expression and physico-chemical properties of fruit at commercial harvest vs. stored fruit for 12 days at 0 °C (cold-stored (CS), pre-storage 1-MCP+CS, and pre-storage high CO2+CS) were used to evaluate the variation among treatments. Several genes were differentially expressed in 1-MCP+CS- and CO2+CS-treated fruits as compared to CS. Moreover, the physico-chemical and sensory data indicated that 1-MCP+CS and CO2+CS suppressed CI and delayed ripening than the CS, which could lead to a longer storage period. We also identified the list of genes that were expressed commonly and exclusively in the fruit treated by 1-MCP+CS and CO2+CS and compared them to the fruit quality parameters. An attempt was also made to identify and categorize genes related to softening, physiological changes, and other ripening-related changes. Furthermore, the transcript levels of 12 selected representative genes from the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the transcriptome analysis were confirmed via quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). These results add information on the molecular mechanisms of the pre-storage treatments during cold storage of peach fruit. Understanding the genetic response of susceptible cultivars such as 'Madoka' to CI-reducing pre-storage treatments would help breeders release CI-resistant cultivars and could help postharvest technologists to develop more CI-reducing technologies.
Asunto(s)
Dióxido de Carbono/farmacología , Ciclopropanos/farmacología , Frutas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Prunus persica/crecimiento & desarrollo , Transcriptoma/efectos de los fármacos , Frutas/efectos de los fármacos , Frutas/genética , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/farmacología , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Prunus persica/efectos de los fármacos , Prunus persica/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) can both enhance resistance of chilling injury (CI) in cold-storage peach fruit, but the regulatory mechanisms involved and whether there is a coordinated regulation between them is unclear. In this study, postharvest peach fruit were treated with an aqueous SA solution for 15 min or an aqueous JA solution for 30 s before storage at 4 °C for 35 days. RESULTS: SA and JA treatments both delayed and reduced development of internal browning (a symptom of CI) and induced the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and sucrose. The SA and JA also reduced catalase and peroxidase activities, which are involved in hydrogen peroxide generation. The SA and JA treatments significantly regulated the transcript abundance of genes related to sucrose biosynthesis and degradation consistent with the observed increase in sucrose content. CONCLUSION: These results intimate that JA and SA may be involved in coordinating the alleviation of CI via increased accumulation of sucrose. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Asunto(s)
Ciclopentanos/farmacología , Frutas/metabolismo , Oxilipinas/farmacología , Prunus persica/efectos de los fármacos , Ácido Salicílico/farmacología , Sacarosa/metabolismo , Catalasa/metabolismo , Frío , Almacenamiento de Alimentos , Frutas/química , Frutas/efectos de los fármacos , Peroxidasa/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Prunus persica/química , Prunus persica/metabolismo , Sacarosa/análisisRESUMEN
Peach (Prunus persica L.) fruit are highly susceptible to chilling injury during cold storage, resulting in internal flesh browning and a failure to soften normally. We have examined the effect of a postharvest treatment consisting of a brief (30 s) dip in the natural plant hormone jasmonic acid, prior to storage at 4 °C. Jasmonic acid treatment reduced the severity of internal flesh browning and did not inhibit fruit softening over a 35 d storage period. Two major physiological effects of jasmonic acid on the fruit were observed, an increase in ethylene production and a prevention of the decline in soluble sugar content seen in controls. An increased soluble sugar content may have multiple benefits in resisting chilling stress, scavenging reactive oxygen species and acting to stabilize membranes. Our results show that a treatment with jasmonic acid can enhance chilling tolerance of peach fruit by regulating ethylene and sugar metabolism.
Asunto(s)
Ciclopentanos/farmacología , Etilenos/metabolismo , Frutas/efectos de los fármacos , Oxilipinas/farmacología , Prunus persica/efectos de los fármacos , Prunus persica/metabolismo , Azúcares/metabolismo , Frío , Almacenamiento de Alimentos/métodos , Frutas/genética , Frutas/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/farmacología , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Prunus persica/genéticaRESUMEN
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown to regulate many physiological processes of plants. In this study, we observed that 0.2 mM sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a donor of H2S, can regulate the root architecture of peach seedlings, increasing the number of lateral roots by 40.63%. To investigate the specific mechanisms by which H2S regulates root growth in peach, we used RNA sequencing and heterologous expression technology. Our results showed that exogenous H2S led to a 44.50% increase in the concentration of endogenous auxin. Analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed that 963 and 1113 genes responded to H2S on days one and five of treatment, respectively. Among the DEGs, 26 genes were involved in auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signal transduction. Using weighted correlation network analysis, we found that the auxin-related genes in the H2S-specific gene module were disproportionately involved in polar transport, which may play an important role in H2S-induced root growth. In addition, we observed that the expression of LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN 16 (PpLBD16) was significantly up-regulated by exogenous application of H2S in peach. Overexpression of PpLBD16 in an Arabidopsis system yielded a 66.83% increase in the number of lateral roots. Under exposure to exogenous H2S, there was also increased expression of genes related to cell proliferation, indicating that H2S regulates the growth of peach roots. Our work represents the first comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of the effects of exogenous application of H2S on the roots of peach, and provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying H2S-induced root growth.
Asunto(s)
Sulfuro de Hidrógeno , Ácidos Indolacéticos , Raíces de Plantas , Prunus persica , RNA-Seq , Sulfuro de Hidrógeno/farmacología , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Raíces de Plantas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Prunus persica/efectos de los fármacos , Prunus persica/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
This study attempted to characterize the involvement of a change in the redox status and subcellular localization in the BABA-induced priming resistance of peach fruit against Rhizopus rot. Specifically, 50 mM BABA primed the peaches for the enhanced disease resistance against R. stolonifer, as demonstrated by suppression of the disease development upon pathogen challenge accompanied by the clearly elevated level of TGA transcription factor (PpTGA1) and NPR1 gene (PpNPR1). In addition, the BABA elicitation enhanced the activities of a series of critical enzymes in the PPP and AsA-GSH cycle, and eventually promoted the NADPH and GSH pools, which altered the intracellular redox state towards a highly reductive condition. Additionally, PpTGA1-GFP was localized in the cytoplasm in the absence of BABA treatment or R. stolonifer inoculation, while BABA elicitation plus R. stolonifer inoculation caused PpTGA1-GFP to specifically translocate to the nucleus, where it interacted with PpNPR1 and regulated the positive expression of PR genes. Therefore, the observations implied that BABA could promote the reduction of the redox state, resulting in the translocation of PpTGA1 to the nucleus, which was a prerequisite for the induction of a priming defence against Rhizopus rot in peach.
Asunto(s)
Aminobutiratos/farmacología , Factores de Transcripción con Cremalleras de Leucina de Carácter Básico/metabolismo , Núcleo Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Frutas/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedades de las Plantas/prevención & control , Prunus persica/efectos de los fármacos , Rhizopus/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción con Cremalleras de Leucina de Carácter Básico/genética , Núcleo Celular/genética , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Citoplasma/efectos de los fármacos , Citoplasma/metabolismo , Resistencia a la Enfermedad/efectos de los fármacos , Resistencia a la Enfermedad/genética , Frutas/microbiología , Glutatión/metabolismo , NADP/metabolismo , Oxidación-Reducción , Vía de Pentosa Fosfato , Filogenia , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Prunus persica/metabolismo , Prunus persica/microbiología , Rhizopus/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
As one of the most important micronutrients, iron (Fe) plays a critical role in various metabolic processes during plant growth and development. However, the molecular mechanisms towards Fe metabolism and nutrition in fruit trees are largely unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of amino acid-Fe compound fertilizer spraying on leaf development in peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) at different developmental stages. Foliar spraying with amino acid-Fe compound fertilizer did not cause any significant changes in leaf morphology but remarkably increased leaf fresh weights. Fe concentration, photosynthetic parameter, and Fe-S protein analyses revealed that Fe accumulation, total chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate (P N), and stomatal conductance (g s), as well as nitrite reductase (NIR) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities, were significantly higher in the leaves sprayed with amino acid-Fe compound fertilizer than in the control leaves sprayed with distilled water. Further quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses demonstrated that Fe-S cluster biosynthesis genes were differentially expressed in the leaves at different developmental stages. Foliar spraying with amino acid-Fe compound fertilizer significantly increased the expression of the most tested Fe-S cluster biosynthesis genes. Our findings provide new insights into the understanding of effects of Fe fertilization application on leaf development in perennial woody fruit trees.
Asunto(s)
Fertilizantes , Hierro , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacos , Hojas de la Planta , Prunus persica , Agroquímicos/farmacología , Aminoácidos , Clorofila/metabolismo , Hierro/análisis , Hierro/metabolismo , Hierro/farmacología , Proteínas Hierro-Azufre/genética , Proteínas Hierro-Azufre/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/química , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Prunus persica/efectos de los fármacos , Prunus persica/genética , Prunus persica/metabolismoRESUMEN
The antifungal activity of a library of twenty-four aromatic methoximes was examined against five representative postharvest phytopathogenic fungi. The panel included Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Botrytis cinerea and Monilinia fructicola, all of which cause relevant economic losses worldwide as a result of affecting harvested fruits. The minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum fungicidal concentrations of each compound were defined and the main structure-activity relationships were determined. Although other congeners were more potent, drug likeliness considerations pointed to the methoxime derived from 2,4-dihydroxypropiophenone as the compound with the most suitable profile. The morphology of the colonies of the fungal strains treated with the methoxime was examined microscopically and the compound was also tested in freshly harvested peaches and oranges, exhibiting promising control profiles in both fruits, similar to those of the commercial agents Imazalil and Carbendazim.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos/química , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Frutas/microbiología , Oximas/química , Ascomicetos/efectos de los fármacos , Botrytis/efectos de los fármacos , Citrus sinensis/efectos de los fármacos , Citrus sinensis/microbiología , Frutas/efectos de los fármacos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Oximas/farmacología , Penicillium/efectos de los fármacos , Prunus persica/efectos de los fármacos , Prunus persica/microbiología , Rhizopus/efectos de los fármacos , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Peach is prone to postharvest chilling injury (CI). Here it was found that exogenous ethylene alleviated CI, accompanied by an increased endogenous ethylene production. Ethylene treatment resulted in a moderately more rapid flesh softening as a result of stronger expression of genes encoding expansin and cell wall hydrolases, especially xylosidase and galactosidase. Ethylene treatment alleviated internal browning, accompanied by changes in expression of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and lipoxygenases. An enhanced content of phospholipids and glycerolipids and a reduced content of ceramide were observed in ethylene-treated fruit, and these were associated with up-regulation of lipid phosphate phosphatase, fatty acid alpha-hydroxylase, and golgi-localized nucleotide sugar transporter, as well as down-regulation of aminoalcoholphosphotransferases. Expression of two ethylene response factors (ERFs), ESE3 and ABR1, was highly correlated with that of genes involved in cell wall metabolism and lipid metabolism, respectively. Furthermore, the expression of these two ERFs was strongly regulated by ethylene treatment and the temperature changes during transfer of fruit into or out of cold storage. It is proposed that ERFs fulfill roles as crucial integrators between cell wall modifications and lipid metabolism involved in CI processes ameliorated by exogenous ethylene.
Asunto(s)
Etilenos/farmacología , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Prunus persica/fisiología , Catecol Oxidasa/genética , Pared Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Pared Celular/genética , Frío , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Lipooxigenasas/genética , Peroxidasa/genética , Prunus persica/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés FisiológicoRESUMEN
Chilling injury (CI) is a physiological disorder induced by cold, which heavily limit crop production and postharvest preservation worldwide. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) can alleviate CI in various fruit species, including peach; however, the underlying molecular mechanism is poorly understood. Here, changes in contents of phenolics, lipids, and jasmonic acid (JA) and gene expressions are compared between MeJA and control fruit. Exogenous MeJA inhibited expressions of PpPAL1, PpPPO1, and PpPOD1/2 but did not affect the phenolic content. Furthermore, MeJA fruit showed lower relative electrolyte leakage, indicating less membrane damage. Meanwhile, the enrichment of linoleic acid in the potential lipid biomarkers, especially phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol, coincided with lower expressions of PpFAD8.1 but higher PpLOX3.1 and JA content. In the JA signaling pathway, MeJA significantly upregulated expressions of PpMYC2.2 and PpCBF3 but downregulated PpMYC2.1. In conclusion, adjustments of fatty acids in phospholipids contribute to MeJA-induced alleviation of CI in peach fruit via induction of the JA-mediated C-repeat-binding factor pathway.
Asunto(s)
Acetatos/farmacología , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Ciclopentanos/farmacología , Frutas/efectos de los fármacos , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Oxilipinas/farmacología , Fosfolípidos/metabolismo , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/farmacología , Prunus persica/metabolismo , Frío , Frutas/genética , Frutas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Frutas/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Prunus persica/efectos de los fármacos , Prunus persica/genética , Prunus persica/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
The function of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) on nitric oxide (NO)-induced chilling tolerance and defense response in postharvest peach fruit was explored. The postharvest fruit were treated with sodium nitroprusside (SNP, exogenous NO donor), cPTIO (NO scavenger), and neomycin (IP3 inhibitor). It turned out that SNP treatment mitigated chilling injury (CI) and stimulated NO accumulation in postharvest peach fruit. Further, SNP enhanced phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) activity and, thereby, stimulated IP3 prodution. SNP also upregulated the activity and expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione reductase (GR). In addition, SNP enhanced the expression of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) and methionine sulfoxide reductase (MSR) and weakened the activity and expression of lipoxygenase (LOX) and phospholipase D (PLD). These above impacts stimulated by SNP treatment were blocked by the addition of cPTIO and neomycin. Overall, IP3 was involved in NO-enhanced chilling tolerance and defense response in postharvest peach fruit.
Asunto(s)
Inositol 1,4,5-Trifosfato/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Prunus persica/fisiología , Ascorbato Peroxidasas/genética , Ascorbato Peroxidasas/metabolismo , Catalasa/genética , Catalasa/metabolismo , Frío , Respuesta al Choque por Frío , Conservación de Alimentos , Conservantes de Alimentos/farmacología , Frutas/química , Frutas/efectos de los fármacos , Frutas/genética , Frutas/fisiología , Glutatión Reductasa/genética , Glutatión Reductasa/metabolismo , Nitroprusiato/farmacología , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Prunus persica/química , Prunus persica/efectos de los fármacos , Prunus persica/genética , Superóxido Dismutasa/genética , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Cold conditions can accelerate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and excessive ROS may attack biological macromolecules, disrupt related signal pathways, induce oxidative stress and influence plant metabolism. The cross-talk between nitric oxide (NO) and abscisic acid (ABA) and the inhibitions by NO or ABA on oxidative damage have been reported in fruits. However, there are few reports about the roles of NO-ABA interactions in chilling stress and antioxidant defense in fruits during cold storage. This study was conducted to investigate the roles of NO, ABA and interactions between NO and ABA in response to chilling stress on peach fruit (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, cv. 'Xintaihong'). RESULTS: Treatments with 15 µmol L-1 NO, 100 µmol L-1 ABA and 15 µmol L-1 NO + 5 mmol L-1 sodium tungstate solution could reduce ROS content, alleviate lipid peroxidation and enhance antioxidant enzyme activities and antioxidant capacities. However, treatments with 5 µmol L-1 potassium 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (c-PTIO), 5 mmol L-1 sodium tungstate and 100 µmol L-1 ABA + 5 µmol L-1 c-PTIO differentially blocked these protective effects and significantly increased ROS content and lipid peroxidation of peaches under low-temperature conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Application of exogenous ABA could increase the resistance to cold-induced oxidative stress by enhancing the efficiency of enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems, which were partially mediated by NO. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Asunto(s)
Ácido Abscísico/farmacología , Frutas/efectos de los fármacos , Óxido Nítrico/farmacología , Prunus persica/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Frío , Almacenamiento de Alimentos , Frutas/química , Frutas/metabolismo , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Prunus persica/química , Prunus persica/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Drought stress is a serious threat to agriculture and the environment. Brassinosteroids (BRs) increase tolerance to drought stress of plant. Autophagy plays important roles in plant responses to drought stress; however, there are few reports on autophagy in peach (Prunus persica). In total, 23 putative autophagy-related genes (ATGs) in peach were identified using ATGs from the Arabidopsis thaliana genome as query in BLASTx algorithm-based searches. Under drought stress, the photosynthetic abilities of peach leaves decreased, while antioxidant enzyme activities, autophagy and ATG expression increased. A correlation analysis showed that antioxidant enzyme activities are inversely correlated to the expression levels of the PpATGs. During drought, the PpATG8s and some PpATG18s had the strongest responses. To investigate enhanced drought-stress tolerance, peach was treated with water, 100â¯nM 24-epibrassinolide (EBR), 1⯵M EBR, 10⯵M EBR and 1⯵M voriconazole. Exogenous EBR at 1⯵M decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content under drought stress when compared with water-, 1⯵M voriconazole-, 100â¯nM EBR- and 10⯵M EBR-treated peach leaf. The 1-µM EBR application increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione peroxidase (GR) activities during drought stress. In addition, the expression levels of PpATGs were inhibited by EBR. Thus, the 1-µM EBR treatment alleviated drought-stress damage to peach leaves, decreased PpATG expression levels and reduced the number of autophagosomes.