RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To describe the care of pediatric patients who had a gastrostomy and developed peristomal lesions and received a systematic single adapted crusting technique in a pediatric ICU in a tertiary Brazilian hospital. METHODS: An analysis of six cases presenting traumatic, noninfectious peristomal lesions with ostium enlargement resulting in gastric residual leaks. All six patients received the same treatment over 7 to 15 days. RESULTS: Lesion improvement was observed in all patients after 48 hours and considered attributable to the standard treatment recommended by ostomy professionals. CONCLUSIONS: The adapted crusting technique was effective in the treatment of children with peristomal lesions. This technique may be beneficial to other patient and organizational outcomes such as improving safety of care, decreasing pain and discomfort, reducing nursing workload and hospital costs, and improving quality of life.
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Estomía/efectos adversos , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/enfermería , Cuidados de la Piel/métodos , Estomas Quirúrgicos/efectos adversos , Brasil , Niño , Protección a la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Estomía/enfermería , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/prevención & control , Cuidados de la Piel/enfermería , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To identify the socioeconomic gradients in the measures of development and well-being of children under three years of age in Fortaleza, Northeastern Brazil. METHODS: We compiled information using a socioeconomic survey instrument, collecting anthropometric measurements, observing the home environment, and applying the Denver Test II to 2,755 children aged between zero and 28 months who are potential beneficiaries of the Cresça com Seu Filho program in Fortaleza. These children were randomly selected from a universe identified from the administrative record of the Cadastro Único of the Ministry of Social Development of Brazil. For the analysis, we reported descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and mean differences. RESULTS: Rates of chronic malnutrition and overweight were 7.0%. The results of the Denver II test indicated that personal social (23%) and language (20%) are the domains in which children have the highest developmental delay, when compared with the international reference sample. Parental practices measured by two sub-scales of the Home Observation of the Environment Inventory were poor, with only 14.0% of families having two or more books in the home and 35.0% of the households reporting having spanked their child in the past three days. CONCLUSIONS: We identified clear socioeconomic gradients in the anthropometric indicators, parenting practices, and the Denver Test II (especially in the language domain). Children from poorer households, as well as children of mothers with lower education levels, perform poorly on most measures.
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Desarrollo Infantil/fisiología , Protección a la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Bienestar del Lactante/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores de Edad , Antropometría , Brasil , Preescolar , Composición Familiar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Trastornos de la Nutrición del Lactante , Masculino , Madres/estadística & datos numéricos , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Responsabilidad Parental , Factores Sexuales , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The populations of many low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) are young. Despite progress made towards achieving Universal Health Coverage and remarkable health gains, evidence suggests that many children in LMIC are still not accessing needed healthcare services. Delayed or lack of access to health services can lead to a worsening of health and can in turn negatively impact a child's ability to attend school, and future employment opportunities. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review to assess the effectiveness of interventions aimed at increasing access to health services for children over 5 years in LMIC settings. Four electronic databases were searched in March 2017. Studies were included if they evaluated interventions that aimed to increase: healthcare utilisation, immunisation uptake and compliance with medication/referral. Randomised controlled trials and non-randomised study designs were included in the review. Data extraction included study characteristics, intervention type and measures of access to health services for children above 5 years of age. Study outcomes were classified as positive, negative, mixed or null in terms of their impact on access outcomes. RESULTS: Ten studies met the criteria for inclusion in the review. Interventions were evaluated in Nicaragua (1), Brazil (1), Turkey (1), India (1), China (1), Uganda (1), Ghana (1), Nigeria (1), South Africa (1) and Swaziland (1). Intervention types included education (2), incentives (1), outreach (1), SMS/phone call reminders (2) and multicomponent interventions (4). All evaluations reported positive findings on measured health access outcomes; however, the quality and strength of evidence were mixed. CONCLUSION: This review provides evidence of the range of interventions that were used to increase healthcare access for children above 5 years old in LMIC. Nevertheless, further research is needed to examine each of the identified intervention types and the influence of contextual factors, with robust study designs. There is also a need to assess the cost-effectiveness of the interventions to inform decision-makers on which are suitable for scale-up in their particular contexts.
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Servicios de Salud del Niño/organización & administración , Protección a la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Países en Desarrollo , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Pobreza/estadística & datos numéricos , Brasil , Niño , Preescolar , China , Esuatini , Ghana , Promoción de la Salud/organización & administración , Humanos , India , Nigeria , Sudáfrica , Turquía , UgandaRESUMEN
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To identify the socioeconomic gradients in the measures of development and well-being of children under three years of age in Fortaleza, Northeastern Brazil. METHODS We compiled information using a socioeconomic survey instrument, collecting anthropometric measurements, observing the home environment, and applying the Denver Test II to 2,755 children aged between zero and 28 months who are potential beneficiaries of the Cresça com Seu Filho program in Fortaleza. These children were randomly selected from a universe identified from the administrative record of the Cadastro Único of the Ministry of Social Development of Brazil. For the analysis, we reported descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and mean differences. RESULTS Rates of chronic malnutrition and overweight were 7.0%. The results of the Denver II test indicated that personal social (23%) and language (20%) are the domains in which children have the highest developmental delay, when compared with the international reference sample. Parental practices measured by two sub-scales of the Home Observation of the Environment Inventory were poor, with only 14.0% of families having two or more books in the home and 35.0% of the households reporting having spanked their child in the past three days. CONCLUSIONS We identified clear socioeconomic gradients in the anthropometric indicators, parenting practices, and the Denver Test II (especially in the language domain). Children from poorer households, as well as children of mothers with lower education levels, perform poorly on most measures.
RESUMEN OBJETIVO Identificar los gradientes socioeconómicos en medidas del desarrollo y bienestar en menores de tres años en Fortaleza, Nordeste de Brasil. MÉTODOS Se recolectó información a través de una encuesta socioeconómica, toma de medidas antropométricas, observación del ambiente en el hogar y aplicación del Test de Denver II de 2.755 niños de cero a 28 meses potenciales beneficiarios del programa Cresça com Seu Filho en Fortaleza. Estos niños fueron seleccionados aleatoriamente de un universo identificado a partir del registro administrativo del Catastro Único del Ministerio de Desarrollo Social de Brasil. Para el análisis se reportan estadísticas descriptivas, correlaciones de Pearson y diferencias de medias. RESULTADOS Las tasas de desnutrición crónica y el sobrepeso fueron iguales a 7,0%. Los resultados del Test de Denver II indicaron que las áreas en las que los niños presentan un mayor rezago en su desarrollo, cuando se compararon con la muestra de referencia internacional fueron personal-social (23,0%) y lenguaje (20,0%). Las prácticas parentales medidas por dos sub-escalas del Hom e Observation of the Enviroment fueron pobres, solo el 14,0% de las familias reportaron tener dos o más libros en el hogar y 35,0% de los hogares reportaron haberle pegado a su hijo en los últimos tres días. CONCLUSIONES Se identifican gradientes socioeconómicos claros en los indicadores antropométricos, las pautas de crianza y en la prueba Denver II (especialmente en el dominio de lenguaje). Los niños pertenecientes a los hogares más pobres, así como hijos de madres con menor nivel educativo, presentan un desempeño bajo en la mayoría de las medidas.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Lactante , Desarrollo Infantil/fisiología , Protección a la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Bienestar del Lactante/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores Socioeconómicos , Brasil , Trastornos de la Nutrición del Lactante , Factores Sexuales , Antropometría , Composición Familiar , Factores de Edad , Responsabilidad Parental , Madres/estadística & datos numéricos , Pruebas NeuropsicológicasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The Haiti earthquake in 2010 resulted in 1.5 million internally displaced people (IDP), yet little is known about the impact of displacement on health. In this study, we estimate the impact of displacement on infant and child mortality and key health-behavior mechanisms. METHODS: We employ a difference-in-differences (DID) design with coarsened exact matching (CEM) to ensure comparability among groups with different displacement status using the 2012 Haiti Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). The participants are 21,417 births reported by a nationally representative sample of 14,287 women aged 15-49. The main independent variables are household displacement status which includes households living in camps, IDP households (not in camps), and households not displaced. The main outcomes are infant and child mortality; health status (height-for-age, anemia); uptake of public health interventions (bed net use, spraying against mosquitoes, and vaccinations); and other conditions (hunger; cholera). RESULTS: Births from the camp households have higher infant mortality (OR = 2.34, 95 % CI 1.15 to 4.75) and child mortality (OR = 2.34, 95 % CI 1.10 to 5.00) than those in non-camp IDP households following the earthquake. These odds are higher despite better access to food, water, bed net use, mosquito spraying, and vaccines among camp households. CONCLUSIONS: IDP populations are heterogeneous and households that are displaced outside of camps may be self-selected or self-insured. Meanwhile, even households not displaced by a disaster may face challenges in access to basic necessities and health services. Efforts are needed to identify vulnerable populations to provide targeted assistance in post-disaster relief.
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Mortalidad del Niño/tendencias , Protección a la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Terremotos , Refugiados , Niño , Preescolar , Composición Familiar , Femenino , Haití , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Desnutrición/mortalidad , Sistemas de SocorroRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) refers to individuals' perception of their subjective well-being, considering various aspects of their life and the impact on their health. AIM: To analyze gender differences in the HRQOL of adolescent students in Chile, by age, type of school attended, and area of residence. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analytical cross-sectional study conducted in a population of 5th and 12th grade students attending municipal, subsidized and private schools in 11 regions of the country. HRQOL was assessed with the KIDSCREEN-52, an instrument that has been previously adapted and validated in Chile. The database obtained from that adaption and validation process was analyzed. RESULTS: In total, 7,910 students (median age 14 years, 53% female) completed the questionnaire. Compared to males, females had lower HRQOL scores in most of the KIDSCREEN-52 dimensions. However, males were more likely to have lower scores in the Peers and Social Support and School Environment dimensions. These differences remained valid when the sample was stratified by age, type of school, and area of residence were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the existence of inequalities in the self-perceived HRQOL of Chilean adolescent students. The existing differences are not only related to gender but are also evident when stratifying by type of school attended.
Asunto(s)
Protección a la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Calidad de Vida , Autoimagen , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Niño , Chile , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Grupo Paritario , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Sexuales , Factores Socioeconómicos , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Background: Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) refers to individuals' perception of their subjective well-being, considering various aspects of their life and the impact on their health. Aim: To analyze gender differences in the HRQOL of adolescent students in Chile, by age, type of school attended, and area of residence. Material and Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study conducted in a population of 5th and 12th grade students attending municipal, subsidized and private schools in 11 regions of the country. HRQOL was assessed with the KIDSCREEN-52, an instrument that has been previously adapted and validated in Chile. The database obtained from that adaption and validation process was analyzed. Results: In total, 7,910 students (median age 14 years, 53% female) completed the questionnaire. Compared to males, females had lower HRQOL scores in most of the KIDSCREEN-52 dimensions. However, males were more likely to have lower scores in the Peers and Social Support and School Environment dimensions. These differences remained valid when the sample was stratified by age, type of school, and area of residence were analyzed. Conclusions: This study supports the existence of inequalities in the self-perceived HRQOL of Chilean adolescent students. The existing differences are not only related to gender but are also evident when stratifying by type of school attended.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Adolescente , Calidad de Vida , Autoimagen , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Protección a la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Grupo Paritario , Factores Socioeconómicos , Modelos Logísticos , Chile , Factores Sexuales , Estudios Transversales , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Factores de Riesgo , Factores de EdadRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Housing interventions aimed at overcoming poverty can lead to changes in the health status of children by modifying risk factors in their physical and social environment OBJECTIVE: the aim was to identify children's environmental health factors to change with the relocation of families from slums to public housing. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted in children ages 2-8 years old of families relocated to public housing (n=115) who were compared to children residing in slums (n=88) in Santiago, Chile. Family socioeconomic characteristics, indoor environment and neighborhoods were collected. It was included respiratory symptoms, accidents and maternal-child care of children. χ2, Fisher and Mann-Whitney test were used to compare groups. RESULTS: There were differences in households related to pets keeping, presence of humidity/molds in homes, types of fuels, and perceived safety problems in neighborhoods (p<0.05). The families from slums reported higher tenancy of pets (73.8% v/s 32.2%%), humidity/molds in homes (43.,2% v/s 18.3%), use of wood for heating (39.8% v/s 0.0%), compared with families of public housing. Residents of public housing perceived more safety problems in neighborhood, and children have more asthma related symptoms and have lower diversity of accidents in home. CONCLUSION: Among the factors studied, indoor air quality and safety in neighborhoods could be linked to changes from the relocation of families. This reinforces the need to deepen the positive and negative influences of residential mobility of these groups focused on child welfare perspective.
Asunto(s)
Salud Infantil/estadística & datos numéricos , Estado de Salud , Áreas de Pobreza , Vivienda Popular/estadística & datos numéricos , Contaminación del Aire Interior/estadística & datos numéricos , Niño , Salud Infantil/economía , Protección a la Infancia/economía , Protección a la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Preescolar , Chile , Estudios Transversales , Composición Familiar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Características de la Residencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Medio Social , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
Introducción: Intervenciones habitacionales destinadas a superar la pobreza pueden generar cambios en la situación de salud de la población infantil, modificando factores de riesgo en el entorno físico y social de niños y niñas. El objetivo fue identificar indicadores de salud ambiental infantil susceptibles de ser modificados con la reubicación de familias desde campamentos a vivienda social. Sujetos y método: Estudio transversal en niños de 2-8 años. Se comparó dos grupos de familias provenientes de campamentos. Un grupo fueron familias reubicadas en viviendas sociales entre 2001 y 2002 (n = 115). El otro grupo corresponde a niños cuyas familias permanecieron en campamentos (n = 88) de la zona poniente de Santiago. Se recolectó información sobre: características socioeconómicas, ambiente intradomiciliario y de barrios, y eventos en salud: síntomas respiratorios, accidentabilidad y cuidado materno infantil. Se emplearon pruebas de x², Fisher y Mann-Whitney para la comparación de los grupos. Resultados: Se identifican diferencias entre los grupos comparados en relación a la tenencia de mascotas, presencia de hongos/humedad en el hogar, tipo de combustibles utilizados y problemas de seguridad percibidos en los barrios (p<0,05). Las familias de campamentos reportan una mayor tenencia de mascotas (73,8% v/s 32,2%%), presencia de huellas de humedad/hongos en el hogar (43,2% v/s 18,3%), uso de leña (39,8% v/s 0,0%), en comparación con familias de viviendas sociales. Residentes de viviendas sociales perciben mayores problemas de seguridad en el barrio, mientras que los niños presentan mayor frecuencia de síntomas relacionados con asma y menor diversidad de accidentes en el hogar comparado con el grupo residente en campamentos. Conclusiones: Entre los factores estudiados, aquellos susceptibles de ser modificados con la reubicación de familias desde campamentos a vivienda social se vinculan a indicadores de calidad del aire interior y seguridad en los barrios. Lo anterior refuerza la necesidad de profundizar en las influencias positivas y negativas de la movilidad residencial de estos grupos, desde una perspectiva centrada en el bienestar infantil.
Introduction: Housing interventions aimed at overcoming poverty can lead to changes in the health status of children by modifying risk factors in their physical and social environment Objective: the aim was to identify children's environmental health factors to change with the relocation of families from slums to public housing. Subjects and method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in children ages 2-8 years old of families relocated to public housing (n=115) who were compared to children residing in slums (n=88) in Santiago, Chile. Family socioeconomic characteristics, indoor environment and neighborhoods were collected. It was included respiratory symptoms, accidents and maternal-child care of children. x², Fisher and Mann-Whitney test were used to compare groups. Results: There were differences in households related to pets keeping, presence of humidity/molds in homes, types of fuels, and perceived safety problems in neighborhoods (p<0.05). The families from slums reported higher tenancy of pets (73.8% v/s 32.2%%), humidity/molds in homes (43.,2% v/s 18.3%), use of wood for heating (39.8% v/s 0.0%), compared with families of public housing. Residents of public housing perceived more safety problems in neighborhood, and children have more asthma related symptoms and have lower diversity of accidents in home. Conclusion: Among the factors studied, indoor air quality and safety in neighborhoods could be linked to changes from the relocation of families. This reinforces the need to deepen the positive and negative influences of residential mobility of these groups focused on child welfare perspective.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Preescolar , Niño , Vivienda Popular/estadística & datos numéricos , Áreas de Pobreza , Estado de Salud , Salud Infantil/estadística & datos numéricos , Medio Social , Factores Socioeconómicos , Protección a la Infancia/economía , Protección a la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Chile , Características de la Residencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Composición Familiar , Salud Infantil/economía , Estudios Transversales , Contaminación del Aire Interior/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has become a public health problem worldwide. The objectives of the study were: 1) to establish the BMI prevalence in 12-year olds residing in Puerto Rico, and 2) to determine BMI differences by sex, public-private school type, and geographic regions. METHODS: Data was obtained from an island-wide probabilistic stratified sample of 1,582 twelve-year-olds (53% girls and 47% boys). The BMI was determined using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey procedures. Children were categorized as underweight, healthy weight, overweight or obese using the Center for Disease Control and Prevention's age and gender specific growth charts. A logistic regression model was used to estimate BMI category prevalence. Odds ratios were calculated using a multinomial regression. RESULTS: In this study, 18.8% of the children were overweight and 24.3% were obese. A higher prevalence of obesity was observed in boys as compared to girls, 28.2% vs. 20.2%, respectively. The estimated prevalence of overweight and obesity in children from public schools was lower than for those from private schools. After adjusting for type of school and region, boys had a significantly higher risk of being obese (64%) as compared to girls. In public schools, boys had a lower prevalence of being overweight while girls had a higher prevalence compared to children attending private schools. Girls attending private schools had a higher obesity prevalence (27.8%) compared to girls from public schools (19.8%). The prevalence of underweight (2.7%) is slightly lower than in the United States. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of overweight and obesity of 12-year-olds residing in PR was 18.8% and 24.3%, respectively; higher than in the U.S. (by groups). Boys were at higher risk of obesity than girls. There is an urgent need to implement public health policies/programs to reduce the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children in PR.
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Protección a la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Sobrepeso/epidemiología , Índice de Masa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Hispánicos o Latinos , Humanos , Masculino , Encuestas Nutricionales , Obesidad/epidemiología , Oportunidad Relativa , Prevalencia , Salud Pública , Puerto Rico/epidemiología , Instituciones Académicas/estadística & datos numéricos , Delgadez/epidemiología , Estados UnidosAsunto(s)
Mortalidad del Niño , Protección a la Infancia/economía , Asistencia Sanitaria Culturalmente Competente/normas , Familia/psicología , Área sin Atención Médica , Cuidados Paliativos/psicología , Pobreza , Cuidado Terminal/psicología , Adulto , Aflicción , Niño , Protección a la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Asistencia Sanitaria Culturalmente Competente/métodos , Países en Desarrollo/economía , Países en Desarrollo/estadística & datos numéricos , Ecuador/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Cuidados Paliativos/métodos , Cuidados Paliativos/normas , Inanición/economía , Inanición/mortalidad , Inanición/prevención & control , Cuidado Terminal/métodos , Cuidado Terminal/normas , Voluntarios/psicologíaAsunto(s)
Servicios de Salud del Niño/estadística & datos numéricos , Protección a la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Áreas de Pobreza , Asistencia Pública/organización & administración , Brasil , Niño , Programas de Gobierno , Humanos , Evaluación de Procesos y Resultados en Atención de Salud , Características de la ResidenciaRESUMEN
Utilizing longitudinal data from the nationally-representative Mexico Family Life Survey, this study assesses the association between family structure and iron-deficient anemia among children ages 3-12 in Mexico. The longitudinal models (n = 4649), which control for baseline anemia status and allow for consideration of family structure transitions, suggest that children living in stable-cohabiting and single-mother families and those who have recently experienced a parental union dissolution have higher odds of anemia than those in stable-married, father-present family structures. Interaction effects indicate that unmarried family contexts have stronger associations with anemia in older children (over age five); and, that the negative effects of parental union dissolution are exacerbated in poorer households. Resident maternal grandparents have a significant beneficial effect on child anemia independent of parental family structure. These results highlight the importance of family structure for child micronutrient deficiencies and suggest that understanding social processes within households may be critical to preventing child anemia in Mexico.
Asunto(s)
Anemia Ferropénica/epidemiología , Protección a la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Composición Familiar , Disparidades en el Estado de Salud , Determinantes Sociales de la Salud , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , México/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To provide evidence and input for monitoring child welfare and wellbeing in Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adjusting for sampling design, information from ENSANUT 2012 for children <10 years was compared with national and international parameters and goals. RESULTS: While 8.37% of infants were born with low birth weight (<2,500 g), neonatal screening was not performed on 9.4% of newborns. Of children <5 years, 78.03% were breastfed until at least four months. Among mothers of newborns, 69.5% received training in early stimulation. At the national level, 28% of children (23% in rural areas) received five medical consultations to monitor their early development. 29% of children either had a disability or were at risk of developing one. CONCLUSIONS: Progress has been made in Mexico in terms of services promoting early child development and wellbeing but important challenges persist. National standards and a system for monitoring, screening, referring and providing care for child development and wellbeing are necessary.
Asunto(s)
Desarrollo Infantil , Protección a la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Indicadores de Salud , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , México , Encuestas NutricionalesRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to analyze social determinants of health through the relationship between Sustainable Development and child health outcomes. The population studied lives in 37 municipalities of the Curitiba mesoregion, in the State of Paraná, Brazil. It is a cross-cutting ecological study. In the 1st phase of the study, 16 contextual indicators were obtained from the 2010 demographic census performed by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Principal Components Factor Analysis was undertaken to demonstrate possible correlations between social determinants of health, resulting in Sustainable Development indices for the places where the children live. In the 2nd phase the mortality rate in children aged under 5 was obtained from the Ministry of Health database. Pearson's correlation demonstrated statistically significant, moderate and negative association between the mortality rate in children aged under 5 (2001-2010) and the Sustainable Development Index (r = -0.62, p<0.01); with the Equity component (r = -0.70, p<0.01); and with the clusters (r = -0.68, p<0.01). Contextual indicators of Sustainable Development for the places where the children live showed themselves to be associated with the child health outcome. As such, equitable and sustainable social policies, based on inclusive health promotion strategies, need to be integrated into the children's life context.
Asunto(s)
Protección a la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/estadística & datos numéricos , Promoción de la Salud/métodos , Disparidades en el Estado de Salud , Sociología Médica , Brasil/epidemiología , Mortalidad del Niño , Preescolar , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/métodos , Estudios Transversales , Fenómenos Ecológicos y Ambientales , Ambiente , Análisis Factorial , Humanos , Evaluación de Resultado en la Atención de Salud , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
Objetivo. Aportar evidencia e insumos para seguimiento del bienestar infantil en México. Material y métodos. Ajustando para el diseño muestral, se armonizó información para niños menores de 10 años de la ENSANUT 2012 con indicadores y metas nacionales e internacionales. Resultados. El 8.37% de los niños nació con bajo peso (<2 500 g). No se realizó el tamiz neonatal a 9.19% de los niños nacidos vivos. De los niños menores de 5 años, 78.03% recibió lactancia materna hasta los cuatro meses. De las madres de recién nacidos, 69.5% recibió capacitación sobre estimulación temprana. El 28% (23% en áreas rurales) de los niños recibió cinco consultas de vigilancia del desarrollo antes de cumplir dos años. Un 29% de los niños tienen o están en riesgo de tener una discapacidad. Conclusiones. En México existen progresos así como retos pendientes en la atención al desarrollo infantil. Se requiere crear estándares y valores nacionales de referencia y un sistema de monitoreo, tamizaje, canalización y atención para promover el bienestar y el desarrollo infantiles.
Objective. To provide evidence and input for monitoring child welfare and wellbeing in Mexico. Materials and methods. Adjusting for sampling design, information from ENSANUT 2012 for children <10 years was compared with national and international parameters and goals. Results. While 8.37% of infants were born with low birth weight (<2 500 g), neonatal screening was not performed on 9.4% of newborns. Of children <5 years, 78.03% were breastfed until at least four months. Among mothers of newborns, 69.5% received training in early stimulation. At the national level, 28% of children (23% in rural areas) received five medical consultations to monitor their early development. 29% of children either had a disability or were at risk of developing one. Conclusions. Progress has been made in Mexico in terms of services promoting early child development and wellbeing but important challenges persist. National standards and a system for monitoring, screening, referring and providing care for child development and wellbeing are necessary.
Asunto(s)
Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Desarrollo Infantil , Protección a la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Indicadores de Salud , México , Encuestas NutricionalesRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Identifying the work environment and health of children working in the Felipe Angeles market in Guadalajara. METHODOLOGY: This was a descriptive study which included 198 children working in the aforementioned market. A questionnaire was used which asked about the sociodemographic variables, the work environment and the health of such children. RESULTS: The children working in the market were predominantly male (89.9 %), aged 6 to 17 years old, residing in Guadalajara; 71 % were attending school. 83 % of the children had started working in the market between 7 to 10 years old and 75 % had worked there for 1 year or more. Workdays lasted all week, without rest in 50 % of the cases. The children perceived health risks as concerning abrasion, contusion, fractures, being run over and other psychosocial types related to becoming the victims of theft or becoming addicts. CONCLUSIONS: The children's work environment and health were not suitable for their age and affected their physical and psychosocial state as the site had deficient architecture making it impossible to carry out activities appropriate for their age and provoked workplace risk for which there was no prevention.
Asunto(s)
Protección a la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Empleo/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades Profesionales/epidemiología , Traumatismos Ocupacionales/epidemiología , Adolescente , Niño , Comercio , Femenino , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Enfermedades Profesionales/etiología , Traumatismos Ocupacionales/etiología , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
I estimate the causal impact of Medicaid eligibility on take up, private health insurance coverage, healthcare utilization, and children's health by using a regression discontinuity design. In contrast to a standard regression discontinuity design, identification exploits multiple thresholds that arise from variation across states in income eligibility rules. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and its Child Development Study supplement, I find that Medicaid eligibility increases take up by 10-13 percentage points on average, rising to 24-29 percentage points at lower income eligibility thresholds. There are significant crowding out effects of the same magnitude as those on take up rates. Medicaid eligibility increases the use of preventive health care by 11-14 percentage points but only at low income thresholds. Finally, I find that Medicaid eligibility has no significant effects on health outcomes in the short and medium run.
Asunto(s)
Protección a la Infancia , Determinación de la Elegibilidad , Cobertura del Seguro , Medicaid , Adolescente , Niño , Protección a la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Preescolar , Atención a la Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Determinación de la Elegibilidad/economía , Determinación de la Elegibilidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Renta/estadística & datos numéricos , Medicaid/organización & administración , Medicaid/estadística & datos numéricos , Medicina Preventiva/estadística & datos numéricos , Análisis de Regresión , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
The emergence of child-headed households (CHH) is considered an indicator of the erosion of the traditional safety nets in sub-Saharan African countries and a direct consequence of the increasing number of orphans in the region. Using four available waves of the Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Surveys (1988, 1994, 1999, 2005/2006), we find that the proportion of households with no adults remained stable in the last years, although the number of orphans increased significantly. In fact, a large number of children living in CHH are nonorphans, which suggests that this kind of living arrangement is not always a direct consequence of parental death. Moreover, our analysis shows that children living in CHH and young adult households are less likely to have unmet basic needs than children in households headed by working-age adults and in other vulnerable households.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/epidemiología , Protección a la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Hijo de Padres Discapacitados/estadística & datos numéricos , Niños Huérfanos/estadística & datos numéricos , Composición Familiar , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Características de la Residencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Niño , Protección a la Infancia/economía , Preescolar , Femenino , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Factores Socioeconómicos , Poblaciones Vulnerables , Zimbabwe/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
We examine the impacts of weather shocks, defined as rainfall or growing degree days, a cumulative measure of temperature, more than a standard deviation from their respective long run mean, on the stature of children between 12 and 47 months of age in Mexico. We find that after a positive rainfall shock children are shorter regardless of their region or altitude. Negative temperature shocks have a negative impact on height in the central and southern parts of the country as well as in higher altitudes. Although on average there are no statistically significant impacts from positive temperature shocks, certain sub-populations - namely boys, children between 12 and 23 months at the time of measurement, and children of less educated mothers - in some of the regions are negatively impacted. The results also suggest that potentially both agricultural income and communicable disease prevalence contribute to the effects.