RESUMEN
En algunos estudios se ha asociado a la terapia de reemplazo hormonal (TRH) con estrógenos y progestinas a un mayor riesgo de cáncer de mama que la terapia con estrógenos solos. Sin embargo, dependiendo de su naturaleza algunas progestinas serían más seguras que otras. Se buscaron y analizaron artículos atingentes al tema en las bases de datos Google Scholar, PubMed, Science, SciELO y Cochrane, introduciendo los siguientes términos: terapia de reemplazo hormonal y cáncer de mama, progestinas y cáncer de mama, receptor de progesterona. Específicamente se ha asociado a las progestinas sintéticas acetato de medroxiprogesterona, noretisterona y levonorgestrel con un mayor riesgo de cáncer de mama, no así a la progesterona natural, a la progesterona oral micronizada ni a la didrogesterona. La progesterona natural, progesterona micronizada y didrogesterona serían más seguras en TRH para evitar el desarrollo de cáncer de mama, lo que estaría dado por la mayor especificidad en su acción.
In some studies, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with estrogens and progestins has been associated with a higher risk of breast cancer than therapy with estrogens alone. However, depending on their nature, some progestins may be safer than others. This article analyzes the mode of action of progesterone in breast tissue and also the role of some progestins in the development of this pathology. Articles related to the subject were searched for and analyzed in Google Scholar, PubMed, Science, SciELO and Cochrane databases, introducing the following terms: hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer, progestins and breast cancer, progesterone receptor. Specifically, synthetic progestins medroxyprogesterone acetate, norethisterone, and levonorgestrel have been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, but not natural progesterone, micronized oral progesterone, or dydrogesterone. Natural progesterone, micronized progesterone and dydrogesterone would be safer in HRT to prevent the development of breast cancer, which would be due to the greater specificity of their action.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Progestinas/efectos adversos , Neoplasias de la Mama/inducido químicamente , Progestinas/clasificación , Progestinas/fisiología , Receptores de Progesterona , Medición de Riesgo , Terapia de Reemplazo de Hormonas/efectos adversos , Estrógenos/efectos adversosRESUMEN
In this study it was determined the progression of uterine gland development from late gestation to puberty in domestic felids. Cell proliferation patterns for luminal (LE), glandular epithelium (GE) as well as stroma (S) were also described. Twenty-four uteri from female kittens: 45 and 65 days of gestation and 1 to 5, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks postnatally were obtained. Uterine cross-sections were submitted for routine histological and immunohistochemical quantification of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) techniques. Although prenatal uteri presented no indication of adenogenesis, 1 week old uteri revealed an incipient budding of the LE. During the second week budding increased and a mild degree of tubulogenesis of the GE into the stroma was detected. From the third to fifth weeks coiling, branching and cross-sections of glands appeared. These latter findings were more evident in week 8 when GE began to penetrate through much of the S to week 24. PCNA immunostaining revealed that DNA synthesis decreased throughout the study in the 3 cell compartments; (P < 0.01). Luminal proliferation began prenatally, it maintained up to postnatal week 8 to markedly decrease to puberty (P < 0.01). From postnatal week 3 up to week 8, GE mitotic activity was elevated becoming low thereafter (P < 0.01). Stroma actively proliferated prenatally (P < 0.01), diminishing up to week 8 (P < 0.01) and again during the last weeks (P < 0.01) of the study. It was concluded that, in domestic felids, proliferation of LE begins prenatally, histological uterine adenogenesis commenced during the first postnatal week and both events concluded by postnatal weeks 5-8.
Asunto(s)
Gatos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Endometrio/anatomía & histología , Endometrio/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ciclo Menstrual/fisiología , Maduración Sexual/fisiología , Animales , Femenino , Progestinas/fisiologíaRESUMEN
When steroids, such as pregnenolone, progesterone and oestrogen, are synthesised de novo in neural tissues, they are more specifically referred to as neurosteroids. These neurosteroids bind specific receptors to promote essential brain functions. Pregnenolone supports cognition and protects mouse hippocampal cells against glutamate and amyloid peptide-induced cell death. Progesterone promotes myelination, spinogenesis, synaptogenesis, neuronal survival and dendritic growth. Allopregnanolone increases hippocampal neurogenesis, neuronal survival and cognitive functions. Oestrogens, such as oestradiol, regulate synaptic plasticity, reproductive behaviour, aggressive behaviour and learning. In addition, neurosteroids are neuroprotective in animal models of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, brain injury and ageing. Using in situ hybridisation and/or immunohistochemistry, steroidogenic enzymes, including cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage, 3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 isomerase, cytochrome P450arom, steroid 5α-reductase and 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, have been detected in numerous brain regions, including the hippocampus, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex. In the present review, we summarise some of the studies related to the synthesis and function of oestrogens and progestagens in the central nervous system.
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/fisiología , Encéfalo/fisiopatología , Estrógenos/fisiología , Progestinas/fisiología , Animales , Encéfalo/enzimología , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Estrógenos/biosíntesis , Humanos , Fármacos Neuroprotectores , Progestinas/biosíntesis , Receptores de Neurotransmisores/fisiologíaRESUMEN
In Brazil, the increase in the reported cases of degenerative diseases of articular cartilage is 20% per year, meaning that 200,000 Brazilians develop degenerative joint diseases every year, which have a negative impact on bone mass. This study shows evidence that hormone production of sexual steroids (estrogens, progestogens, and androgens) have an influence on cartilage quality, as well as on bone mass. Therefore, this review aimed to analyze literature data on the molecular and genic action of sexual steroids on hyaline cartilage and bone physiology, as well as osteoarthritis interference on the quality of these structures.
Asunto(s)
Andrógenos/fisiología , Condrogénesis/fisiología , Estrógenos/fisiología , Osteogénesis/fisiología , Progestinas/fisiología , Condrocitos/fisiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Osteoartritis/fisiopatología , Osteoblastos/fisiología , Osteoclastos/fisiología , PosmenopausiaRESUMEN
No Brasil, o crescimento dos casos registrados de doenças degenerativas das cartilagens articulares por ano é de 20%, o que representa, anualmente, que mais de 200 mil brasileiros desenvolvem doenças degenerativas das articulações e, com repercussões negativas sobre a massa óssea. Este trabalho mostra evidências que a produção hormonal de esteroides sexuais (estrogênios, progestagênios e androgênios) têm influência na qualidade da cartilagem, bem como na massa óssea. Portanto, o objetivo dessa revisão foi o de analisar os dados da literatura sobre a ação molecular e gênica dos esteroides sexuais na fisiologia da cartilagem hialina e do osso, bem como a interferência da osteoartrite na qualidade dessas estruturas.
In Brazil, the increase in the reported cases of degenerative diseases of articular cartilage is 20% per year, meaning that 200,000 Brazilians develop degenerative joint diseases every year, which have a negative impact on bone mass. This study shows evidence that hormone production of sexual steroids (estrogens, progestogens, and androgens) have an influence on cartilage quality, as well as on bone mass. Therefore, this review aimed to analyze literature data on the molecular and genic action of sexual steroids on hyaline cartilage and bone physiology, as well as osteoarthritis interference on the quality of these structures.
Asunto(s)
Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Andrógenos/fisiología , Condrogénesis/fisiología , Estrógenos/fisiología , Osteogénesis/fisiología , Progestinas/fisiología , Condrocitos/fisiología , Osteoartritis/fisiopatología , Osteoblastos/fisiología , Osteoclastos/fisiología , PosmenopausiaRESUMEN
Since it is recognized that acute inflammation of the temporomandibular joint results in sleep disturbances in male rats, and that the orofacial region may display a site-specific effect of ovarian hormones on nociception, we hypothesized that distinct genders would respond differently when subjected to this inflammatory acute orofacial pain. Sleep was monitored after injection of saline/Freund's adjuvant into the temporomandibular joint in male and female (proestrus and diestrus phases) rats. Progesterone and stress-related hormones were also assessed. In males, Freund's adjuvant induced a significant nociceptive response and sleep disturbances. Behavior and sleep architecture in the females remained unaffected. Our results suggest that females and males present distinct responses to an acute model of orofacial pain.
Asunto(s)
Artritis/complicaciones , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/etiología , Sueño/fisiología , Trastornos de la Articulación Temporomandibular/complicaciones , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos , Hormona Adrenocorticotrópica/sangre , Hormona Adrenocorticotrópica/fisiología , Animales , Nivel de Alerta/fisiología , Artritis/fisiopatología , Diestro/fisiología , Ingestión de Líquidos/fisiología , Ingestión de Alimentos/fisiología , Electroencefalografía , Electromiografía , Femenino , Adyuvante de Freund , Masculino , Dolor/fisiopatología , Proestro/fisiología , Progesterona/sangre , Progesterona/fisiología , Progestinas/sangre , Progestinas/fisiología , Distribución Aleatoria , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Factores Sexuales , Fases del Sueño/fisiología , Cloruro de Sodio , Trastornos de la Articulación Temporomandibular/fisiopatología , Vigilia/fisiologíaRESUMEN
El papel fisiológico de las hormonas sexuales en el hueso alveolar ha tomado gran importancia en el movimiento ortodóncico. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar el efecto de un anticonceptivo a base de una combinación de estrógeno y progestina en la formación inicial de osteoclastos inducida por estrés mecánico. Material y métodos: Se utilizaron treinta ratas Wistar hembras. Al grupo A, considerado grupo experimental, se le aplicó una dosis de cipionato de estradiol y medroxiprogesterona así como la fuerza de un resorte colocado entre el primero y segundo molar superior. El grupo B, fue el grupo al que se le aplicó el mismo preparado hormonal, pero sin resorte. Y al grupo C se le colocó el resorte, sin aplicación hormonal. Resultados: El grupo A presentó un decremento significativo en el número de osteoclastos (16.60 ± 3.9 p < 0.005) comparado con el grupo C (21.30 ± 1.94 p < 0.005). El grupo B que sólo recibió terapia hormonal se comportó significativamente menor a los dos grupos anteriores mostrando un decremento en el número de osteoclastos (0.8380 ± .4824 p < 0.005). Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que la combinación de estrógeno y progestina utilizada en este estudio generó disminución en la formación inicial de osteoclastos, decreciendo los efectos de la resorción en el hueso alveolar.
Asunto(s)
Ratas , Animales , Estrógenos/fisiología , Técnicas de Movimiento Dental/efectos adversos , Osteoclastos/fisiología , Progestinas/fisiología , Estrés Mecánico , Aparatos Ortodóncicos , Proceso Alveolar/fisiopatología , Interpretación Estadística de DatosRESUMEN
Cytokine secretion is a crucial aspect in immune system modulation. The secretion pattern of these molecules determines the immune response type that will confront a particular antigen, and this pattern can be at least of two types. A Th1 pattern, effective to eliminate mainly intracellular pathogens and a Th2 pattern, crucial to eradicate extra cellular pathogens. There are many immunological factors that affect expression of these proteins and auto regulate the Th1/Th2 balance, but there are few evidences about effect of other protagonists of mammals physiology. This review focuses on the regulation of the Th1/Th2 cytokine secretion pattern of immune cells by sexual steroids. The evidences indicate that cytokines and steroids form a common chemical language effective to keep the balance between immune and endocrine systems. Alterations of this delicate network can explain different pathologies where gender-associated differences exist and where sexual steroids are crucial factors.
Asunto(s)
Citocinas/biosíntesis , Hormonas Esteroides Gonadales/fisiología , Inmunidad/inmunología , Caracteres Sexuales , Células TH1/inmunología , Células Th2/inmunología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Progestinas/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Cytokine secretion is a crucial aspect in immune system modulation. The secretion pattern of these molecules determines the immune response type that will confront a particular antigen, and this pattern can be at least of two types. A Thl pattern, effective to eliminate mainly intracellular pathogens and a Th2 pattern, crucial to eradicate extra cellular pathogens. There are many immunological factors that affect expression of these proteins and auto regulate the Th1/Th2 balance, but there are few evidences about effect of other protagonists of mammals physiology. This review focuses on the regulation of the Th1/Th2 cytokine secretion pattern of immune cells by sexual steroids. The evidences indicate that cytokines and steroids form a common chemical language effective to keep the balance between immune and endocrine systems. Alterations of this delicate network can explain different pathologies where gender-associated differences exist and where sexual steroids are crucial factors.
La secreción de citocinas es uno de los aspectos más importantes en la modulación de la respuesta inmune. El patrón de secreción de estas moléculas determina el tipo de respuesta inmune que confrontará a un antígeno particular. Ésta puede ser al menos de dos tipos: la respuesta Th1 (encargada principalmente de controlar patógenos intracelulares) y la respuesta Th2 (involucrada en el control de patógenos extracelulares). Existe una autorregulación del balance del tipo de respuesta Th1/Th2 por mecanismos inmunológicos que pueden afectar la expresión de estas proteínas, pero poco se sabe con respecto al papel de otros protagonistas de la fisiología de los mamíferos. En esta revisión se discuten los trabajos referentes al efecto de los esteroides sexuales en la regulación de la secreción de citocinas Th1/Th2 por parte de células del sistema inmune. Las evidencias indican que las citocinas y los esteroides constituyen un lenguaje químico común para el funcionamiento balanceado de los sistemas inmune y endocrino. La alteración de la delicada comunicación entre estos sistemas puede explicar diversas patologías en que existe susceptibilidad asociada al sexo, y en las que los esteroides sexuales son factores clave.
Asunto(s)
Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Citocinas/biosíntesis , Hormonas Esteroides Gonadales/fisiología , Inmunidad/inmunología , Caracteres Sexuales , Células TH1/inmunología , /inmunología , Progestinas/fisiologíaRESUMEN
When female rats pace their coital interaction, a reward state evaluated by conditioned place preference is induced. Progesterone (P) is essential for the expression of proceptive behavior and for the induction of CPP. However, the functional significance of ring A reduction of P for the induction of this state during estrous is unsettled. In the present study, we evaluated whether ring A-reduced metabolites of P are involved in the reward state induced when the females are allowed to pace their sexual contacts. Ovariectomized (ovx) female rats treated with estradiol benzoate (EB, 5 microg) and P (13 microg), Megestrol acetate (MA; 13 microg ), 5 alpha-pregnan-20 dione (5 alphaDHP; 3 microg), or 5 beta-pregnan-3 alpha-ol-20-one (5 beta,3 alpha-Pgl; 3 microg) were used. Progestins were dissolved in propylene glycol and intravenously (iv) injected through an indwelling jugular catheter before females were tested for pacing behavior. After 15 intromissions or one ejaculation, females were gently placed in the nonpreferred compartment of a CPP box. Paced mating in all groups treated with progestins induced a clear change of preference. The administration of progestins alone did not induce CPP. These results suggest that P and ring A-reduced metabolites facilitate the reward state following pacing.
Asunto(s)
Aprendizaje por Asociación/fisiología , Condicionamiento Clásico/fisiología , Copulación/fisiología , Pregnanos/metabolismo , Recompensa , 5-alfa-Dihidroprogesterona/fisiología , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Estradiol/fisiología , Femenino , Vivienda , Masculino , Acetato de Megestrol/metabolismo , Progesterona/análogos & derivados , Progesterona/metabolismo , Progestinas/fisiología , Distribución Aleatoria , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
In this document, we review the relevant aspects of the different medical methods of abortion. We describe the principal medical regimens currently used in North America, Europe, and a growing number of developing countries. We also describe specific treatment regimens (which usually involve a combination of two drugs), physiological methods of action, potential side effects and complications, method requirements, including follow-up visits, any existing contraindication, and acceptability of these methods among patients. Finally, we comment on the potential role of medical abortion in Mexico and throughout Latin America.
Asunto(s)
Aborto Inducido/métodos , Abortivos no Esteroideos/farmacología , Abortivos Esteroideos/efectos adversos , Abortivos Esteroideos/farmacología , Aborto Inducido/tendencias , Neoplasias de la Mama/tratamiento farmacológico , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Contraindicaciones , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , América Latina , Metotrexato/farmacología , México , Mifepristona/efectos adversos , Mifepristona/farmacología , Misoprostol/farmacología , Músculo Liso/efectos de los fármacos , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud , Educación del Paciente como Asunto/métodos , Embarazo , Complicaciones del Embarazo/etiología , Progestinas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Progestinas/fisiología , Prostaglandinas/química , Prostaglandinas/farmacología , Receptores de Progesterona/efectos de los fármacos , Tetrahidrofolato Deshidrogenasa/efectos de los fármacos , Útero/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Sex steroid hormones (estrogens, progestagens and androgens) have been associated with healthy and neoplastic pancreatic biology, although the precise significance of the findings has not been well established. Receptors for the three different types of SSH are expressed in normal and tumoral pancreatic tissue with varying profiles related to cell origin (exocrine or endocrine), to type of neoplasm, and probably even to tumoral behavior. The activity of specific enzymes involved in the synthesis and transformation of SSH are increased in some neoplastic pancreatic tissues, which may influence the circulating concentrations of these hormones, such as the low serum testosterone:dihydrotestosterone ratio described in male patients with pancreatic carcinoma. Different patterns of age and gender-related incidence and growth of neoplasms have been identified. Experimental studies have shown that pancreatic carcinogenesis is promoted or inhibited by SSH. At present, the data supporting hormonal manipulation for the treatment of these tumors are non-conclusive. Normal and tumoral pancreatic tissues may be regarded as a target for SSH and an additional site of biosynthesis. The influence of these hormones on physiological activities is not well known but should be further explored. The study of SSH in pancreatic neoplasms will provide clues about its origin, development, tumoral behavior, prognosis and more specific hormonal therapy. We review here the evidence favoring the role of SSH and their possible clinical implications in pancreatic function.
Asunto(s)
Andrógenos/fisiología , Estrógenos/fisiología , Páncreas/fisiología , Progestinas/fisiología , Humanos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/etiologíaRESUMEN
La mayoría de los cánceres de mama humanos son carcinomas ductales que expresan receptores hormonales, transitan por distintos estadios de hormono-dependencia y dan metástasis a distancia. No existen modelos experimentales cuyos tumores reúnan todas estas características. El modelo de inducción de carcinomas mamarios inducidos por acetato de medroxiprogesterona en el ratón, desarrollado hace años en nuestro laboratorio, es muy adecuado ya que la mayoría de los tumores inducidos son ductales, desarrollan metástasis en ganglios axilares y en pulmón, expresan altos niveles de receptores de estrógenos y progesterona cumple un rol proliferativo, mientras que en los tumores humanos, si bien cada vez hay más evidencias que sugieren que esta hormona cumple un rol importante, se les ha adjudicado a los estrógenos el rol protagónico. El objetivo de nuestras líneas de trabajo en general está orientada a jerarquizar el rol de los progestágenos en cáncer de mama. Para que un modelo experimental resulte interesante, debe reproducir en forma fidedigna la enfermedad humana y tener características intrínsecas tales como reproducibilidad, bajo costo, posibilidad de estudios in vitro, y uso de animales estándar. Nuestro modelo permite la posibilidad de diseñar estudios de carcinogénesis hormonal para evaluar cofactores que afecten el desarrollo de los tumores... (TRUNCADO)
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos Hormonales , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/inducido químicamente , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/patología , Cariotipificación , Células Tumorales Cultivadas , Diferenciación Celular/fisiología , División Celular , División Celular/fisiología , Inmunohistoquímica , Línea Celular , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Neoplasias Hormono-Dependientes/metabolismo , Neoplasias Mamarias Experimentales/etiología , Neoplasias Mamarias Experimentales/genética , Neoplasias Mamarias Experimentales/inducido químicamente , Neoplasias Mamarias Experimentales/metabolismo , Neoplasias Mamarias Experimentales/patología , Neoplasias Mamarias Experimentales/tratamiento farmacológico , Progesterona/fisiología , Progesterona/toxicidad , Progestinas/fisiología , /metabolismo , Receptores de Estrógenos , Receptores de ProgesteronaRESUMEN
Recent studies, have shown that pre-implanted embryos of several species synthesize steroid hormones: progesterone, progestins , androgens and several estrogens and it has been postulated that oviductal and endometrial functions are influenced by blastocyst synthesis and release of these molecules. Steroids may create an appropriate milieu for blastocyst migration, nutrition, development and implantation in the maternal uterus. It is the purpose of this paper to review a possible physiological role of steroid hormonal synthesis by the early embryo during the first stages of pregnancy.
Asunto(s)
Blastocisto/metabolismo , Embarazo/metabolismo , Esteroides/fisiología , Andrógenos/biosíntesis , Andrógenos/fisiología , Animales , Desarrollo Embrionario y Fetal , Estrógenos/biosíntesis , Estrógenos/fisiología , Femenino , Humanos , Progesterona/biosíntesis , Progesterona/fisiología , Progestinas/biosíntesis , Progestinas/fisiología , Conejos , Esteroides/biosíntesisRESUMEN
We have demonstrated that medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), when administered in high doses, induces mammary carcinomas in virgin female BALB/c mice. Since one of the possible explanations for this effect was its progestagenic effects, we decided to investigate whether progesterone (Pg) alone could also induce mammary adenocarcinomas in our model and if MPA at doses lower than those used to establish the model was also carcinogenic. A total of 136 mice were subdivided into 3 groups: Group 1, 44 mice were implanted s.c. with 40 mg Pg silastic pellets at the beginning of the experiment, and 6 months later with a 20 mg Pg pellet; Group 2, 45 mice were similarly treated with MPA pellets; Group 3, 47 mice were inoculated s.c. with 40 mg MPA every three months. At the end of 20 months, 9 animals had developed mammary tumors in Group 1, 18 in Group 2 and 34 in Group 3 (actuarial incidence = 28%, 58%, and 98%, respectively); tumor latency was similar in all groups: 46.2 +/- 13.1, 51.3 +/- 9.9, and 50.1 +/- 2.1 weeks, respectively. Seven (Group 1), 14 (Group 2), and 25 (Group 3) tumors were transplanted into syngeneic mice to determine progestin dependence. All tumors, except one from Group 1, were histologically characterized. In Group 1 (Pg 60 mg), 4 tumors (67%) were infiltrating lobular carcinomas and 2 were ductal carcinomas (33%). In Group 2 (MPA 60 mg), 2 tumors (14%) were lobular and 12 were ductal adenocarcinomas (86%) (Group 1 vs Group 2: p < 0.05), whereas in Group 3 (MPA 160 mg), 8 were lobular carcinomas (32%) and 17 were ductal carcinomas (68%). In syngeneic passages all lobular tumors behaved as progestin independent (PI) and ductal tumors as progestin dependent (PD). All ductal tumors, except one, expressed estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR), whereas receptor expression was variable in lobular carcinomas. It can be concluded that Pg induces mostly lobular, PI mammary tumors in BALB/c female mice. The fact that most MPA-induced tumors are ductal and PD suggests that the two hormones use different carcinogenic pathways.
Asunto(s)
Adenocarcinoma/inducido químicamente , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/inducido químicamente , Carcinoma Lobular/inducido químicamente , Neoplasias Mamarias Experimentales/inducido químicamente , Neoplasias Hormono-Dependientes/inducido químicamente , Progesterona/toxicidad , Progestinas/fisiología , Adenocarcinoma/patología , Animales , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/patología , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/ultraestructura , Carcinoma Lobular/patología , Carcinoma Lobular/ultraestructura , Femenino , Neoplasias Mamarias Experimentales/patología , Neoplasias Mamarias Experimentales/ultraestructura , Acetato de Medroxiprogesterona/toxicidad , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Neoplasias Hormono-Dependientes/patología , Neoplasias Hormono-Dependientes/ultraestructura , Receptores de Estrógenos/fisiología , Receptores de Progesterona/fisiologíaRESUMEN
PIP: Migraine headaches appear to be linked to the menstrual cycle and the use of oral contraceptives (OCs). Migraine attacks occur during menses in 60% of women and appear to be related to the withdrawal of estrogen. The fluctuations in estrogen levels associated with migraine headaches produce biochemical changes in prostaglandin production, prolactin release, and opoid regulation. Treatment seeks to interrupt the pathophysiological sequence of menstrual-related migraine through the administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ergotamine, or, in refractory cases, hormonal agents. The frequency of migraine decreases with age, but tends either to regress or worsen during menopause. In some cases, estrogen replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms produces headache and it may be necessary to reduce the estrogen dose or change from conjugated estrogen to pure estradiol or estrone. The incidence and severity of migraines are also affected by OC use. OCs may trigger migraine episodes and exacerbate or alleviate pre-existing headache. This variable response seems to be a result of individual differences in intrinsic estrogen neuronal response. Although migraine itself may be a risk factor in stroke, there is no evidence that this risk is increased in migrainers who use OCs.^ieng
Asunto(s)
Estrógenos/fisiología , Cefalea/fisiopatología , Progestinas/fisiología , Anticonceptivos Hormonales Orales/efectos adversos , Femenino , Cefalea/inducido químicamente , Humanos , Menopausia/fisiología , Ciclo Menstrual/fisiología , Trastornos Migrañosos/inducido químicamente , Trastornos Migrañosos/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
El presente estudio es de carácter comparativo. Se ha evaluado la salud gingival (grado de inflamación gingival) de pacientes gestantes, pacientes consumidoras de anticonceptivos hormonales orales (de contenido 0,3 mg. de norgestrel y 0.03 mg. de etinilestradiol) y de un grupo de pacientes no gestantes y no consumidoras de anticonceptivos hormonales orales, considerados como grupo control. Se examinaron un total de 175 mujeres, comprendidas entre las edades de 18 y 35 años y con un índice de placa < 0,5 al momento del examen. la muestra fue tomada del Hospital General Base Cayetano Heredia y del Centro de Salud de Piedra Liza. No se halló diferencia significativa cuando se compararon cada uno de estos, con el grupo control. Los valores encontrados en el grupo consumidor de anticonceptivos sí presentaron diferencia significativa con los obtenidos en el grupo control. Al ser comparados los grupos experimentales (gestantes y consumidoras de anticonceptivos hormonales orales) se halló diferencia estadísticamente significativa; concluyéndose que: el consumo de anticonceptivos hormonales orales provoca cuadros clínicos de inflamación gingival, similares a los encontrados en pacientes gestantes
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Adolescente , Adulto , Progestinas/fisiología , Anticonceptivos Hormonales Orales/efectos adversos , Gingivitis/diagnóstico , Índice PeriodontalRESUMEN
Os progestágenos, derivados de 17-hidroxiprogesterona ou da 19-nortestosterona, correspondem a um grupo de moléculas cuja manipulaçäo farmacológica tornou seu metabolismo mais lento e permitiu sua utilizaçäo por via oral. Estas modificaçöes promoveram também variaçöes em sua atividade. Desta forma, podem mimetizar algumas das açöes do hormônio natural, via receptor de progesterona, mas podem também exercer outros efeitos, de acordo com a molécula da qual derivam e de sua capacidade de se ligar a outros receptores de esteróides. Neste artigo, säo revisadas as propriedades dos progestágenos disponíveis comercialmente (luteomimética, antigonadotrófica, antiestrogênica ou antiandrogênica) e suas indicaçöes terapêuticas específicas