RESUMEN
The Baku virus (BAKV) was originally isolated from the ticks Ornithodoros capensis Neumann, 1901 (Acari: Argasidae) collected from the seagull (Larus argentatus) seating nests on the islands of the Baku archipelago, the Caspian sea. BAKV was assigned to Kemerovo group (KEMV) (Orbivirus, Reoviridae). The BAKV was frequently isolated from the ticks O. coniceps Canestrini, 1980, collected from L. argentatus and tern (Sterna hirundo) nests in Turkmenia and pigeon (Columba livia neglecta) nests in Uzbekistan. In this work, the genome of the BAKV was sequenced using the next-generation sequencing technology. The BAKV Pol protein has 48.6% identity level with the viruses of the Great Island Virus group and at average 41% with non-tick orbiviruses. The BAKV T2 protein level identity with the orbiviruses ranges from 23.7% to 64.8%. The maximum identity level of the T2 protein (64.8%) is observed for the tick-borne viruses of the GIV (KEMV) group. According to the conducted molecular-genetic and phylogenetic analysis, the BAKV is a novel species of the genus Orbivirus. It forms a phylogenetic group distinctly related to the GIV group.
Asunto(s)
Charadriiformes/virología , Productos del Gen pol/clasificación , Genoma Viral , Ixodes/virología , Proteínas de la Nucleocápside/clasificación , Orbivirus/clasificación , Filogenia , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Azerbaiyán , Productos del Gen pol/genética , Islas , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Comportamiento de Nidificación , Proteínas de la Nucleocápside/genética , Orbivirus/genética , Orbivirus/aislamiento & purificación , Alineación de Secuencia , Homología de Secuencia de Aminoácido , Turkmenistán , UzbekistánRESUMEN
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) SIV(smm) naturally infects sooty mangabeys (SMs) and is the source virus of pathogenic infections with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) and SIV(mac) of humans and macaques, respectively. In previous studies we characterized SIV(smm) diversity in naturally SIV-infected SMs and identified nine different phylogenetic subtypes whose genetic distances are similar to those reported for the different HIV-1 group M subtypes. Here we report that, within the colony of SMs housed at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center, at least four SIV(smm) subtypes cocirculate, with the vast majority of animals infected with SIV(smm) subtype 1, 2, or 3, resulting in the emergence of occasional recombinant forms. While SIV(smm)-infected SMs show a typically nonpathogenic course of infection, we have observed that different SIV(smm) subtypes are in fact associated with specific immunologic features. Notably, while subtypes 1, 2, and 3 are associated with a very benign course of infection and preservation of normal CD4+ T-cell counts, three out of four SMs infected with subtype 5 show a significant depletion of CD4+ T cells. The fact that virus replication in SMs infected with subtype 5 is similar to that in SMs infected with other SIV(smm) subtypes suggests that the subtype 5-associated CD4+ T-cell depletion is unlikely to simply reflect higher levels of virus-mediated direct killing of CD4+ T-cells. Taken together, this systematic analysis of the subtype-specific features of SIV(smm) infection in natural SM hosts identifies subtype-specific differences in the pathogenicity of SIV(smm) infection.
Asunto(s)
Cercocebus atys/virología , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida del Simio/virología , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/genética , Animales , Femenino , Productos del Gen env/clasificación , Productos del Gen env/genética , Productos del Gen env/metabolismo , Productos del Gen gag/clasificación , Productos del Gen gag/genética , Productos del Gen gag/metabolismo , Productos del Gen pol/clasificación , Productos del Gen pol/genética , Productos del Gen pol/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Filogenia , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/clasificación , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia de los Simios/fisiología , Replicación ViralRESUMEN
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been classified into three main groups and 11 distinct subtypes. Moreover, several circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) of HIV-1 have been recently documented to have spread widely causing extensive HIV-1 epidemics. A subtype, initially designated I (CRF04_cpx), was documented in Cyprus and Greece and was found to comprise regions of sequence derived from subtypes A and G as well as regions of unclassified sequence. Re-analysis of the three full-length CRF04_cpx sequences that were available revealed a mosaic genomic organization of unique complexity comprising regions of sequence from at least five distinct subtypes, A, G, H, K and unclassified regions. These strains account for approximately 2% of the total HIV-1-infected population in Greece, thus providing evidence of the great capability of HIV-1 to recombine and produce highly divergent strains which can be spread successfully through different infection routes.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de la Cápside , VIH-1/genética , Proteínas Virales , Cápside/clasificación , Cápside/genética , Chipre , Productos del Gen gag/clasificación , Productos del Gen gag/genética , Productos del Gen pol/clasificación , Productos del Gen pol/genética , Productos del Gen vif/clasificación , Productos del Gen vif/genética , Grecia , Antígenos VIH/clasificación , Antígenos VIH/genética , Proteína p24 del Núcleo del VIH/clasificación , Proteína p24 del Núcleo del VIH/genética , Proteína gp120 de Envoltorio del VIH/clasificación , Proteína gp120 de Envoltorio del VIH/genética , Proteína gp41 de Envoltorio del VIH/clasificación , Proteína gp41 de Envoltorio del VIH/genética , VIH-1/clasificación , VIH-1/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Filogenia , Recombinación Genética , Productos del Gen gag del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana , Productos del Gen vif del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia HumanaRESUMEN
Asymptomatic infection with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) has been demonstrated in African Sykes' monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis albogularis), and virus isolation confirmed infection with a novel SIV from Sykes' monkeys (SIVsyk). Macaques inoculated with SIVsyk became persistently infected but remained clinically healthy. We utilized polymerase chain reaction amplification to generate a full-length, infectious molecular clone of SIVsyk. The genome organization of SIVsyk is similar to that of the other primate lentiviruses, consisting of gag, pol, vif, vpr, tat, rev, env, and nef. A unique feature is the absence of the highly conserved NF-kappa B binding site in the long terminal repeat. SIVsyk is genetically equidistant from other primate lentiviruses. Thus, SIVsyk represents a new group that is distinct from the four previously recognized primate lentivirus groups: human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), SIV from sooty mangabeys (SIVsmm) and HIV-2, SIV from African green monkeys (SIVagm), and SIV from mandrills (SIVmnd). The genetic differences between SIVsyk and SIVagm, isolates derived from monkeys of the same genus, underscore the potential for other distinct SIVs which have yet to be isolated and characterized.