RESUMEN
The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of net energy levels in diets for barrows, from 70 to 100 kg, on performance, plasma parameters and carcass characteristics. Two experiments were carried out: in the first (Experiment I), a metabolism assay was carried out to estimate the net energy (NE) of experimental diets. Twelve crossbred barrows, averaging 85.74 ± 6.80 kg initial body weight, were distributed in a randomized block design with two metabolizable energy (ME) levels (3100 and 3500 kcal kg¹) with six replicates and one animal per experimental unit. In the second (Experiment II), 45 castrated male pigs were used, averaging 70.10 ± 1.26 kg of initial body weight distributed in a randomized block design, with five NE levels (2345, 2425, 2505, 2585, 2665 kcal kg¹), nine replicates and one animal per experimental unit. The increase in diet NE levels provided a linear reduction (p ≤ 0.00039) in average daily feed intake (ADFI). There was a quadratic effect on NE efficiency (p ≤ 0.0027), average daily gain (ADG), (p ≤ 0.0352) and the feed:gain ratio (F:G), (p ≤ 0.0024), the optimal levels being estimated at 2485, 2493 and 2533 kcal kg¹, respectively. Drip loss (DL) decreased (p ≤ 0.0001) as NE levels increased. There was also a linear decrease (p ≤ 0.0462) in the Minolta color parameter (+a*), due to the NE levels. Plasma parameters were not affected (p > 0.05) by NE levels. The dietary net energy levels affected the performance and meat quality of finishing pigs and the level of 2493 kcal kg¹ provided the best ADG.
Asunto(s)
Masculino , Animales , Dieta/veterinaria , Ingestión de Energía , Metabolismo Energético , Porcinos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Porcinos/metabolismoRESUMEN
The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of net energy levels in diets for barrows, from 70 to 100 kg, on performance, plasma parameters and carcass characteristics. Two experiments were carried out: in the first (Experiment I), a metabolism assay was carried out to estimate the net energy (NE) of experimental diets. Twelve crossbred barrows, averaging 85.74 ± 6.80 kg initial body weight, were distributed in a randomized block design with two metabolizable energy (ME) levels (3100 and 3500 kcal kg1) with six replicates and one animal per experimental unit. In the second (Experiment II), 45 castrated male pigs were used, averaging 70.10 ± 1.26 kg of initial body weight distributed in a randomized block design, with five NE levels (2345, 2425, 2505, 2585, 2665 kcal kg1), nine replicates and one animal per experimental unit. The increase in diet NE levels provided a linear reduction (p ≤ 0.00039) in average daily feed intake (ADFI). There was a quadratic effect on NE efficiency (p ≤ 0.0027), average daily gain (ADG), (p ≤ 0.0352) and the feed:gain ratio (F:G), (p ≤ 0.0024), the optimal levels being estimated at 2485, 2493 and 2533 kcal kg1, respectively. Drip loss (DL) decreased (p ≤ 0.0001) as NE levels increased. There was also a linear decrease (p ≤ 0.0462) in the Minolta color parameter (+a*), due to the NE levels. Plasma parameters were not affected (p > 0.05) by NE levels. The dietary net energy levels affected the performance and meat quality of finishing pigs and the level of 2493 kcal kg1 provided the best ADG.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Masculino , Porcinos/metabolismo , Carne de Cerdo/análisis , Peso Corporal/fisiologíaRESUMEN
This study evaluated chromium supplements and energy restriction as substitutes for ractopamine in the diets of late finishing gilts. Sixty gilts were used, with initial weights of 98.87 ± 0.25 kg and final weights of 122.69 ± 10.97 kg, distributed in a randomized block design with five diets: control; yeast chromium (0.8 ppm); chromium picolinate (0.48 ppm); ractopamine (20 ppm) and energy restriction (reduction of 150 kcal of EM kg-1 of feed), with six replicates and two animals per experimental unit. Feeding diet containing ractopamine enabled better (P<0.05) feed conversion and greater weights of the hot carcass of the gilts. The diet containing ractopamine exhibited a lower (P<0.05) cost of feed per kilogram of gain and higher economic efficiency, when compared to diets containing chromium and energy restriction; these exhibited better outcomes, compared to the control diet. Diets supplemented with chromium and ractopamine resulted in a higher (P<0.05) percentage and quantity of lean meat and a higher rate of carcass bonus, when compared to the control diet and energy restriction. The energy reduction did not harm the gilts' responses, compared to the control diet. Ractopamine supplementation allowed for a better feed conversion, lower feed cost per kilogram of gain, and a higher economic efficiency index. Supplements of chromium and ractopamine increased the percentage and quantity of lean meat and the bonus index of the carcasses. Therefore, chromium picolinate and chromium yeast are potential substitutes for ractopamine for optimizing the gilts carcass characteristics.
Realizou-se este estudo com o objetivo de avaliar as suplementações de cromo e a restrição energética em substituição a ractopamina para leitoas em terminação tardia. Foram utilizadas 60 leitoas, com pesos inicial de 98,87±0,25 kg e final de 122,69 ± 10,97 kg, distribuídas em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com cinco dietas: controle; cromo levedura (0,8 ppm); picolinato de cromo (0,48 ppm); ractopamina (20 ppm) e restrição energética (redução de 150 kcal de EMkg-1 de ração), com seis repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. A dieta contendo ractopamina proporcionou melhor (P<0,05) conversão alimentar e maior peso de carcaça quente das leitoas. A dieta contendo ractopamina apresentou menor (P<0,05) custo de ração por quilograma de ganho e maior índice de eficiência econômica em relação as dietas contendo cromo e restrição energética que, por sua vez, foram superiores em comparação a dieta controle. Dietas suplementadas com cromo e ractopamina apresentaram maior (P<0,05) percentual e quantidade de carne magra e maior índice de bonificação de carcaça em relação a dieta controle e restrição energética. Concluiu-se que a redução energética não prejudica as respostas das leitoas em relação a dieta controle. A suplementação de ractopamina possibilita melhor conversão alimentar, menor custo de ração por quilograma de ganho e maior índice de eficiência econômica. As suplementações de cromo e ractopamina expressam aumento do percentual e quantidade de carne magra e do índice de bonificação das carcaças. O picolinato de cromo e o cromo levedura são potenciais substitutos a ractopamina para otimizar as características de carcaça das leitoas.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Porcinos/metabolismo , Cromo/administración & dosificación , Suplementos Dietéticos , Carne/análisisRESUMEN
This study evaluated the effects of chromium yeast and digestible lysine levels on the performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. Sixty-four barrows with an initial weight of 72.77 ± 7.20 kg and final weight of 119.44 ± 9.47 kg were used, distributed in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme, with two levels of chromium yeast (Cr0: 0 ppb and Cr800: 800 ppb) and two levels of digestible lysine (L0: recommended level and L+10%: 10%). The recorded air temperature of 30.9 ± 3.7 ºC during the experimental period was considered as heat stress. Performance variables were not influenced (P>0.05); however, L+10% showed an increase (P<0.05) in daily digestible lysine intake. Carcass characteristics of the animals were not influenced (P>0.05) by the chromium or digestible lysine levels. Supplementation with 800 ppb of yeast chromium and a 10% increase in the level of digestible lysine, isolated or associated, did not improve the performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs, subjected to high ambient temperatures.
Realizou-se este estudo com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de níveis de cromo levedura e lisina digestível, desempenho e características de carcaça de suínos em terminação. Foram utilizados 64 machos castrados com peso inicial de 72,77 ± 7,20 kg e final de 119,44 ± 9,47 kg, distribuídos em esquema fatorial 2 x 2, sendo dois níveis (Cr0: 0 ppb e Cr800: 800 ppb) e dois níveis de lisina digestível (L0: nível recomendado e L+10%: 10%). A temperatura do ar registrada de 30,9 ± 3,7 ºC durante o período experimental foi considerada como de estresse por calor. As variáveis de desempenho não foram influenciadas (P>0,05), contudo L+10% aumentou (P<0,05) o consumo de lisina digestível diário. As características de carcaça dos animais não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pelos níveis de cromo levedura e lisina digestível. A suplementação de 800 ppb de cromo levedura, e o aumento em 10% do nível de lisina digestível, isolados ou associados, não melhoram o desempenho e as características de carcaça de suínos em terminação submetidos a temperaturas ambientais elevadas.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Masculino , Porcinos/metabolismo , Cromo/efectos adversos , Dieta/veterinaria , Calor/efectos adversos , Lisina/efectos adversosRESUMEN
This study evaluated the effect of soybean meal (SBM) particle size on nutrient digestibility and the growth performance of nursery piglets. Sixty-three piglets (BW = 6.86 kg ± 0.56; 23 d of age) were distributed in a randomized block design (by initial weight and sex) with 3 dietary treatments: diets with 1,017 µm (unground); 585 µm; and 411µm SBM, with 7 replicates of 3 piglets each. All diets were offered ad libitum in mash form, formulated differently according to three growing phases: (1) with 20% of SBM, from 23 to 32 d of age; (2) with 25% of SBM, from 32 to 44 d of age, and (3) with 30% of SBM, from 44 to 63 d of age. For the first 21 d, pigs fed diets with a medium particle size of SBM (585mm) had better average weight gain and feed/gain ratio (P<0.05). The average feed intake, average body weight gain, and feed/gain ratio from 44 to 63 d improved (P<0.05) with increasing SBM particle sizes, and the average live weight for the overall period increased with coarser SBM (P<0.05). There was a marginally improvement (P < 0.1) on digestible energy as particle size of SBM decreased; although, no differences (P > 0.05) in the coefficients of apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein for the assessed SBM particle sizes were observed. It was concluded that the grinding of dietary SBM is not required for piglets during the nursery phase.
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tamanho da partícula do farelo de soja (FS) sobre o desempenho e digestibilidade de leitões no período de creche. 63 leitões (6,86 kg ± 0,56; 23 dias de idade) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em um delineamento de blocos casualizados (peso inicial e sexo) entre os tratamentos. As dietas experimentais foram produzidas a partir de diferentes tamanhos médios de partículas do FS moídos ou não: 1,017 µm (sem moer), 585 µm (moído em peneira de 10 mm), e 411µm (moído em peneira de 3 mm), totalizando três tratamentos com sete repetições de três animais cada. Todas as dietas foram fornecidas na forma farelada e ad libitum, sendo divididas em três fases: 1) com 20% de FS, dos 23 a 32 dias de idade; 2) com 25% de FS, dos 32 a 44 dias de idade; e 3) com 30% de FS, dos 44 a 62 dias de idade. Nos primeiros 21 dias de experimento, os animais consumindo a dieta com o tamanho médio (585 µm) das partículas do FS apresentaram melhores resultados para o ganho de peso médio e conversão alimentar. No período seguinte (44 a 63 d), houve (P<0.05) aumento do consumo de ração médio, do ganho do peso médio e melhor conversão alimentar dos leitões conforme o aumento do tamanho da partícula de FS incluída na ração. Consequentemente, ao final do experimento houve melhora linear do peso vivo médio dos animais com o aumento do tamanho do FS consumido. Foi observado melhora marginalmente significativa (P < 0.1) da energia digestível conforme a redução no tamanho do FS, entretanto, não houve diferença (P > 0.05) no coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca e da proteína bruta dos animais entre os diferentes tamanhos do FS. Em conclusão, de acordo com as condições deste estudo, não se faz necessária a moagem do farelo de soja para leitões no período de creche.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Tamaño de la Partícula , Glycine max , Porcinos/metabolismo , Alimentos de Soja/análisis , Dieta/veterinariaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND In order to study the influence of long-term growth process and evolution environment on intestinal bacteria of different breeds, the intestinal bacteria and volatile fatty acids among the faeces of Min, Landrace and Yorkshire pigs were analysed by Illumina high-throughput sequencing of the 16S-rDNA and gas chromatography. RESULTS The shared core microbiota of Landrace, Yorkshire and Min pig were 1273, accounting for 69.56% of total abundance of organisms. The proportion of Firmicutes in Min pig faeces (57.89%) was significantly higher than that in Landrace and Yorkshire pig faeces (47.01% and 46.40%, respectively) (P < 0.05), but that of Bacteroidetes was exactly opposite. Moreover, Min pig presented more highly efficient membrane transport, environmental adaptation, carbohydrate transport, and metabolism than Yorkshire pig (P < 0.05). The acetic acid/total volatile fatty acid ratio in Min pig was significantly higher than that in Landrace pig (P < 0.05), and the isobutyric acid/ total volatile fatty acid ratio in Min pig was significantly larger than that in Yorkshire pig (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the content of branched chain volatile fatty acids in Min pig was significantly higher than that in Yorkshire pig (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that Min pig, as an excellent breed in the cold area of China, possessed special intestinal floral structure compared to the imported pigs in order to satisfy their phys iological and metabolic demands, which may influence their characteristics such as resistance to cold, diseases, and crude feeding, and the ability to deposit intramuscular fat.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Porcinos/microbiología , Ácidos Grasos Volátiles/metabolismo , Heces/microbiología , Porcinos/metabolismo , Microbioma GastrointestinalRESUMEN
Comfort index and environmental variables are indicators of thermal stress conditions inside a livestock facility.The environmental conditions of ten different constructive typologies of swine-production facilities with natural ventilation were characterized in a tropical country (Antioquia, Colombia). Temperature and humidity index (THI), enthalpy (H), animal surface temperature (ST), light intensity, and noise level were measured and computed for each typology, which were located at heights above sea levels between 8:00-23:00. Data was analyzed as a function of each typology, geographical altitude, and time of the day. It was employed descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and contour maps to analyze the data. It was found that more than 80% of the typologies presented moderate or critical stress conditions associated with the construction typology, not suitable THI and light intensity values, especially in warm and mild-mild climates. Showing high special variability inside the facilities. New typological designs and bioclimatic conditioning for swine facilities need to be studied to be implemented in these climatic conditions.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Respuesta al Choque Térmico/efectos de la radiación , Porcinos/fisiología , Porcinos/metabolismoRESUMEN
Comfort index and environmental variables are indicators of thermal stress conditions inside a livestock facility.The environmental conditions of ten different constructive typologies of swine-production facilities with natural ventilation were characterized in a tropical country (Antioquia, Colombia). Temperature and humidity index (THI), enthalpy (H), animal surface temperature (ST), light intensity, and noise level were measured and computed for each typology, which were located at heights above sea levels between 8:00-23:00. Data was analyzed as a function of each typology, geographical altitude, and time of the day. It was employed descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and contour maps to analyze the data. It was found that more than 80% of the typologies presented moderate or critical stress conditions associated with the construction typology, not suitable THI and light intensity values, especially in warm and mild-mild climates. Showing high special variability inside the facilities. New typological designs and bioclimatic conditioning for swine facilities need to be studied to be implemented in these climatic conditions.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Porcinos/metabolismo , Porcinos/fisiología , Respuesta al Choque Térmico/efectos de la radiaciónRESUMEN
This study was conducted to compare postprandial plasma concentrations of insulin, energy-related metabolites, and amino acids measured after a 6-week challenge consisting of exposure to good or poor hygiene of housing conditions of 24 growing pigs divergently selected for low-RFI (LRFI) and high-RFI (HRFI). Blood indicators of immune responses were assessed from samples collected before 0 (W0), and 3 (W3), and 6 weeks (W6) after pigs transfer to their respective hygiene of housing conditions. Plasma haptoglobin concentrations and blood neutrophil granulocyte numbers were greater in poor than in good hygiene of housing conditions at W3. Plasma concentrations of total immunoglobulin G were greater (p = 0.04) in poor than in good hygiene of housing conditions at W6. At W6, pigs were fitted with an intravenous catheter for serial blood samplings. Low-RFI pigs had greater insulin (p < 0.001) and lower triglyceride (p = 0.04) average plasma concentrations than HRFI pigs in both conditions. In poor hygiene of housing conditions, the peaks of insulin and glucose were observed earlier and that of insulin was greater in LRFI than in HRFI pigs. Irrespective of genetic line, average plasma concentrations of histidine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, threonine, valine, and alanine were greater in poor compared with good hygiene of housing conditions. Only HRFI pigs had greater lysine, asparagine, proline, and tyrosine plasma concentrations in poor than in good hygiene of housing conditions. Conversely, arginine, tryptophan, proline, and tyrosine plasma concentrations were lower only for LRFI pigs housed in poor hygiene conditions. Our results suggest that, contrary to HRFI, LRFI pigs increase or maintain their utilization of tryptophan, arginine, and lysine when housed in poor hygiene conditions. This indicates that this difference may contribute to the better capacity of LRFI to cope with poor hygiene of housing conditions.
Asunto(s)
Alimentación Animal/análisis , Vivienda para Animales , Higiene , Metabolómica , Periodo Posprandial , Porcinos/sangre , Animales , Masculino , Porcinos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Porcinos/metabolismoRESUMEN
Two experimental tests were carried out to evaluate the inclusion of a biofermented semi-arid plant mix in diets of piglets in the initial weaning phase. In the first trial, the nutritional value and digestibility of nutrients and the digestible and metabolizable energy values of the bio-fermented plants mix were evaluated. To do so, eight piglets with an initial average weight of 15.2 ± 2.7 kg were used, housed in metabolic cages, and using the total collection of feces and urine. The bio-fermented plant mix diet presented 80.40% and 68.18% as digestibility coefficients for dry matter and crude fiber, respectively; 10.08% crude protein and 2,865 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy. In the second trial, the inclusion of 0, 3, 6 and 9% of bio-fermented plant mix was evaluated on performance, diarrhea incidence, plasma components, weight, and length of digestive organs of piglets in the initial weaning phase. To do so, 40 piglets with an initial average weight of 12.6 ± 3.5 kg were used, distributed in a randomized block design with four treatments, five replicates, and two animals per experimental unit. The inclusion of different levels of bio-fermented plant mix did not affect (P>0.05) the performance, weight, and length of digestive organs or serum parameters. However, the inclusion of bio-fermented plant reduced (P 0.01) the diarrhea incidence. It is concluded that bio-fermented plants adapted to the semi-arid region has the potential to be used in diets for pigs in the initial weaning phase.
Foram realizados dois ensaios experimentais para avaliar a inclusão de biofermentado a base de plantas do semiárido na dieta de leitões na fase inicial. No ensaio I foi avaliado o valor nutricional e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e os valores de energia digestível e metabolizável do biofermentado. Para tanto, foram utilizados oito leitões com peso médio inicial de 15,2 ± 2,7 kg, alojados em gaiolas de metabolismo, utilizou-se o método de coleta total de fezes e urina. O biofermentado apresentou 80,40% e 68,18% como coeficientes de digestibilidade para a matéria seca e fibra bruta, respectivamente; 10,08% de proteína bruta e 2.865 kcal/kg de energia metabolizável. No segundo ensaio foi avaliada a inclusão de 0; 3; 6 e 9% de biofermentado sobre o desempenho, incidência de diarreia, componentes plasmáticos, peso e comprimento de órgãos digestivos de leitões na fase inicial. Para tanto, foram utilizados 40 leitões com peso médio inicial de 12,6±3,5 kg, distribuídos em delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos, cinco repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. A inclusão dos diferentes níveis de biofermentado não afetou (P>0,05) o desempenho, o peso e comprimento dos órgãos digestivos e parâmetros séricos. No entanto, a inclusão do biofermentado reduziu (P 0,01) a incidência de diarreia. Conclui-se que o biofermentado a base de plantas adaptadas ao semiárido apresenta potencial de ser utilizado em dietas para suínos na fase inicial.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Análisis de los Alimentos , Fermentación , Porcinos/metabolismoRESUMEN
Foram realizados dois experimentos para avaliar o padrão de fermentação e digestibilidade dos nutrientes de silagens de grãos úmidos de milho (SGUM), de milho cv. SCS 154 Fortuna Epagri® e de milho doce Tropical Syngenta®, com ou sem inoculação microbiana, para leitões. Para os experimentos, foi utilizado um delineamento em esquema fatorial 2*2 (duas variedades de milho e com ou sem inoculação). Para o experimento de ensilagem foram fabricados três silos para cada tratamento. A abertura dos silos e as análises (matéria seca - MS, matéria orgânica - MO, proteína bruta PB e Acidez titulável - AT) foram realizadas aos 45 dias pós-ensilagem. Para o ensaio de digestibilidade, foram utilizados 20 leitões machos castrados (um animal por unidade experimental), com peso inicial médio de 10,9±1,1kg, com quatro repetições por tratamento, sendo adicionalmente elaborado um tratamento referência (dieta sem inclusão de silagens) para permitir, via coeficiente angular, estimar os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos nutrientes das silagens. Houve interação da inoculação com a variedade de milho (p<0,05) para AT e o tratamento sem inoculação apresentou os maiores valores de AT para o milho doce Tropical e para o milho Fortuna maior AT quando inoculado. A SGUM de milho Fortuna apresentou melhores coeficientes de digestibilidade e energia da MS do que as silagens fabricadas com milho doce Tropical. Corrigidos para 88% de MS o milho Fortuna apresentou 3,45 Mcal de EM/kg e o milho doce Tropical 3,41 Mcal de EM/kg. A inoculação bacteriana não influenciou a composição química das silagens e os coeficientes de digestibilidade e metabolização.
Two experiments were carried out to evaluate fermentation and digestibility patterns of nutrients from moist corn grain silages (MCGS), corn cv. SCS 154 Fortuna Epagri® and Tropical Syngenta® sweet corn, with or without microbial inoculation for piglets. For the experiments, a factorial design of 2*2 was used (two types of corn and with or without inoculation). For the silage experiment, three silos were built for each treatment. The opening of silos and analyzes (dry matter - DM, organic matter - OM, crude protein - CP and titratable acidity - TA) were performed 45 days after ensiling. For the digestibility test, 20 castrated male piglets (one pig per experimental unit) with an average initial weight of 10.9±1.1kg, with four replicates per treatment, with an additional reference treatment (diet without silages) permitted by angular coefficient to estimate the nutrients digestibility coefficients of grain silages. There was interaction of inoculation with the corn variety (p<0.05) for TA and the treatment without inoculation showed the highest TA values for Tropical sweet corn and higher TA when inoculated for the Fortuna. Fortuna MCGS showed better DM and energy digestibility coefficients than silages made with Tropical sweet corn. Corrected for 88% of DM, Fortuna corn presented 3.45 Mcal of ME/kg, and Tropical sweet corn 3.41 Mcal of ME/kg. Bacterial inoculation did not influence the chemical composition of the silages, digestibility or metabolization coefficients.
Asunto(s)
Masculino , Animales , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Porcinos/metabolismo , Zea mays/químicaRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to evaluate the replacement of soybean meal by extruded whole soybean in the feeding of pigs in the nursery phase. Thirty-six piglets (Landrace x Large White), with 45 days weighing on average 11.36 kg, distributed in arandomized block design, three treatments, six replicates, two animals per repetition were used. The treatments consisted of: control treatment (T1) basal diet, basal diet with 10% replacement of soybean meal by extruded soybean (T2), basal diet with 20% replacement of soybean meal by extruded soybean (T3). The variables analyzed were: average weight, feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion. The levels of ureatic activity, ether extract, crude protein, protein solubility and volatile moisture of extruded soybean were verified. No difference was found (P>0.05) between the inclusion levels of extruded soybean in piglet diets in the nursery phase for the variables studied. The processing of extruded whole soybean did not affect its digestibility. Extrudedsoybeans at a level of up to 20% included in piglet feeding during the nursery phase can be a possible substitute for soybean meal, without compromising the performance of the animals.
Objetivou-seavaliar a substituição do farelo de soja pela soja integral extrusada na alimentação de suínos na fase de creche. Foram utilizados 36leitões (Landracex Large White), com 45 dias pesando em média 11,36 kg, distribuídos em delineamento em blocos casualizados, três tratamentos,seis repetições,doisanimais por repetição. Os tratamentos consistiram: tratamento controle (T1) ração basal, ração basal com 10% de substituiçãodo farelo de soja por soja extrusada(T2), ração basal com 20% de substituição do farelo de soja por soja extrusada(T3). As variáveis analisadas foram: peso médio, consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. Foram verificados os níveis de atividade ureática, extrato etéreo, proteína bruta, solubilidade proteicae umidade volátil da soja extrusada. Não foi encontrada diferença (P>0,05) entre os níveis de inclusão de soja extrusada nas dietas de leitões na fase de creche, para as variáveis estudadas. O processamento da soja integral extrusada não afetou sua digestibilidade. A soja extrusadaem nível de até 20% incluídana alimentação de leitões durante a fase de creche pode ser umaeventual substituta ao farelo de soja, sem comprometer o desempenho dos animais.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Alimentación Animal , Glycine max , Porcinos/metabolismoRESUMEN
Increasing fat deposition and feed conversion ratio over the days in finishing phase directly influence pork quality and productive profitability. Nonetheless, the slaughter of heavier pigs can result in benefits for the slaughterhouse due to dilution of production and processing costs, as well as economic benefits for the pig producer resulting from the dilution of production costs. Therefore, dietary supplementation of chromium for finishing pigs of high lean-genotypes is a strategy to increase lean tissue accretion and minimize fat deposition, reflecting positively on growth performance. This review discussed recent studies results and mechanisms of action of this modifier of performance and carcass a traits in finishing pigs. Chromium increases the insulin action, facilitating insulin binding to the receptors on cell membrane. As a result, insulin-sensitive cells uptake more glucose, which will be later converted into energy. This additional energy is use to increase protein synthesis, thereby increasing the amount of lean tissue and reducing fat content in the carcass, without altering protein intake by pigs. Chromium also reduces lipid oxidation rate maintaining meat quality for longer period. In conclusion, dietary Cr supplementation for finishing pigs have shown that 0.2 mg/kg of organic Cr sources for pigs from ~60 kg until the slaughter can improve growth performance, lean gain and reduce fat content in carcass. However, the development of nanotechnology has allowed the use of inorganic Cr source at 0.2 mg/kg of inclusion, leading to improve the growth performance and carcass traits of finishing pigs.(AU)
O aumento na deposição de gordura e da conversão alimentar durante a fase de terminação são fatores que implicam diretamente na qualidade da carne e também na rentabilidade da cadeia produtiva. Apesar disso, o abate tardio dos suínos pode resultar em benefícios para o frigorífico, pela redução dos custos operacionais por suíno abatido e melhor utilização dos equipamentos, bem como vantagens econômicas para o produtor resultantes da diluição dos custos de produção. Portanto, a suplementação de cromo na ração de suínos de linhagens com maior potencial para deposição de músculo, é uma estratégia para aumentar a deposição de tecido magro e minimizar a deposição de gordura, refletindo positivamente no desempenho. Em vista disso, objetivou-se com este trabalho, apresentar e discutir os mecanismos de ação, finalidades e resultados recentes de estudos na literatura sobre a suplementação desse modificador de carcaça na ração de suínos em terminação. O principal papel do cromo é potencializar a ação da insulina, facilitando a ligação entre a insulina e os seus receptores na membrana celular. Com isso, as células sensíveis à insulina captam maior quantidade de glicose, que posteriormente serão convertidas em energia. Essa energia adicional pode ser utilizada para aumentar a síntese proteica, aumentando assim, a quantidade de carne magra e reduzindo o teor de gordura na carcaça, sem alterar o consumo de proteína pelos animais. O cromo também diminui a taxa de oxidação lipídica, mantendo a qualidade da carne por mais tempo. Em conclusão, a suplementação dietética de Cr para suínos em terminação mostra que 0,2 mg/kg de fontes orgânicas de Cr para suínos de ~ 60 kg até o abate podem melhorar o desempenho, ganho de massa magra e reduzir o teor de gordura na carcaça. No entanto, o desenvolvimento da nanotecnologia tem permitido o uso de fonte inorgânica de Cr na dose de 0,2 mg/kg de inclusão, melhorando o desempenho e as características de carcaça de suínos em terminação.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Porcinos/metabolismo , Porcinos/fisiología , Dieta/veterinaria , Cromo/administración & dosificación , Cromo/químicaRESUMEN
Two experimental tests were carried out to evaluate the inclusion of a biofermented semi-arid plant mix in diets of piglets in the initial weaning phase. In the first trial, the nutritional value and digestibility of nutrients and the digestible and metabolizable energy values of the bio-fermented plants mix were evaluated. To do so, eight piglets with an initial average weight of 15.2 ± 2.7 kg were used, housed in metabolic cages, and using the total collection of feces and urine. The bio-fermented plant mix diet presented 80.40% and 68.18% as digestibility coefficients for dry matter and crude fiber, respectively; 10.08% crude protein and 2,865 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy. In the second trial, the inclusion of 0, 3, 6 and 9% of bio-fermented plant mix was evaluated on performance, diarrhea incidence, plasma components, weight, and length of digestive organs of piglets in the initial weaning phase. To do so, 40 piglets with an initial average weight of 12.6 ± 3.5 kg were used, distributed in a randomized block design with four treatments, five replicates, and two animals per experimental unit. The inclusion of different levels of bio-fermented plant mix did not affect (P>0.05) the performance, weight, and length of digestive organs or serum parameters. However, the inclusion of bio-fermented plant reduced (P 0.01) the diarrhea incidence. It is concluded that bio-fermented plants adapted to the semi-arid region has the potential to be used in diets for pigs in the initial weaning phase.(AU)
Foram realizados dois ensaios experimentais para avaliar a inclusão de biofermentado a base de plantas do semiárido na dieta de leitões na fase inicial. No ensaio I foi avaliado o valor nutricional e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e os valores de energia digestível e metabolizável do biofermentado. Para tanto, foram utilizados oito leitões com peso médio inicial de 15,2 ± 2,7 kg, alojados em gaiolas de metabolismo, utilizou-se o método de coleta total de fezes e urina. O biofermentado apresentou 80,40% e 68,18% como coeficientes de digestibilidade para a matéria seca e fibra bruta, respectivamente; 10,08% de proteína bruta e 2.865 kcal/kg de energia metabolizável. No segundo ensaio foi avaliada a inclusão de 0; 3; 6 e 9% de biofermentado sobre o desempenho, incidência de diarreia, componentes plasmáticos, peso e comprimento de órgãos digestivos de leitões na fase inicial. Para tanto, foram utilizados 40 leitões com peso médio inicial de 12,6±3,5 kg, distribuídos em delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos, cinco repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. A inclusão dos diferentes níveis de biofermentado não afetou (P>0,05) o desempenho, o peso e comprimento dos órgãos digestivos e parâmetros séricos. No entanto, a inclusão do biofermentado reduziu (P 0,01) a incidência de diarreia. Conclui-se que o biofermentado a base de plantas adaptadas ao semiárido apresenta potencial de ser utilizado em dietas para suínos na fase inicial.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Porcinos/metabolismo , Fermentación , Análisis de los AlimentosRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to evaluate the replacement of soybean meal by extruded whole soybean in the feeding of pigs in the nursery phase. Thirty-six piglets (Landrace x Large White), with 45 days weighing on average 11.36 kg, distributed in arandomized block design, three treatments, six replicates, two animals per repetition were used. The treatments consisted of: control treatment (T1) basal diet, basal diet with 10% replacement of soybean meal by extruded soybean (T2), basal diet with 20% replacement of soybean meal by extruded soybean (T3). The variables analyzed were: average weight, feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion. The levels of ureatic activity, ether extract, crude protein, protein solubility and volatile moisture of extruded soybean were verified. No difference was found (P>0.05) between the inclusion levels of extruded soybean in piglet diets in the nursery phase for the variables studied. The processing of extruded whole soybean did not affect its digestibility. Extrudedsoybeans at a level of up to 20% included in piglet feeding during the nursery phase can be a possible substitute for soybean meal, without compromising the performance of the animals.(AU)
Objetivou-seavaliar a substituição do farelo de soja pela soja integral extrusada na alimentação de suínos na fase de creche. Foram utilizados 36leitões (Landracex Large White), com 45 dias pesando em média 11,36 kg, distribuídos em delineamento em blocos casualizados, três tratamentos,seis repetições,doisanimais por repetição. Os tratamentos consistiram: tratamento controle (T1) ração basal, ração basal com 10% de substituiçãodo farelo de soja por soja extrusada(T2), ração basal com 20% de substituição do farelo de soja por soja extrusada(T3). As variáveis analisadas foram: peso médio, consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. Foram verificados os níveis de atividade ureática, extrato etéreo, proteína bruta, solubilidade proteicae umidade volátil da soja extrusada. Não foi encontrada diferença (P>0,05) entre os níveis de inclusão de soja extrusada nas dietas de leitões na fase de creche, para as variáveis estudadas. O processamento da soja integral extrusada não afetou sua digestibilidade. A soja extrusadaem nível de até 20% incluídana alimentação de leitões durante a fase de creche pode ser umaeventual substituta ao farelo de soja, sem comprometer o desempenho dos animais.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Porcinos/metabolismo , Alimentación Animal , Glycine maxRESUMEN
Foram realizados dois experimentos para avaliar o padrão de fermentação e digestibilidade dos nutrientes de silagens de grãos úmidos de milho (SGUM), de milho cv. SCS 154 Fortuna Epagri® e de milho doce Tropical Syngenta®, com ou sem inoculação microbiana, para leitões. Para os experimentos, foi utilizado um delineamento em esquema fatorial 2*2 (duas variedades de milho e com ou sem inoculação). Para o experimento de ensilagem foram fabricados três silos para cada tratamento. A abertura dos silos e as análises (matéria seca - MS, matéria orgânica - MO, proteína bruta PB e Acidez titulável - AT) foram realizadas aos 45 dias pós-ensilagem. Para o ensaio de digestibilidade, foram utilizados 20 leitões machos castrados (um animal por unidade experimental), com peso inicial médio de 10,9±1,1kg, com quatro repetições por tratamento, sendo adicionalmente elaborado um tratamento referência (dieta sem inclusão de silagens) para permitir, via coeficiente angular, estimar os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos nutrientes das silagens. Houve interação da inoculação com a variedade de milho (p<0,05) para AT e o tratamento sem inoculação apresentou os maiores valores de AT para o milho doce Tropical e para o milho Fortuna maior AT quando inoculado. A SGUM de milho Fortuna apresentou melhores coeficientes de digestibilidade e energia da MS do que as silagens fabricadas com milho doce Tropical. Corrigidos para 88% de MS o milho Fortuna apresentou 3,45 Mcal de EM/kg e o milho doce Tropical 3,41 Mcal de EM/kg. A inoculação bacteriana não influenciou a composição química das silagens e os coeficientes de digestibilidade e metabolização.(AU)
Two experiments were carried out to evaluate fermentation and digestibility patterns of nutrients from moist corn grain silages (MCGS), corn cv. SCS 154 Fortuna Epagri® and Tropical Syngenta® sweet corn, with or without microbial inoculation for piglets. For the experiments, a factorial design of 2*2 was used (two types of corn and with or without inoculation). For the silage experiment, three silos were built for each treatment. The opening of silos and analyzes (dry matter - DM, organic matter - OM, crude protein - CP and titratable acidity - TA) were performed 45 days after ensiling. For the digestibility test, 20 castrated male piglets (one pig per experimental unit) with an average initial weight of 10.9±1.1kg, with four replicates per treatment, with an additional reference treatment (diet without silages) permitted by angular coefficient to estimate the nutrients digestibility coefficients of grain silages. There was interaction of inoculation with the corn variety (p<0.05) for TA and the treatment without inoculation showed the highest TA values for Tropical sweet corn and higher TA when inoculated for the Fortuna. Fortuna MCGS showed better DM and energy digestibility coefficients than silages made with Tropical sweet corn. Corrected for 88% of DM, Fortuna corn presented 3.45 Mcal of ME/kg, and Tropical sweet corn 3.41 Mcal of ME/kg. Bacterial inoculation did not influence the chemical composition of the silages, digestibility or metabolization coefficients.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Masculino , Zea mays/química , Porcinos/metabolismo , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los AnimalesRESUMEN
Male infertility or subfertility is frequently associated with disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testis axis events, like secondary hypogonadism. However, little is known how this condition affects the proteomic composition of the epididymal fluid. In the present study, we evaluated the proteomic changes in the cauda epididymal fluid (CEF) in a swine model of secondary hypogonadism induced by anti-GnRH immunization using multidimensional protein identification technology. Seven hundred and eighteen proteins were identified in both GnRH-immunized and control groups. GnRH immunization doubled the number of proteins in the CEF, with 417 proteins being found exclusively in samples from GnRH-immunized boars. CEF from GnRH-immunized boars presented an increase in the number of proteins related to cellular and metabolic processes, with affinity to organic cyclic compounds, small molecules, and heterocyclic compounds, as well changed the enzymatic profile of the CEF. Also, a significant increase in the number of proteins associated to the ubiquitin-proteasome system was identified in CEF from GnRH-immunized animals. These results bring strong evidence of the impact of secondary hypogonadism on the epididymal environment, which is responsible for sperm maturation and storage prior ejaculation. Finally, the differently expressed proteins in the CEF are putative seminal biomarkers for testicular and epididymal disorders caused by secondary hypogonadism.
Asunto(s)
Líquidos Corporales/metabolismo , Epidídimo/metabolismo , Hipogonadismo/metabolismo , Infertilidad Masculina/metabolismo , Proteoma/metabolismo , Animales , Anticuerpos/farmacología , Líquidos Corporales/química , Líquidos Corporales/efectos de los fármacos , Anticoncepción Inmunológica/métodos , Anticoncepción Inmunológica/veterinaria , Epidídimo/química , Epidídimo/efectos de los fármacos , Hormona Liberadora de Gonadotropina/inmunología , Hormona Liberadora de Gonadotropina/metabolismo , Hipogonadismo/etiología , Hipogonadismo/inmunología , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisario/efectos de los fármacos , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisario/metabolismo , Infertilidad Masculina/etiología , Infertilidad Masculina/inmunología , Infertilidad Masculina/veterinaria , Masculino , Modelos Animales , Proteoma/análisis , Proteoma/efectos de los fármacos , Proteómica , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Porcinos/metabolismo , Testículo/efectos de los fármacos , Testículo/metabolismoRESUMEN
The addition of different oil blends in the feed of finishing pigs was evaluated. Twenty-four castrated male finishing pigs were used in a randomized block design containing four treatments and six replicates. The treatments consisted of: Reference ration (RR) - 100% soybean oil feed; and the combination of the different oils: Blend1 - 50.0% soybean oil (SO), 25.0% flaxseed oil (FO), 12.5% olive oil (OO) and 12.5% canola oil (CO); Blend2 - 25.0% SO, 50.0% FO, 12.5% OO and 12.5% CO; and Blend3 - 25.0% SO, 12.5% FO, 12.5% OO and 50.0% CO. The performance, quantitative and qualitative carcass parameters, fatty acids profile and economic feasibility of the diets were evaluated. The use of blends in the diets did not influence the performance or carcass quality, but increased marbling and carcass yield. The fatty acid profile of the loin presented greater amounts of stearic acid in Blend3 and higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in animals fed with Blend1. The fatty tissue presented greater amounts of myristic acid in Blend1 and oleic acid in Blend3. The reference ration was the most economic. The Blends did not affect performance or carcass characteristics and improved the fatty acid profile.(AU)
Foi avaliada a utilização de diferentes blends de óleo em dietas de suínos em terminação. Foram utilizados 24 suínos, machos, castrados, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de: ração referência (RR) - 100% de ração com utilização de óleo de soja; e a combinação de diferentes óleos: Blend1 - 50,0% de óleo de soja (OS), 25,0% de óleo de linhaça (OL), 12,5% de óleo de oliva (OO) e 12,5% de óleo de canola (OC); Blend2 - 25,0% OS; 50,0% OL; 12,5% OO e 12,5% OC; e Blend3 - 25,0% OS; 12,5% OL; 12,5% OO e 50,0% OC. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de desempenho, a qualidade de carcaça, o perfil de ácidos graxos e a viabilidade econômica. O uso de blends nas dietas não influenciou o desempenho ou a qualidade da carcaça, mas aumentou o marmoreio e o rendimento de carcaça. O perfil de ácidos graxos do lombo apresentou maiores quantidades de ácido esteárico com a utilização do Blend3 e maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos insaturados nos animais alimentados com o Blend1. O tecido adiposo apresentou maiores quantidades de ácido mirístico quando se forneceu o Blend1 e de ácido oleico com o Blend3. A ração testemunha foi a mais econômica. As misturas não afetaram o desempenho e as características de carcaça e melhoraram o perfil de ácidos graxos da carne.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Porcinos/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Monoinsaturados/administración & dosificación , Ácido Linoleico , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Alimentos FortificadosRESUMEN
The addition of different oil blends in the feed of finishing pigs was evaluated. Twenty-four castrated male finishing pigs were used in a randomized block design containing four treatments and six replicates. The treatments consisted of: Reference ration (RR) - 100% soybean oil feed; and the combination of the different oils: Blend1 - 50.0% soybean oil (SO), 25.0% flaxseed oil (FO), 12.5% olive oil (OO) and 12.5% canola oil (CO); Blend2 - 25.0% SO, 50.0% FO, 12.5% OO and 12.5% CO; and Blend3 - 25.0% SO, 12.5% FO, 12.5% OO and 50.0% CO. The performance, quantitative and qualitative carcass parameters, fatty acids profile and economic feasibility of the diets were evaluated. The use of blends in the diets did not influence the performance or carcass quality, but increased marbling and carcass yield. The fatty acid profile of the loin presented greater amounts of stearic acid in Blend3 and higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in animals fed with Blend1. The fatty tissue presented greater amounts of myristic acid in Blend1 and oleic acid in Blend3. The reference ration was the most economic. The Blends did not affect performance or carcass characteristics and improved the fatty acid profile.(AU)
Foi avaliada a utilização de diferentes blends de óleo em dietas de suínos em terminação. Foram utilizados 24 suínos, machos, castrados, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de: ração referência (RR) - 100% de ração com utilização de óleo de soja; e a combinação de diferentes óleos: Blend1 - 50,0% de óleo de soja (OS), 25,0% de óleo de linhaça (OL), 12,5% de óleo de oliva (OO) e 12,5% de óleo de canola (OC); Blend2 - 25,0% OS; 50,0% OL; 12,5% OO e 12,5% OC; e Blend3 - 25,0% OS; 12,5% OL; 12,5% OO e 50,0% OC. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de desempenho, a qualidade de carcaça, o perfil de ácidos graxos e a viabilidade econômica. O uso de blends nas dietas não influenciou o desempenho ou a qualidade da carcaça, mas aumentou o marmoreio e o rendimento de carcaça. O perfil de ácidos graxos do lombo apresentou maiores quantidades de ácido esteárico com a utilização do Blend3 e maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos insaturados nos animais alimentados com o Blend1. O tecido adiposo apresentou maiores quantidades de ácido mirístico quando se forneceu o Blend1 e de ácido oleico com o Blend3. A ração testemunha foi a mais econômica. As misturas não afetaram o desempenho e as características de carcaça e melhoraram o perfil de ácidos graxos da carne.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Porcinos/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Monoinsaturados/administración & dosificación , Ácido Linoleico , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Alimentos FortificadosRESUMEN
In the present study, we describe the proteome of porcine cauda epididymis fluid and spermatozoa by means of Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT). Ten sexually mature healthy boars were surgically castrated and epididymides were dissected to obtain the cauda epididymal content. Polled protein extracts of cauda epididymal fluid (CEF) and spermatozoa (CESperm) were loaded in an Agilent 1100 quaternary HPLC and peptides eluted from the microcapillary column were electro-sprayed directly into a LTQ Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer. Using bioinformatics, identified proteins were classified by their molecular functions, involvement in biological processes and participation in relevant metabolic pathways associated with spermatozoa physiology, fertility potential and protection. A total of 645 proteins were identified in the CEF, with epididymal-specific lipocalin-5, beta-hexosaminidase subunit beta precursor and phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 4 being the most abundant proteins found. A total of 2886 proteins were identified in the CESperm proteome with 81 proteins being considered more abundant (spectral counts > 100). CEF and CESperm data were compared and 345 proteins were present in both proteomes. Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 4 precursor was the only protein found most abundant in both CEF and CESperm proteomes. Based on Gene Ontology analysis, we identified CEF and CESperm proteins associated with sperm protection against ROS and immune mediated response, glycosaminoglycan degradation, ubiquitin-proteasome system, metabolic process and maturation, modulation of acrosome reaction and ZP binding and oocyte penetration. These results provide a better comprehension about the molecular process and biological pathways involved in sperm epididymis maturation and establishment of the cauda epididymis sperm reservoir.