RESUMEN
Rejeição do PL nº 3.292/2020, do deputado Vitor Hugo (PSL-GO), que determina que "no mínimo 40% (quarenta por cento) dos recursos repassados pelo FNDE, no âmbito do PNAE, e utilizados para a aquisição de leite, devem se referir à forma fluida do produto adquirida junto a laticínios locais devidamente registrados no Serviço de Inspeção Federal, Estadual ou Municipal" e a retirada, na aquisição de alimentos, da prioridade dada a comunidades tradicionais indígenas e de remanescentes de quilombos; Rejeição do PL nº 4.195/2012, de autoria do deputado Afonso Hamm (PP-RS), junto com as outras 16 proposições apensadas (anexadas) a elas, que torna obrigatória a carne suína nos cardápios das refeições fornecidas pelo PNAE; Rejeição do Projeto de Lei nº 6.299/2002, de autoria do Deputado Luiz Nishimori (PL-PR), conhecido como "Pacote do Veneno" em virtude dos altos riscos à saúde pública que a ampliação do uso de agrotóxicos representa, e a aprovação da Política Nacional de Redução de Agrotóxicos (PL nº 6.670/2016), reiterando a Recomendação CNS nº 049, de 06/12/2019; Derrubada dos vetos presidenciais à Lei Assis Carvalho (Lei nº 14.048, de 24 de agosto de 2020), que cria medidas emergenciais de amparo aos agricultores familiares para atenuar os impactos socioeconômicos da pandemia de Coronavírus; Votação imediata do Projeto de Lei nº 832/2020, do Deputado Júnior Bozzella (PSL-SP), que dispõe sobre a suspensão temporária de cobrança, pagamento, juros e multas incidentes sobre dívidas pelo período de 90 dias, em função da pandemia de Coronavírus; Aprovação do Projeto de Lei nº 880/2021, de autoria do Senador Jaques Wagner (PT/BA), que institui a Política Nacional de Promoção da Alimentação e dos Produtos da Sociobiodiversidade de Povos e Comunidades e dá outras providências.
Asunto(s)
Áreas de Pobreza , Política Nutricional/legislación & jurisprudencia , Poblaciones Vulnerables/legislación & jurisprudencia , COVID-19 , Promoción de la SaludRESUMEN
O Brasil apresenta a terceira maior população carcerária do mundo com 726.712 pessoas encarceradas. Verifica-se um déficit de 358.663 vagas no sistema prisional. A Constituição Brasileira de 1988 garante o direito à saúde as pessoas privadas de liberdade. Como estratégia para efetivar ações de saúde no âmbito prisional, em 2003, foi instituído o Plano Nacional de Saúde do Sistema Penitenciário no SUS. Durante 10 anos a sua execução buscou garantir cuidado de saúde à população carcerária. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, do tipo descritiva e exploratória. O objetivo principal foi compreender a assistência à saúde das pessoas residentes no CDP, na cidade de Pau dos Ferros/RN/Brasil. Participaram da pesquisa profissionais de saúde (n=4) e da justiça (n=9). Como instrumento de coleta de dados utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada, que após transcrição foram analisadas e interpretadas pelo método da Análise Temática. Ao final, quatro categorias emergiram: Conhecimento dos Trabalhadores da Saúde e da Justiça sobre a garantia da Saúde no Sistema Prisional. As ações de saúde realizadas para atender as necessidades e problemas das pessoas privadas de liberdade. O diálogo entre as instituições de saúde e da justiça no sentido de garantir o direito à saúde. A efetivação do direito à saúde no sistema prisional: limites e possibilidades. O estudo demonstrou o quanto é carente a assistência em saúde aos homens em situação de detenção provisória e, como é cogente a aplicação na prática dos princípios do SUS, somente assim, há de se conquistar a quimera que é o diálogo entre a saúde e a justiça para a real operacionalização da Política Nacional de Atenção Integral da Saúde Prisional, resultando assim numa melhoria da situação de saúde vivenciada no sistema prisional.
Brazil has the third largest prison population in the world with 726,712 people incarcerated. There is a deficit of 358,663 places in the prison system. The Brazilian 1988 Federal Constitution guarantees the right to health to persons deprived of their freedom. As a strategy to implement health actions in prison, in 2003, the National Health Plan of the Penitentiary System in the Single Health System was established. For 10 years, its execution sought to guarantee health care to the imprisoned population. This study presents a descriptive, exploratory qualitative research, where the main objective was to understand the health care provided to people living in CDP, in the city of Pau dos Ferros in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Health professionals (n = 4) and justice professionals (n = 9) participated in the research. A semi-structured interview was used as a data collection instrument, which, after transcription, was analyzed and interpreted by the Thematic Analysis method. In the end, four categories emerged: Knowledge of Health and Justice Professionals about Health Care in the Prison System. Health actions taken to address the needs and problems of persons deprived of their freedom. Dialogue between health and justice institutions in order to guarantee the right to health. The right to health accomplishment in the prison system: limits and possibilities. The study demonstrated the lack of health care for men in custody and, as the practical application of the SUS principles is required, it is the only way to conquer the chimera that is the dialogue between health and justice for the real operationalization of the National Policy of Integral Prison Health Care resulting in an improvement of the health situation experienced within the prison system.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Atención Primaria de Salud/legislación & jurisprudencia , Prisioneros/legislación & jurisprudencia , Efectividad , Derechos de los Prisioneros , Prisiones/legislación & jurisprudencia , Sistema Único de Salud , Atención a la Salud , Poblaciones Vulnerables/legislación & jurisprudencia , Derecho a la Salud/legislación & jurisprudencia , Derechos Humanos/legislación & jurisprudenciaRESUMEN
This article discusses the health needs and demands of trans men, a topic that has received little attention and frequently calls for the development of specific health care practices for this population. A qualitative study was performed, consisting of participant observation and semi-structured interviews with trans men residing in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil, the majority of whom were black, heterosexual, and 20 to 43 years of age. The analysis was based on interpretative anthropology, linked to critique of the assumption of intersectionality and the decolonial perspective. The health needs and demands of trans men are organized in three aspects: de-pathologization, body modification, and outpatient care. These aspects are not universal among trans men and may result from situations that indicate group conflicts and pressures. The absence of transsexualization process in the state of Bahia and barriers to accessing the health care network intensify the commodification of trans men's health demands and especially body modifications. The study concludes that structural transphobia triggers a series of health issues, while limiting the possibilities for obtaining care. The de-pathologization of trans experiences constitutes the central basis for conceiving care, relating it to cultural, political, and social changes that involve the construction of a non-transphobic society and foster the well-being and recognition of trans men.
Este artigo discute as necessidades e demandas de saúde de homens trans, tema pouco estudado que, com frequência, interpela a construção de práticas de cuidado em saúde para esta população. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa composta de observação participante e entrevistas semiestruturadas com dez homens trans residentes em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, em sua maioria negros, heterossexuais e com idades entre 20 e 43 anos. A análise foi baseada na antropologia interpretativa, articulada às críticas do pressuposto da interseccionalidade e da perspectiva decolonial. As necessidades e demandas de saúde dos homens trans são organizadas em três aspectos: a despatologização, a modificação corporal e os atendimentos ambulatoriais. Esses não são universais entre todos os homens trans e podem ser decorrentes de situações que assinalam conflitos e pressões grupais. A ausência do processo transexualizador no estado e as barreiras no acesso à rede de atenção à saúde intensificam o processo de mercantilização das suas demandas de saúde, em especial, as modificações corporais. Conclui-se que a transfobia estrutural faz disparar uma série de questões de saúde, ao mesmo tempo em que limita as possibilidades de obtenção de cuidado. A despatologização das vivências trans constitui o eixo central com base no qual o cuidado deve ser pensado, relacionando-a a mudanças culturais, políticas e sociais que impliquem a construção de uma sociedade não transfóbica e incidam no bem-estar e reconhecimento dos homens trans.
Este artículo discute las necesidades y demandas de salud de hombres transexuales, tema poco estudiado que, con frecuencia, requiere la construcción de prácticas de cuidado de salud para esta población. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa, compuesta de diez hombres transexuales residentes en Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, en su mayoría negros, heterosexuales y con edades entre 20 y 43 años. El análisis se basó en la antropología interpretativa, vinculada a críticas del presupuesto de la interseccionalidad y desde una perspectiva decolonial. Las necesidades y demandas de salud de los hombres transexuales se organizan en torno a tres aspectos: despatologización, modificación corporal y atención ambulatoria. Estos no son universales entre todos los hombres transexuales y pueden derivarse de situaciones que indican conflictos y presiones grupales. La ausencia del proceso transexualizador en el estado y las barreras en el acceso a la red de atención de la salud intensifican el proceso de mercantilización de sus demandas de salud, en especial, las modificaciones corporales. Se concluye que la transfobia estructural dispara una serie de cuestiones de salud, al mismo tiempo que limita las posibilidades de obtención de cuidado. La despatologización de las vivencias trans constituye el eje central, en base al cual se debe pensar el cuidado, relacionándolo con cambios culturales y políticas sociales que impliquen la construcción de una sociedad no transfóbica e incidan en el bienestar y reconocimiento de los hombres transexuales.
Asunto(s)
Necesidades y Demandas de Servicios de Salud , Servicios de Salud para las Personas Transgénero , Personas Transgénero , Adulto , Brasil , Humanos , Masculino , Prejuicio , Investigación Cualitativa , Personas Transgénero/legislación & jurisprudencia , Personas Transgénero/psicología , Poblaciones Vulnerables/etnología , Poblaciones Vulnerables/legislación & jurisprudencia , Poblaciones Vulnerables/psicología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Resumo: Este artigo discute as necessidades e demandas de saúde de homens trans, tema pouco estudado que, com frequência, interpela a construção de práticas de cuidado em saúde para esta população. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa composta de observação participante e entrevistas semiestruturadas com dez homens trans residentes em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, em sua maioria negros, heterossexuais e com idades entre 20 e 43 anos. A análise foi baseada na antropologia interpretativa, articulada às críticas do pressuposto da interseccionalidade e da perspectiva decolonial. As necessidades e demandas de saúde dos homens trans são organizadas em três aspectos: a despatologização, a modificação corporal e os atendimentos ambulatoriais. Esses não são universais entre todos os homens trans e podem ser decorrentes de situações que assinalam conflitos e pressões grupais. A ausência do processo transexualizador no estado e as barreiras no acesso à rede de atenção à saúde intensificam o processo de mercantilização das suas demandas de saúde, em especial, as modificações corporais. Conclui-se que a transfobia estrutural faz disparar uma série de questões de saúde, ao mesmo tempo em que limita as possibilidades de obtenção de cuidado. A despatologização das vivências trans constitui o eixo central com base no qual o cuidado deve ser pensado, relacionando-a a mudanças culturais, políticas e sociais que impliquem a construção de uma sociedade não transfóbica e incidam no bem-estar e reconhecimento dos homens trans.
Abstract: This article discusses the health needs and demands of trans men, a topic that has received little attention and frequently calls for the development of specific health care practices for this population. A qualitative study was performed, consisting of participant observation and semi-structured interviews with trans men residing in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil, the majority of whom were black, heterosexual, and 20 to 43 years of age. The analysis was based on interpretative anthropology, linked to critique of the assumption of intersectionality and the decolonial perspective. The health needs and demands of trans men are organized in three aspects: de-pathologization, body modification, and outpatient care. These aspects are not universal among trans men and may result from situations that indicate group conflicts and pressures. The absence of transsexualization process in the state of Bahia and barriers to accessing the health care network intensify the commodification of trans men's health demands and especially body modifications. The study concludes that structural transphobia triggers a series of health issues, while limiting the possibilities for obtaining care. The de-pathologization of trans experiences constitutes the central basis for conceiving care, relating it to cultural, political, and social changes that involve the construction of a non-transphobic society and foster the well-being and recognition of trans men.
Resumen: Este artículo discute las necesidades y demandas de salud de hombres transexuales, tema poco estudiado que, con frecuencia, requiere la construcción de prácticas de cuidado de salud para esta población. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa, compuesta de diez hombres transexuales residentes en Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, en su mayoría negros, heterosexuales y con edades entre 20 y 43 años. El análisis se basó en la antropología interpretativa, vinculada a críticas del presupuesto de la interseccionalidad y desde una perspectiva decolonial. Las necesidades y demandas de salud de los hombres transexuales se organizan en torno a tres aspectos: despatologización, modificación corporal y atención ambulatoria. Estos no son universales entre todos los hombres transexuales y pueden derivarse de situaciones que indican conflictos y presiones grupales. La ausencia del proceso transexualizador en el estado y las barreras en el acceso a la red de atención de la salud intensifican el proceso de mercantilización de sus demandas de salud, en especial, las modificaciones corporales. Se concluye que la transfobia estructural dispara una serie de cuestiones de salud, al mismo tiempo que limita las posibilidades de obtención de cuidado. La despatologización de las vivencias trans constituye el eje central, en base al cual se debe pensar el cuidado, relacionándolo con cambios culturales y políticas sociales que impliquen la construcción de una sociedad no transfóbica e incidan en el bienestar y reconocimiento de los hombres transexuales.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Personas Transgénero/legislación & jurisprudencia , Personas Transgénero/psicología , Servicios de Salud para las Personas Transgénero , Necesidades y Demandas de Servicios de Salud , Prejuicio , Brasil , Investigación Cualitativa , Poblaciones Vulnerables/etnología , Poblaciones Vulnerables/legislación & jurisprudencia , Poblaciones Vulnerables/psicologíaRESUMEN
Minorities are in an inferior position in society and therefore vulnerable in many aspects. This study analyzes legislative vulnerability and aims to categorize as "weak" or "strong" the protection conferred by law to the following minorities: elderly, disabled, LGBT, Indians, women, children/ adolescents and black people. In order to do so, it was developed a documental research in 30 federal laws in which legal provisions were searched to protect minorities. Next, the articles were organized in the following categories: civil, criminal, administrative, labor and procedural, to be analyzed afterwards. Legal protection was considered "strong" when there were legal provisions that observed the five categories and "weak" when it did not meet this criterion. It was noted that six groups have "strong" legislative protection, which elides the assertion that minorities are outside the law. The exception is the LGBT group, whose legislative protection is weak. In addition, consecrating rights through laws strengthens the institutional channels for minorities to demand their rights. Finally, it was observed that the legislative protection granted tominorities is not homogeneous but rather discriminatory, and there is an interference by the majority group in the rights regulation of vulnerable groups.
As minorias encontram-se em uma posição de inferioridade na sociedade e, por isso, são vulneráveis em vários aspectos. Este estudo analisa a vulnerabilidade legislativa e visa categorizar como "fraca" ou "forte" a proteção conferida pela lei às minorias: idoso, deficiente, LGBT, índio, mulher, criança/adolescente e negros. Para tanto, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa documental em que se buscou, em 30 leis federais, dispositivos legais que conferissem proteção às minorias. Em seguida, os artigos foram organizados nas categorias: cível, criminal, administrativo, trabalhista e processual para, posteriormente, serem analisados. Considerou-se a proteção jurídica como "forte" quando houvesse dispositivos legais que contemplassem as cinco categorias, e "fraca", a que não atendia esse critério. Observou-se que seis grupos possuem uma proteção legislativa "forte", o que elide a afirmação de que as minorias estão à margem da lei. A exceção é o grupo LGBT, cujo amparo legal é "fraco" Ademais, consagrar direitos por meio de leis reforça os canais institucionais para que as minorias exijam seus direitos. Por fim, observou- se que o amparo legislativo conferido às minorias não é homogêneo e sim é discriminatório, além de existir uma interferência do grupo majoritário na regulação dos direitos dos grupos vulneráveis.
Asunto(s)
Derechos Humanos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Grupos Minoritarios/legislación & jurisprudencia , Poblaciones Vulnerables/legislación & jurisprudencia , Brasil , Gobierno Federal , Regulación Gubernamental , HumanosRESUMEN
Resumo As minorias encontram-se em uma posição de inferioridade na sociedade e, por isso, são vulneráveis em vários aspectos. Este estudo analisa a vulnerabilidade legislativa e visa categorizar como "fraca" ou "forte" a proteção conferida pela lei às minorias: idoso, deficiente, LGBT, índio, mulher, criança/adolescente e negros. Para tanto, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa documental em que se buscou, em 30 leis federais, dispositivos legais que conferissem proteção às minorias. Em seguida, os artigos foram organizados nas categorias: cível, criminal, administrativo, trabalhista e processual para, posteriormente, serem analisados. Considerou-se a proteção jurídica como "forte" quando houvesse dispositivos legais que contemplassem as cinco categorias, e "fraca", a que não atendia esse critério. Observou-se que seis grupos possuem uma proteção legislativa "forte", o que elide a afirmação de que as minorias estão à margem da lei. A exceção é o grupo LGBT, cujo amparo legal é "fraco" Ademais, consagrar direitos por meio de leis reforça os canais institucionais para que as minorias exijam seus direitos. Por fim, observou- se que o amparo legislativo conferido às minorias não é homogêneo e sim é discriminatório, além de existir uma interferência do grupo majoritário na regulação dos direitos dos grupos vulneráveis.
Abstract Minorities are in an inferior position in society and therefore vulnerable in many aspects. This study analyzes legislative vulnerability and aims to categorize as "weak" or "strong" the protection conferred by law to the following minorities: elderly, disabled, LGBT, Indians, women, children/ adolescents and black people. In order to do so, it was developed a documental research in 30 federal laws in which legal provisions were searched to protect minorities. Next, the articles were organized in the following categories: civil, criminal, administrative, labor and procedural, to be analyzed afterwards. Legal protection was considered "strong" when there were legal provisions that observed the five categories and "weak" when it did not meet this criterion. It was noted that six groups have "strong" legislative protection, which elides the assertion that minorities are outside the law. The exception is the LGBT group, whose legislative protection is weak. In addition, consecrating rights through laws strengthens the institutional channels for minorities to demand their rights. Finally, it was observed that the legislative protection granted tominorities is not homogeneous but rather discriminatory, and there is an interference by the majority group in the rights regulation of vulnerable groups.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Poblaciones Vulnerables/legislación & jurisprudencia , Derechos Humanos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Grupos Minoritarios/legislación & jurisprudencia , Brasil , Gobierno Federal , Regulación GubernamentalRESUMEN
Since the 19th century with syphilis and most recently with AIDS, sex workers have been seen as a means for disease transmission and a public health problem that requires intervention. However, researchers have shown that in Western countries, HIV rates in people involved in commercial sex are low, except for in specific groups, such as intravenous drug users. Moreover, the risks faced by sex workers due to stigmatization and other forms of violence have been put into evidence. Based on an urban ethnography with street sex workers carried out in Porto (Portugal), between 2004 and 2005, this article discusses the social, labor, and legal vulnerabilities affecting people involved in commercial sex and how these interfere with their health. Focus is placed on the strategies used by sex workers to minimize health risks and their discourses of resistance in fighting vulnerabilities.
Asunto(s)
Disparidades en el Estado de Salud , Salud Pública , Conducta de Reducción del Riesgo , Trabajo Sexual , Trabajadores Sexuales , Poblaciones Vulnerables , Adulto , Antropología Cultural , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Portugal , Sexo Seguro/psicología , Trabajo Sexual/psicología , Trabajadores Sexuales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Trabajadores Sexuales/psicología , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/prevención & control , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/psicología , Marginación Social/psicología , Estigma Social , Sexo Inseguro/prevención & control , Sexo Inseguro/psicología , Violencia/legislación & jurisprudencia , Violencia/prevención & control , Violencia/psicología , Poblaciones Vulnerables/legislación & jurisprudencia , Poblaciones Vulnerables/psicologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Evidence-based public health and criminal justice policies aimed at addressing the structurally vulnerable population of persons who inject drugs (PWID) and who are involved in the immigrant enforcement and deportation system are lacking. Policing practices are critical structural determinants of HIV among PWID. PWID in Mexico who have been deported from the US are at elevated risk of HIV. METHODS: From 2011 to 2013, 733 PWID were recruited to complete structured questionnaires, including past 6-month experiences with police. Eligible PWID were 18 years or older, had injected in the past month, and resided in Tijuana, Mexico with no intentions of moving. To determine if deportation status was associated with experiences of arrests and problematic policing practices, we conducted separate multivariate logistic regression models for independent policing variables. RESULTS: In multivariate analyses, deportation status was independently associated with higher odds of being arrested (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 1.45; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.02-2.05), being asked for a bribe (AOR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.05-2.04), and being forced to leave a place of residence (AOR: 2.00; 95% CI: 1.08-3.70) in the past 6 months. CONCLUSION: Results highlight a previously poorly understood elements of the US-deportation experience: migrants' experiences with law enforcement post-deportation and the role of deportation policies and practices as structural drivers of public health risk in destination countries. We provide policy recommendations for Mexico and the US based on our findings, which have potential application in other countries seeking to improve enforcement and related policing practices from a public health perspective.
Asunto(s)
Aplicación de la Ley , Salud Pública , Abuso de Sustancias por Vía Intravenosa/epidemiología , Migrantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Policia , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Migrantes/legislación & jurisprudencia , Estados Unidos , Poblaciones Vulnerables/legislación & jurisprudencia , Poblaciones Vulnerables/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
RESUMEN Desde el siglo XIX, con la sífilis y, más recientemente, con el sida, lxs trabajadorxs del sexo pasaron a ser vistos como medios de transmisión de enfermedades y como un problema de salud pública que requiere intervención. Sin embargo, las investigaciones han demostrado que, en los países occidentales, la tasa de VIH en personas involucradas con la venta de sexo es baja, con excepción de grupos específicos, como los consumidores de drogas por vía inyectable. Además, se han puesto en evidencia los riesgos a los que están sometidos lxs trabajadorxs del sexo, por vía de la estigmatización o de otras formas de violencia. En este artículo, a partir de una etnografía urbana con trabajadorxs del sexo de calle, llevada a cabo en la ciudad de Porto (Portugal) entre 2004 y 2005, discutimos las vulnerabilidades sociales, laborales y jurídicas que afectan a las personas involucradas en el comercio del sexo y cómo interfieren en su salud. Nos centraremos en las estrategias de lxs trabajadorxs del sexo para minimizar los riesgos para la salud y el discurso de resistencia en el combate a las vulnerabilidades.
ABSTRACT Since the 19th century with syphilis and most recently with AIDS, sex workers have been seen as a means for disease transmission and a public health problem that requires intervention. However, researchers have shown that in Western countries, HIV rates in people involved in commercial sex are low, except for in specific groups, such as intravenous drug users. Moreover, the risks faced by sex workers due to stigmatization and other forms of violence have been put into evidence. Based on an urban ethnography with street sex workers carried out in Porto (Portugal), between 2004 and 2005, this article discusses the social, labor, and legal vulnerabilities affecting people involved in commercial sex and how these interfere with their health. Focus is placed on the strategies used by sex workers to minimize health risks and their discourses of resistance in fighting vulnerabilities.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Trabajo Sexual/psicología , Salud Pública , Conducta de Reducción del Riesgo , Disparidades en el Estado de Salud , Trabajadores Sexuales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Trabajadores Sexuales/psicología , Portugal , Violencia/legislación & jurisprudencia , Violencia/psicología , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/prevención & control , Sexo Seguro/psicología , Poblaciones Vulnerables/legislación & jurisprudencia , Poblaciones Vulnerables/psicología , Sexo Inseguro/prevención & control , Estigma Social , Marginación Social/psicología , Antropología CulturalRESUMEN
For nearly 30 years, Programa Compañeros Inc (Compañeros) has worked in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico, to ensure that vulnerable populations can exercise their rights to receive HIV and substance abuse prevention and treatment services. Compañeros staff has worked to ameliorate the negative results that limit access to care to the most vulnerable individuals: those who are poor, homeless, sex workers, addicted, and others whose life context put them at greater risk for being infected with HIV. With support from the MAC AIDS Foundation, Compañeros has expanded its capacity to deliver services to persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and to HIV-vulnerable populations. This short communication describes findings from an internal evaluation conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the MAC AIDS-funded navigator-based program implemented at Compañeros.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH/terapia , Calidad de la Atención de Salud/normas , Poblaciones Vulnerables , Adulto , Femenino , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Derechos Humanos , Humanos , Masculino , México , Persona de Mediana Edad , Apoyo Social , Poblaciones Vulnerables/legislación & jurisprudencia , Poblaciones Vulnerables/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The purpose of this paper was to describe the need to protect the rights of human subjects participating in nursing research, and procedures for doing so. The path taken to the task at hand was to approach the topic by discussing the philosophical underpinnings of human subject protection and describing the approach for doing this in all cases where humans are used as research subjects. These underpinnings include specific ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice, and the procedures used in the U.S. for protecting the rights of human subjects. Once the process was clarified, the considerations necessary to protect the special groups referred to as ''vulnerable'' are discussed. Given the author's access to U.S. documents and the fact that U.S. government agencies took early steps to formalize rules and regulations for the protection of human subjects, vulnerable or otherwise, the experience of the United States was selected for presentation. It is recognized that there are now relevant international documents that are exceedingly helpful, and also, that various countries may have their own guidelines for investigators to follow. In such cases researchers can engage in comparative analysis between their own guidance and the processes described here, and decide their path accordingly.
Asunto(s)
Ética en Investigación , Derechos Humanos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Investigación en Enfermería/ética , Poblaciones Vulnerables/legislación & jurisprudencia , Humanos , Sujetos de Investigación/legislación & jurisprudencia , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
This study analyzes the links between health, rights, legislation, and public policies based on document research on legal safeguards for women and their children residing in prison. The research was conducted at the Federal level and in four States of Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso, Paraná, and São Paulo. The study aims to back measures by public agencies to guarantee such rights and to raise awareness of the problem, given the extreme vulnerability of women inmates and their children and the issue's legal and administrative invisibility. The authors identified 33 different legal provisions as points of tension, such as the possibility of house arrest and disparities in the terms and conditions for children to remain inside the prison system. Various provisions cite the Constitutional guarantee of women inmates' right to breastfeed in prison. Meanwhile, the study found gaps in other issues pertaining to motherhood in prison, expressed as dual incarceration (imprisonment arbitrarily extended to their children). It is necessary to expand and enforce the existing legislation to prevent such violations of rights.
Asunto(s)
Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/legislación & jurisprudencia , Derechos Humanos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Prisioneros/legislación & jurisprudencia , Prisiones/legislación & jurisprudencia , Política Pública , Brasil , Niño , Cuidado del Niño/legislación & jurisprudencia , Protección a la Infancia/legislación & jurisprudencia , Femenino , Humanos , Relaciones Madre-Hijo/legislación & jurisprudencia , Prisiones/organización & administración , Poblaciones Vulnerables/legislación & jurisprudenciaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This paper explores the implementation and sustenance of universal health coverage (UHC) in Costa Rica, discussing the development of a social security scheme that covered 5% of the population in 1940, to one that finances and provides comprehensive healthcare to the whole population today. The scheme is financed by mandatory, tri-partite social insurance contributions complemented by tax funding to cover the poor. METHODS: The analysis takes a historical perspective and explores the policy process including the key actors and their relative influence in decision-making. Data were collected using qualitative research instruments, including a review of literature, institutional and other documents, and in-depth interviews with key informants. RESULTS: Key lessons to be learned are: i) population health was high on the political agenda in Costa Rica, in particular before the 1980s when UHC was enacted and the transfer of hospitals to the social security institution took place. Opposition to UHC could therefore be contained through negotiation and implemented incrementally despite the absence of real consensus among the policy elite; ii) since the 1960s, the social security institution has been responsible for UHC in Costa Rica. This institution enjoys financial and managerial autonomy relative to the general government, which has also facilitated the UHC policy implementation process; iii) UHC was simultaneously constructed on three pillars that reciprocally strengthened each other: increasing population coverage, increasing availability of financial resources based on solidarity financing mechanisms, and increasing service coverage, ultimately offering comprehensive health services and the same benefits to every resident in the country; iv) particularly before the 1980s, the fruits of economic growth were structurally invested in health and other universal social policies, in particular education and sanitation. The social security institution became a flagship of Costa Rica's national development strategy which reinforced its political importance and contributed to its longer-term sustainability and that of UHC. CONCLUSIONS: UHC has been achieved in Costa Rica because it was supported at the highest political level within a favourable socio-economic and political context. Once achieved, UHC became an entitlement for the population and now enjoys broad public support.
Asunto(s)
Reforma de la Atención de Salud/métodos , Servicios de Salud/economía , Cobertura Universal del Seguro de Salud , Poblaciones Vulnerables/legislación & jurisprudencia , Costa Rica/epidemiología , Estudios de Evaluación como Asunto , Humanos , Seguro Médico General/economía , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/economía , Formulación de PolíticasRESUMEN
This paper explores the role played by water infrastructure in urban livelihoods. It is based on a study of three settlements in Cusco, Peru, and shows that different modes of organising infrastructure co-exist within the same city, despite national policy prescriptions for urban water provision. Further, unequal access of households to these services exists within the same settlements and amplifies household vulnerability which, in turn, feeds back to undermine local, autonomous governance of water. This paper draws on the work of van Vliet et al. and Marvin and Graham to develop a framework that considers infrastructure organisation alongside household livelihoods in order to analyse the features of governance and vulnerability that affect urban livelihoods by privileging some groups and bypassing others.
Asunto(s)
Características Culturales , Salud Pública , Saneamiento , Factores Socioeconómicos , Poblaciones Vulnerables , Abastecimiento de Agua , Características Culturales/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Perú/etnología , Salud Pública/economía , Salud Pública/educación , Salud Pública/historia , Salud Pública/legislación & jurisprudencia , Saneamiento/economía , Saneamiento/historia , Saneamiento/legislación & jurisprudencia , Factores Socioeconómicos/historia , Población Urbana/historia , Poblaciones Vulnerables/etnología , Poblaciones Vulnerables/legislación & jurisprudencia , Poblaciones Vulnerables/psicología , Abastecimiento de Agua/economía , Abastecimiento de Agua/historia , Abastecimiento de Agua/legislación & jurisprudenciaAsunto(s)
Países en Desarrollo , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/legislación & jurisprudencia , Disparidades en el Estado de Salud , Disparidades en Atención de Salud , Cooperación Internacional , Personas con Discapacidades Mentales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Factores Socioeconómicos , Poblaciones Vulnerables/legislación & jurisprudencia , Brasil , Comparación Transcultural , Humanos , Política , Reino Unido , Organización Mundial de la SaludRESUMEN
The Latin American region is particularly prone to climate-related natural hazards. However, this article argues that natural hazards are only partly to blame for the region's vulnerability to natural disasters with quantitative evidence suggesting instead that income per capita and inequality are main determinants of natural disaster mortality in Latin America. Locally, the region's poor are particularly susceptible to climate-related natural hazards. As a result of their limited access to capital, adaptation based on social assets constitutes an effective coping strategy. Evidence from Bolivia and Belize illustrates the importance of social assets in protecting the most vulnerable against natural disasters.
Asunto(s)
Cambio Climático , Desastres , Gobierno , Pobreza , Factores Socioeconómicos , Poblaciones Vulnerables , Belice/etnología , Bolivia/etnología , Cambio Climático/economía , Cambio Climático/historia , Planificación en Desastres/economía , Planificación en Desastres/historia , Planificación en Desastres/legislación & jurisprudencia , Desastres/economía , Desastres/historia , Gobierno/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , América Latina/etnología , Pobreza/economía , Pobreza/etnología , Pobreza/historia , Pobreza/legislación & jurisprudencia , Pobreza/psicología , Clase Social/historia , Factores Socioeconómicos/historia , Poblaciones Vulnerables/etnología , Poblaciones Vulnerables/legislación & jurisprudencia , Poblaciones Vulnerables/psicologíaAsunto(s)
Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Códigos de Ética , Consentimiento Informado , Enfermos Mentales , Prisioneros , Sujetos de Investigación , Apoyo a la Investigación como Asunto , Poblaciones Vulnerables , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto/ética , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto/historia , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto/métodos , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto/normas , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto/tendencias , Países en Desarrollo , Industria Farmacéutica , Ética en Investigación/historia , Financiación Gubernamental/ética , Financiación Gubernamental/normas , Financiación Gubernamental/tendencias , Guatemala , Declaración de Helsinki , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Cooperación Internacional , Enfermos Mentales/historia , National Institutes of Health (U.S.) , Pobreza , Prisioneros/historia , Apoyo a la Investigación como Asunto/ética , Apoyo a la Investigación como Asunto/normas , Apoyo a la Investigación como Asunto/tendencias , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual/transmisión , Justicia Social , Estados Unidos , United States Food and Drug Administration , United States Public Health Service , Poblaciones Vulnerables/legislación & jurisprudenciaRESUMEN
En la conferencia que se vierte en el presente escrito, la autora se propuso mostrar el papel que la jurisprudencia de la Corte constitucional colombiana ha jugado en la tarea de hacer efectivos los derechos fundamentales de las poblaciones vulnerables de nuestro país en desarrollo de los principios de dignidad, igualdad y justicia. En su opinión, ese papel cobra singular importancia en el escenario colombiano porque otros poderes e instituciones han omitido realizar la actividad que les correspondería en este campo.