RESUMEN
This article examines the role of gender as an embodied site of political control and resistance within Mapuche-Capuchin relations in the early period of Bavarian Capuchin mission-building in Chile (1897-1922). The study frames agricultural science education as a civilizing method employed in the Capuchin mission schools, targeting Mapuche children. The aim was to educate Mapuche children in Christian and Western gender roles, moral behavior, and rural economic occupations. Amid the overarching conflict over land rights and privatization between Mapuche communities and the Chilean government, the state's support for the Capuchin order's evangelizing mission was perceived as a long-term strategy to appropriate Indigenous lands and assimilate the Mapuche into the rural and urban workforce. The article illustrates how the conflict over embodied gender roles disrupted Mapuche socioeconomic relations.
Asunto(s)
Rol de Género , Chile , Humanos , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XIX , Femenino , Niño , Masculino , Indígenas Sudamericanos/historia , Agricultura/historia , Identidad de Género , Población Rural/historia , EspiritualidadRESUMEN
A respeito dos agricultores e das populações rurais, a dificuldade de acesso aos serviços de saúde e o maior custo dos tratamentos psiquiátricos contribuem para que sejam negligenciados alguns cuidados relacionados à saúde mental. Além disso, características estressoras do ambiente laboral, como as longas distâncias, o isolamento, a dificuldade em desenvolver outra atividade laboral, o declínio da economia, a renda irregular e a exposição a pesticidas refletem no desenvolvimento de transtornos. Buscou-se identificar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao Transtorno Mental Comum e ao uso abusivo do álcool entre agricultores residentes em um município de médio porte no nordeste do Brasil, durante o ano de 2019 e 2020. Entrevistadoras treinadas aplicaram o questionário padronizado em 450 participantes. Investigaram-se características sociodemográficas, de saúde, renda e trabalho. O rastreamento do Transtorno Mental Comum (TMC) foi realizado mediante a utilização do questionário SRQ-20 (SelfReporting Questionaire, sendo o ponto de corte ≥7 para mulheres e ≥5 para homens. O rastreamento do uso abusivo do álcool foi realizado mediante a utilização do questionário CAGE (Cut down, Annoyed by criticism, Guilty e Eye-opener), sendo o ponto de corte ≥ 2. Foi aplicada a Regressão de Poisson com estimação robusta para verificar as razões de prevalências (RP) na análise bivariada e multivariada. A prevalência do TMC entre agricultores foi de 55,1% (IC95% 50,4-59,6). As variáveis que permaneceram significativas e associadas aos TMC foram: ser do sexo masculino (RP= 1,7), ter mais de 60 anos (RP=0,5), ter autoavaliação de saúde ruim ou muito ruim (RP=1,4), ter realizado tratamento anterior para saúde mental (RP=1,2), fazer uso abusivo do álcool (RP=1,2) e ter tido perda de produção (RP=1,3). A prevalência do uso abusivo do álcool entre agricultores foi de 32% (IC95% 27,8-36,4). Fatores como ser do sexo masculino, ter diagnóstico de transtorno mental na família, ser tabagista e usar drogas estiveram associados à maior prevalência do desfecho. Ter 60 anos ou mais esteve associado à menor prevalência do uso abusivo do álcool. Esses resultados indicam a necessidade de suporte social a este grupo de trabalhadores no contexto da saúde ocupacional e apontam que tanto o TMC quanto o uso abusivo de álcool estão associados à fatores individuais e do contexto de vida e trabalho dos agricultores, o que demonstra a importância do suporte social, econômico e dos serviços de saúde a este grupo de trabalhadores (AU).
With regard to farmers and rural populations, the difficulty in accessing health services and the higher cost of psychiatric treatments contribute to the neglect of some care related to mental health. In addition, stressful characteristics of the work environment, such as long distances, isolation, difficulty in developing other work activities, economic decline, irregular income and exposure to pesticides reflect on the development of disorders. We sought to identify the prevalence and factors associated with Common Mental Disorder and alcohol abuse among farmers living in a medium-sized municipality in northeastern Brazil, during 2019 and 2020. Trained interviewers applied the standardized questionnaire to 450 participants. Sociodemographic, health, income and work characteristics were investigated. Screening for Common Mental Disorder (CMD) was carried out using the SRQ-20 questionnaire (SelfReporting Questionaire, with a cutoff point ≥7 for women and ≥5 for men. the use of the CAGE questionnaire (Cut down, Annoyed by criticism, Guilty and Eye-opener), with the cutoff point ≥ 2. Poisson Regression with robust estimation was applied to verify the prevalence ratios (PR) in the bivariate and multivariate analysis. The prevalence of CMD among farmers was 55.1% (95%CI 50.4-59.6.) The variables that remained significant and associated with CMD were: being male (PR=1.7), having over 60 years old (PR=0.5), having poor or very poor self-rated health (PR=1.4), having undergone previous treatment for mental health (PR=1.2), having abused alcohol (PR =1.2) and having had loss of production (PR=1.3). The prevalence of alcohol abuse among farmers was 32% (95%CI 27.8- 36.4). Factors such as being male, having a diagnosis of mental disorder in the family, being a smoker and using drugs were associated with a higher prevalence of the outcome. Being 60 years old or more was associated with a lower prevalence of alcohol abuse. These results indicate the need for social support to this group of workers in the context of occupational health and point out that both CMD and alcohol abuse are associated with individual factors and the context of life and work of farmers, which demonstrates the importance social, economic and health services support to this group of workers (AU).
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Población Rural/historia , Trabajadores Rurales , Alcoholismo , Agricultores , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Brasil/epidemiología , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Estudios Transversales/métodos , Análisis Multivariante , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Política de SaludRESUMEN
Traditional Villages (TVs) are typical and representative of the agricultural civilization in millions of Chinese villages. The distribution of TVs shows spatial heterogeneity, based on the complexity and diversity of several influencing factors. In this study, 6,819 Chinese TVs were identified and the influencing factors that affect their distribution were screened in terms of three indicator groups: climatic, geographic, and humanity-related factors. Additionally, the K-means clustering algorithm clustered the TVs into different distribution regions. The quantitative relationships between the dominant influencing factors of different distribution regions were revealed to ensure a lucid understanding of the regional distribution of TVs. The results indicated that 1) climatic factors have the greatest impact on the spatial distribution of TVs, followed by geographic factors, particularly the elevation, and then by human factors, of which ethnic distribution played a relatively important role. 2) Twenty-one TV clustering distributions were obtained, which were classified into eight regions of TV distribution with different dominant influencing factors. Management and protective strategies were formulated based on the attribute analysis of influencing factors in each region. The obtained results delineated homogeneous TV distribution regions via the clustering method to achieve an accurate statistical analysis of the influencing factors. This study proposes a new perspective and reference for managing and protecting the diversity, continuity, and integrity of TVs across administrative regions.(AU)
As aldeias tradicionais (TVs) são típicas e representativas da civilização agrícola em milhões de comunidades chinesas. A distribuição das TVs mostra heterogeneidade espacial, baseada na complexidade e diversidade de diversos fatores influenciadores. Neste estudo, 6.819 TVs chinesas foram identificadas e os fatores que influenciam sua distribuição foram analisados em termos de três grupos de indicadores: fatores climáticos, geográficos e relacionados à humanidade. Além disso, o algoritmo de agrupamento K-means agrupou as TVs em diferentes regiões de distribuição. As relações quantitativas entre os fatores de influência dominantes de diferentes regiões de distribuição foram reveladas para garantir uma compreensão lúcida da distribuição regional de TVs. Os resultados indicam que 1) os fatores climáticos têm maior impacto na distribuição espacial das TVs, seguidos dos geográficos, em particular da elevação, e depois dos humanos, nos quais a distribuição étnica teve um papel relativamente importante; 2) foram obtidas as vinte e uma distribuições de agrupamento de TV, as quais foram classificadas em oito regiões de distribuição de TV com diferentes fatores de influência dominante. Estratégias de manejo e proteção foram formuladas com base na análise de atributos dos fatores influenciadores de cada região. Os resultados obtidos delinearam regiões homogêneas de distribuição de TV por meio do método de agrupamento para obter uma análise estatística precisa dos fatores de influência. Este estudo propõe uma nova perspectiva e referência para a gestão e proteção da diversidade, continuidade e integridade das TVs nas regiões administrativas.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Población Rural/historia , Planificación Rural/análisis , Planificación Rural/políticasRESUMEN
Anthropometric literature on the American territories of the Hispanic monarchy before their independence is still scarce. We attempt to expand the field with a case study that includes some important novelties. Albeit our main source, the military records of the Censo de Revillagigedo (conducted in the early 1790s), has already been used, the sample size and the geographical scope are unprecedented: 19,390 males of four ethnicities (castizos, españoles, mestizos, and mulatos) aged from 16 to 39 from 24 localities, including towns and villages scattered across central regions of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. We build a database that, complemented with information on resource endowments obtained from other sources, permits to analyze the determinants of height. Our results show the importance of spatial differences as well as the significance of ethnicity, occupation, rurality, age and resource endowments as determinants of height. Unprivileged mulatos are only 0.5cm shorter than, assumedly privileged, españoles in the "first world" (El Bajío) and 1.3cm taller in the "second world" (Eastern Central Highlands). In turn, living in the "first world" implies being between nearly 1.5cm and 5cm taller than the inhabitants of the "second world". Our estimates of physical statures are placed within an international comparative context and offer a relatively "optimistic" picture.
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Antropometría/historia , Estatura/etnología , Etnicidad/historia , Personal Militar/historia , Factores Socioeconómicos/historia , Adolescente , Adulto , Agricultura/historia , Agricultura/estadística & datos numéricos , Población Negra/etnología , Población Negra/historia , Población Negra/estadística & datos numéricos , Estatura/fisiología , Etnicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Humanos , Indígenas Norteamericanos/etnología , Indígenas Norteamericanos/historia , Indígenas Norteamericanos/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Personal Militar/estadística & datos numéricos , Minería/historia , Minería/estadística & datos numéricos , Población Rural/historia , Población Rural/estadística & datos numéricos , España/etnología , Población Urbana/historia , Población Urbana/estadística & datos numéricos , Población Blanca/etnología , Población Blanca/historia , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
In June 1929, the medical charity inspectors (Isauro Torres and Enrique Laval M.) submitted to the Direction of the Institution a plan for the normalization of all hospitals, which was approved by the Central Board at its meeting on 19 July of that year. The plan was to phase in the hospital action from the First-aid Posts or "Relief Houses" to the large referral hospitals. The "Relief House" would become the initial phase of hospital organization, located in rural areas. Finally, we emphasize that the Relief Houses were establishments for preventive and curative medicine in rural areas.
Asunto(s)
Medicina Preventiva/historia , Servicios de Salud Rural/historia , Chile , Historia del Siglo XX , Hospitales Rurales/historia , Población Rural/historiaRESUMEN
Socio-economic and environmental changes are well known causes of demographic collapse of agrarian cultures. The collapse of human societies is a complex phenomenon where historical and cultural dimensions play a key role, and they may interact with the environmental context. However, the importance of the interaction between socio-economic and climatic factors in explaining possible breakdowns in Native American societies has been poorly explored. The aim of this study is to test the role of socio-economic causes and rainfall variability in the collapse suffered by the Aymara people of the semiarid Andean region of Tarapacá during the period 1820-1970. Our motivation is to demonstrate that simple population dynamic models can be helpful in understanding the causes and relative importance of population changes in Andean agro-pastoral societies in responses to socio-environmental variability. Simple logistic models that combine the effects of external socio-economic causes and past rainfall variability (inferred from Gross Domestic Product [GDP] and tree-rings, respectively) were quite accurate in predicting the sustained population decline of the Aymara people. Our results suggest that the depopulation in the semiarid Tarapacá province was caused by the interaction among external socio-economic pressures given by the economic growth of the lowlands and demands for labor coupled with a persistent decline in rainfall. This study constitutes an example of how applied ecological knowledge, in particular the application of the logistic equation and theories pertaining to nonlinear population dynamics and exogenous perturbations, can be used to better understand major demographic changes in human societies.
Asunto(s)
Ambiente , Indígenas Sudamericanos/historia , Indígenas Sudamericanos/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores Socioeconómicos , Agricultura/historia , Agricultura/métodos , Agricultura/tendencias , Chile , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Densidad de Población , Dinámica Poblacional , Población Rural/historia , Población Rural/estadística & datos numéricos , Población Rural/tendencias , Cambio Social/historiaRESUMEN
Em meio às comemorações pelos 450 anos de fundação da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, a Editora Fiocruz traz ao público a segunda edição de um livro que é referência no estudo de habitações populares e favelas no Brasil e na América Latina. A Sociologia do Brasil Urbano, do antropólogo Anthony Leeds e da cientista política Elizabeth Leeds. O original, fruto de uma década de pesquisas, havia sido originalmente publicado em 1978 por iniciativa do antropólogo Gilberto Velho. A nova edição, organizada por Elizabeth Leeds e pela socióloga Nísia Trindade Lima, vem reparar uma ausência: a obra encontrava-se esgotada e, portanto, inacessível às novas gerações de pesquisadores. A Sociologia do Brasil Urbano apresenta análises sobre a estrutura de poder e de classes à luz da história das favelas e dos assentamentos não controlados na América Latina. As favelas do Rio de Janeiro, objeto privilegiado pelo estudo, foram analisadas pelo modo como foram tratadas pelo Estado e como eram desenvolvidas as políticas de habitação...
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Áreas de Pobreza , Vivienda Popular , Política Pública , Política Pública , Clase Social , Sociología , Urbanización , Población Urbana/historia , Brasil , Población Rural/historiaRESUMEN
The peri-urban area is the region where there is a more dynamic interaction between the urban and rural. The peri-urban area supplies natural resources, such as land for urban expansion and agricultural products to feed the urban population. In arid and semi-arid lands, such as northern Mexico, these areas may also be the source of water for the city's domestic demand. In addition, scholars argue that peri-urban residents may have a more advantageous geographical position for selling their labour and agricultural products in cities and, by doing so, sustaining their livelihoods. A considerable number of studies have examined the peri-urban to urban natural resources transfer in terms of land annexation, housing construction, and infrastructure issues; however, the study of the effects of the reallocation of peri-urban water resources to serve urban needs is critical as well because the livelihoods of peri-urban residents, such as those based on agriculture and livestock, depend on water availability. In the case of Hermosillo there is a tremendous pressure on the water resources of peri-urban small farm communities or ejidos because of urban demand. Based on interviews and structured surveys with producers and water managers, this paper examines how peri-urban livelihoods have been reshaped by the reallocation of the city's natural resources in many cases caused some ejido members or ejidatarios to lose livelihoods.
Asunto(s)
Agricultura , Abastecimiento de Alimentos , Geografía , Renta , Población Rural , Abastecimiento de Agua , Agricultura/economía , Agricultura/educación , Agricultura/historia , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/economía , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/historia , Geografía/economía , Geografía/educación , Geografía/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Renta/historia , México/etnología , Población Rural/historia , Factores Socioeconómicos/historia , Abastecimiento de Agua/economía , Abastecimiento de Agua/historia , Abastecimiento de Agua/legislación & jurisprudenciaRESUMEN
Favored by neoliberal agrarian policies, the production of fresh crops for international markets has become a common strategy for economic development in Mexico and other Latin American countries. But as some scholars have argued, the global fresh produce industry in developing countries in which fresh crops are produced for consumer markets in affluent nations implies "virtual water flows," the transfer of high volumes of water embedded in these crops across international borders. This article examines the local effects of the production of fresh produce in the San Quintín Valley in northwestern Mexico for markets in the United States. Although export agriculture has fostered economic growth and employment opportunities for indigenous farm laborers, it has also led to the overexploitation of underground finite water resources, and an alarming decline of the quantity and quality of water available for residents' domestic use. I discuss how neoliberal water policies have further contributed to water inequalities along class and ethnic lines, the hardships settlers endure to secure access to water for their basic needs, and the political protests and social tensions water scarcity has triggered in the region. Although the production of fresh crops for international markets is promoted by organizations such as the World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank as a model for economic development, I argue that it often produces water insecurity for the poorest, threatening the UN goal of ensuring access to clean water as a universal human right.
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Riego Agrícola , Abastecimiento de Alimentos , Política , Salud Rural , Abastecimiento de Agua , Riego Agrícola/economía , Riego Agrícola/educación , Riego Agrícola/historia , Riego Agrícola/legislación & jurisprudencia , Agricultura/economía , Agricultura/educación , Agricultura/historia , California/etnología , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/economía , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/historia , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , México/etnología , Salud Rural/etnología , Salud Rural/historia , Población Rural/historia , Abastecimiento de Agua/economía , Abastecimiento de Agua/historia , Abastecimiento de Agua/legislación & jurisprudenciaRESUMEN
Declining profitability of agriculture and/or higher prices of forest products and services typically drive an increase in forest cover. This article examines changes in forest cover in Candelaria Loxicha, Mexico. Forest cover increased in the area as a result of coffee cultivation in coffee forest-garden systems. Dependence on forest products and services, and not prices of forest products, drive the process in our study site. Low international coffee prices and high labor demand outside the community might pull farmers out of agriculture, but they do not completely abandon the lands. A diversification in income sources prevents land abandonment and contributes to maintaining rural populations and coffee forest gardens.
Asunto(s)
Agricultura , Café , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Economía , Agricultura Forestal , Agricultura/economía , Agricultura/educación , Agricultura/historia , Coffea , Café/economía , Café/historia , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/economía , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/historia , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Productos Agrícolas/economía , Productos Agrícolas/historia , Economía/historia , Economía/legislación & jurisprudencia , Ambiente , Agricultura Forestal/economía , Agricultura Forestal/educación , Agricultura Forestal/historia , Agricultura Forestal/legislación & jurisprudencia , Jardinería/economía , Jardinería/educación , Jardinería/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , México/etnología , Salud Rural/historia , Población Rural/historia , ÁrbolesRESUMEN
Agroecology has played a key role in helping Cuba survive the crisis caused by the collapse of the socialist bloc in Europe and the tightening of the US trade embargo. Cuban peasants have been able to boost food production without scarce and expensive imported agricultural chemicals by first substituting more ecological inputs for the no longer available imports, and then by making a transition to more agroecologically integrated and diverse farming systems. This was possible not so much because appropriate alternatives were made available, but rather because of the Campesino-a-Campesino (CAC) social process methodology that the National Association of Small Farmers (ANAP) used to build a grassroots agroecology movement. This paper was produced in a 'self-study' process spearheaded by ANAP and La Via Campesina, the international agrarian movement of which ANAP is a member. In it we document and analyze the history of the Campesino-to-Campesino Agroecology Movement (MACAC), and the significantly increased contribution of peasants to national food production in Cuba that was brought about, at least in part, due to this movement. Our key findings are (i) the spread of agroecology was rapid and successful largely due to the social process methodology and social movement dynamics, (ii) farming practices evolved over time and contributed to significantly increased relative and absolute production by the peasant sector, and (iii) those practices resulted in additional benefits including resilience to climate change.
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Agricultura , Ecología , Ambiente , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Abastecimiento de Alimentos , Salud Rural , Agricultura/economía , Agricultura/educación , Agricultura/historia , Agroquímicos/economía , Agroquímicos/historia , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/economía , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/historia , Cuba/etnología , Dieta/economía , Dieta/etnología , Dieta/historia , Dieta/psicología , Ecología/economía , Ecología/educación , Ecología/historia , Industria de Alimentos/economía , Industria de Alimentos/educación , Industria de Alimentos/historia , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/economía , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Salud Pública/economía , Salud Pública/educación , Salud Pública/historia , Salud Rural/historia , Población Rural/historia , Cambio Social/historiaRESUMEN
The biofuel project is an agro-industrial development and politically contested policy process where governments increasingly become global actors. European Union (EU) biofuels policy rests upon arguments about societal benefits of three main kinds - namely, environmental protection (especially greenhouse gas savings), energy security and rural development, especially in the global South. Each argument involves optimistic assumptions about what the putative benefits mean and how they can be fulfilled. After examining those assumptions, we compare them with experiences in three countries - Germany, Brazil and Mozambique - which have various links to each other and to the EU through biofuels. In those case studies, there are fundamental contradictions between EU policy assumptions and practices in the real world, involving frictional encounters among biofuel promoters as well as with people adversely affected. Such contradictions may intensify with the future rise of biofuels and so warrant systematic attention.
Asunto(s)
Agricultura , Biocombustibles , Etanol , Abastecimiento de Alimentos , Política Pública , Salud Rural , Agricultura/economía , Agricultura/educación , Agricultura/historia , Agricultura/legislación & jurisprudencia , Biocombustibles/economía , Biocombustibles/historia , Brasil/etnología , Países en Desarrollo/economía , Países en Desarrollo/historia , Etanol/economía , Etanol/historia , Unión Europea/economía , Unión Europea/historia , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/economía , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/historia , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Alemania/etnología , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Mozambique/etnología , Salud Pública/economía , Salud Pública/educación , Salud Pública/historia , Salud Pública/legislación & jurisprudencia , Política Pública/economía , Política Pública/historia , Política Pública/legislación & jurisprudencia , Salud Rural/historia , Población Rural/historiaRESUMEN
We examine the extent to which social networks among indigenous peoples in Mexico have a significant effect on a variety of human capital investment and economic activities, such as school attendance and work among teenage boys and girls, and migration, welfare participation, employment status, occupation, and sector of employment among adult males and females. Using data from the 10 percent population sample of the 2000 Population and Housing Census of Mexico and the empirical strategy that Bertrand, Luttmer, and Mullainathan (2000) propose, which allows us to take into account the role of municipality and language group fixed effects, we confirm empirically that social network effects play an important role in the economic decisions of indigenous people, especially in rural areas. Our analysis also provides evidence that better access to basic services such as water and electricity increases the size and strength of network effects in rural areas.
Asunto(s)
Censos , Salud de la Familia , Población Rural , Conducta Social , Apoyo Social , Factores Socioeconómicos , Censos/historia , Educación/economía , Educación/historia , Educación/legislación & jurisprudencia , Empleo/economía , Empleo/historia , Empleo/legislación & jurisprudencia , Empleo/psicología , Composición Familiar/etnología , Composición Familiar/historia , Salud de la Familia/etnología , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Indígenas Centroamericanos/educación , Indígenas Centroamericanos/etnología , Indígenas Centroamericanos/historia , Indígenas Centroamericanos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Indígenas Centroamericanos/psicología , Indígenas Norteamericanos/educación , Indígenas Norteamericanos/etnología , Indígenas Norteamericanos/historia , Indígenas Norteamericanos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Indígenas Norteamericanos/psicología , México/etnología , Salud Rural/historia , Población Rural/historia , Conducta Social/historia , Bienestar Social/economía , Bienestar Social/etnología , Bienestar Social/historia , Bienestar Social/legislación & jurisprudencia , Bienestar Social/psicología , Factores Socioeconómicos/historiaRESUMEN
Esta dissertação aborda o conjunto de pesquisas de comunidades realizado no âmbito do Projeto de Pesquisas no Vale do São Francisco, estabelecendo relações com o processo de institucionalização das Ciências Sociais no Brasil e o processo dedesenvolvimento na década de 1950. Meu argumento é que, diferente das críticas que predominaram nos anos 1950 e 1960, os Estudos de Comunidade contribuíram para a análise do tema da mudança social no país. O Projeto do São Francisco foi organizado e dirigido pelo sociólogo norte-americano Donald Pierson nos anos 1950. Representa aconvergência de questões fundamentais naquele período, especialmente no que concerne à investigação do processo de mudança social por que passavam diversas comunidades do interior do país, e à temática do desenvolvimento. Pierson contou com a colaboração de Alceu Maynard Araújo, Alfonso Trujillo Ferrari, Esdras Borges Costa, Fernando Altenfelder Silva, Levy Cruz e Octavio da Costa Eduardo, seus alunos e colegas de trabalho na Escola Livre de Sociologia e Política de São Paulo. Os Estudos de Comunidade tiveram um papel fundamental na institucionalização das Ciências Sociais no Brasil, que então passavam por um momento de afirmação de sua cientificidade. Nesse processo, os Estudos de Comunidade foram considerados por diversos cientistas sociais um caminho mais eficaz para superar uma produção de caráter mais ensaístico. Por outro lado, esses estudos surgiam com o propósito prático de oferecer subsídios ao trabalho de técnicos responsáveis pela implantação de projetos de desenvolvimento e mudança social.
This study examines the Valley of the São Francisco Research Projects studies, related to the process of institutionalization of Social Sciences in Brazil and development process, which marked 1950 decade. Although the criticism that predominate in the 1950sand 1960s, my argument is that the Community Studies contributed to analyze social changes in Brazil. The São Francisco Project was organized and directed by American sociologistDonald Pierson in the 1950s. It represents the convergence of important questions at that time, specially about investigations of rural communities social changes and ideas ofdevelopment. Pierson counted with collaboration of Alceu Maynard Araújo, Alfonso Trujillo Ferrari, Esdras Borges Costa, Fernando Altenfelder Silva, Levy Cruz e Octavio da Costa Eduardo, his students and colleagues at Free School of Sociology and Politics of São Paulo.The Community Studies played a fundamental role in the institutionalization of the Social Sciences in Brazil, which at that time had been going through a period of affirmation of its scientificity. In this process, the Community Studies were considered by social scientists amore effective way to overcome a more essayistic approach. On the other hand, these studies would come in order to offer subsidies to the work of technicians who were responsible forimplementing projects of social development and change. The São Francisco Project proposed a detailed investigation of many aspects ofsociocultural structure of rural communities, and it was incorporated to development conjuncture by the possibility of making intelligible: 1) communities culture to changesagents (administrators, physicians, agronomists, etc.), so that their actions would have the desired effect; 2) the strategies of resistance to changes, observed between rural populations,considered obstacles to development; and 3) the social change process in assimilable terms to rural populations...
Asunto(s)
Población Rural/historia , Ciencias Sociales/historia , Condiciones Sociales/historia , Población Rural/historia , Proyectos de Investigación , Salud Pública/historia , BrasilRESUMEN
This article examines the work of the German-Peruvian physician Max Kuczynski/Máxime Kuczynski-Godard (Berlin 1890-Lima 1967) in rural areas of Central Asia (1924-26) and Peru (1938-48). The main focus of the text is on the scientific approach behind the specific interest of this pathologist in disease and health issues among native populations. Kuczynski's theoretical considerations are analyzed in the context of the wide controversies within the German medical community around a "crisis in medicine" when he was professor at Berlin University during the interwar years. Accordingly, his determination to leave the laboratory and to shift research and healthcare practice closer to rural populations proves to be the expression of profound epistemological and ethical considerations.
Asunto(s)
Antropología/historia , Patología/historia , Grupos de Población/historia , Población Rural/historia , Asia Central , Alemania , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Literatura Moderna/historia , Perú , Universidades/historiaRESUMEN
Despite their success in boosting cereals production overall, the Green Revolution programs of the 1950s and 1960s were often criticized for failing to achieve their declared aim of alleviating world hunger. Most critics argued that the programs had produced a technology unsuited to the needs of small peasant farmers. This paper explores why such inappropriate technology might have been developed, focusing on the early years of the Rockefeller Foundation's Mexican Agricultural Program (MAP). It shows that some foundation officers as well as agricultural advisors had prior experience of the problems faced by small farmers in the United States and elsewhere. Moreover, the foundation's expressed concern for rural poverty does not appear to have been mere posturing by an organization anxious to be seen as an agent of philanthropy. Furthermore, the program's early work in maize-breeding was well tailored to the conditions of Mexican agriculture. Once the MAP was up and running, however, it became apparent that the task of getting new varieties and cultivation practices to small farmers was going to be difficult. Needing to make some kind of impact quickly, MAP staff chose to concentrate upon projects that were likely to find a rapid uptake. This meant setting aside the needs of peasant farmers to develop high-yielding varieties suited to large commercial farms.
Asunto(s)
Cruzamiento , Productos Agrícolas , Grano Comestible , Tecnología de Alimentos , Fundaciones , Áreas de Pobreza , Población Rural , Cambio Social , Agricultura/economía , Agricultura/educación , Agricultura/historia , Cruzamiento/economía , Cruzamiento/historia , Comercio/economía , Comercio/educación , Comercio/historia , Productos Agrícolas/economía , Productos Agrícolas/historia , Economía/historia , Grano Comestible/economía , Grano Comestible/historia , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/economía , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/historia , Tecnología de Alimentos/economía , Tecnología de Alimentos/educación , Tecnología de Alimentos/historia , Fundaciones/economía , Fundaciones/historia , Obtención de Fondos/economía , Obtención de Fondos/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , México/etnología , Salud Rural/historia , Población Rural/historia , Cambio Social/historiaRESUMEN
This article uses Barra do Piraí as a case study of rural land tenure, production, consumption, and labor in Brazil's Middle Paraíba Valley during the half century following abolition of slavery in 1888. Dairy farming and railroad development distinguished Barra do Piraí from other coffee-producing areas that suffered from ecological devastation. By 1900 the land's loss of fertility precluded further plantation agriculture in Barra do Piraí, leading to the transition from lucrative coffee cultivation to dairy farming based on meager capital inputs. Compared to the earlier coffee culture, dairy farms produced only modest wealth for landlords and required fewer laborers, compelling impoverished tenants to migrate in search of employment. Since Barra do Piraí was an important railroad junction, many rural laborers ended up in the locale after using the railroad as a migratory path. At the same time, the railroad and proto-industries that it stimulated provided alternative employment for rural laborers, thereby partially mitigating the leverage landlords had over the abundant labor force. The availability of industrial and proto-industrial employment created occupational diversity among rural tenants and introduced them to work routines that would become commonplace when the region more fully industrialized after 1940.