RESUMEN
O artigo discute como variáveis individuais e características do local de moradia influenciam a heteroclassificação e suas diferenças com a autoclassificação racial, na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. A análise busca compreender a construção social da raça e sua fluidez na sociedade, uma vez que as classificações refletem formas de vivências e interpretações da raça. Os dados utilizados são do BH Area Survey (2005), do Censo Demográfico (2010) e do Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano (2013), por meio de modelos de regressão logística. Os resultados apontam que a heteroclassificação é influenciada por características individuais e contextuais. Para aqueles que se autoidentificam brancos, a escolaridade, a renda e a distribuição racial local se associam às chances de serem heteroclassificados como brancos, ao passo que para os autoidentificados negros, apenas a escolaridade aumenta as chances de sua heteroclassificação ser branca. Dessa forma, sustenta-se que há fluidez racial na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, no sentido de que a classificação é influenciada pelas características socioeconômicas e contextuais.
The article discusses how individual variables and neighborhood characteristics influence heteroclassification and its differences with racial self-classification, in the Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Area. The analysis seeks to understand the social construction of race and its fluidity in society, given that different types of classifications reflect distinct experiences and interpretations of race. Data used are from the BH Area Survey (2005), the Brazilian Demographic Census (2010) and the Human Development Atlas (2013), for the analysis we used logistic regression models. Results indicate that hetero-classification is influenced by individual and contextual characteristics. For those who self-identify as white, schooling, income and local racial distribution are associated with opportunities of being hetero-classified as white, whereas for individuals self-identifying as black, only schooling increases the chances of being hetero-classified as white. Thus, we conclude that there is racial fluidity in the Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Area, in the sense that classification is influenced by socioeconomic and contextual characteristics.
El artículo discute cómo variables individuales y características de la vivienda influencian la heteroclasificación y sus diferencias con la autoclasificación racial, en la Región Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. El análisis busca comprender la construcción social de la raza y su fluidez en la sociedad, ya que las clasificaciones reflejan formas de vivencias e interpretaciones de ella. Los datos utilizados son del BH Area Survey de 2005, del censo demográfico de 2010 y del Atlas del Desarrollo Humano (2013). Para el análisis se usaron modelos de regresión logística. Los resultados apuntan a que la heteroclasificación es influenciada por características individuales y contextuales. Para aquellos que se autoidentifican blancos, la escolaridad, la renta y la distribución racial local se asocian a las posibilidades de ser heteroclasificado como blanco, mientras que para los autoidentificados negros, solo la escolaridad aumenta las posibilidades de su heteroclasificación ser blancos. De esta forma, se sostiene que hay fluidez racial en la Región Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, en el sentido de que la clasificación es influenciada por las características socioeconómicas y contextuales.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Sociedades , Modelos Logísticos , Demografía , Censos , Población Negra/clasificación , Relaciones Raciales , Factores Socioeconómicos , Características de la Población , Escolaridad , Segregación SocialRESUMEN
Monitoring racial inequalities, whether socioeconomic or health-related, assumes stability in racial classification. Otherwise, the dynamics of these inequalities could result from racial reclassification rather than from processes related to socioeconomic and health inequalities per se. The study proposes a typology of uncertainty in racial classification (contextual - temporal, geographic, procedural - and sampling) and draws on the literature and nationally representative secondary data to discuss the magnitude of racial variability in Brazil according to these five dimensions. The results show that at least two of these uncertainties - geographic and procedural - are substantial, but have little influence on the racial gap in income. We address the impacts of these results on the existence and extent of racial inequalities in health and conclude that the structure of inequalities between whites and blacks is consistent, although skin color classification is volatile.
Asunto(s)
Población Negra/clasificación , Grupos Raciales/clasificación , Autoimagen , Pigmentación de la Piel , Factores Socioeconómicos , Población Negra/estadística & datos numéricos , Brasil/etnología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Prejuicio , Relaciones Raciales , Grupos Raciales/estadística & datos numéricos , Características de la Residencia , Incertidumbre , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
O monitoramento de desigualdades raciais, seja num plano socioeconômico ou em termos de desfechos de saúde, pressupõe que a declaração da raça apresente estabilidade. Caso contrário, a dinâmica dessas desigualdades poderia resultar da reclassificação racial, e não de processos vinculados a iniquidades socioeconômicas e de saúde. Este estudo propõe uma tipologia da incerteza racial classificatória (contextual - temporal, geográfica, procedimental - e amostral) e discute, com base na literatura e dados secundários nacionalmente representativos, a magnitude da variabilidade racial segundo essas cinco dimensões. Os resultados demonstram que, pelo menos, duas dessas incertezas - geográfica e procedimental - são substanciais, mas têm pouca influência sobre o hiato racial de renda. Abordam-se os impactos desses resultados sobre a existência e a extensão das iniquidades raciais em saúde e conclui-se que a estrutura das desigualdades entre brancos e negros é consistente, ainda que a cor da pele seja volátil.
El monitoreo de desigualdades raciales, sea en un plano socioeconómico o en términos de desenlaces de salud, presupone que la declaración de raza presenta estabilidad. En caso contrario, la dinámica de estas desigualdades podría resultar de una reclasificación racial, y no de procesos vinculados a inequidades socioeconómicas y de la salud. Este estudio propone una tipología de la incertidumbre racial clasificatoria (contextual -temporal, geográfica, procedimental- y muestral) y discute, a partir de la literatura y de datos secundarios nacionalmente representativos, la magnitud de la variabilidad racial, según estas cinco dimensiones. Los resultados demuestran que, por lo menos, dos de esas incertezas -geográfica y procedimental- son sustanciales, pero tienen poca influencia sobre el hiato racial de renta. Se abordan los impactos de esos resultados sobre la existencia y la extensión de las inequidades raciales en salud y se concluye que la estructura de las desigualdades entre blancos y negros es consistente, aunque el color de la piel sea volátil.
Monitoring racial inequalities, whether socioeconomic or health-related, assumes stability in racial classification. Otherwise, the dynamics of these inequalities could result from racial reclassification rather than from processes related to socioeconomic and health inequalities per se. The study proposes a typology of uncertainty in racial classification (contextual - temporal, geographic, procedural - and sampling) and draws on the literature and nationally representative secondary data to discuss the magnitude of racial variability in Brazil according to these five dimensions. The results show that at least two of these uncertainties - geographic and procedural - are substantial, but have little influence on the racial gap in income. We address the impacts of these results on the existence and extent of racial inequalities in health and conclude that the structure of inequalities between whites and blacks is consistent, although skin color classification is volatile.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Autoimagen , Factores Socioeconómicos , Pigmentación de la Piel , Grupos Raciales/clasificación , Población Negra/clasificación , Prejuicio , Relaciones Raciales , Brasil/etnología , Características de la Residencia , Incertidumbre , Grupos Raciales/estadística & datos numéricos , Población Negra/estadística & datos numéricos , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate if the different results of prostate cancer risk between black and white Brazilian men may be associated with the varying methodology used to define participants as either Blacks or Whites. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We evaluated median PSA values, rate of PSA level ≥ 4.0 ng/ mL, indications for prostate biopsy, prostate cancer detection rate, biopsy/cancer rate, cancer/biopsy rate, and the relative risk of cancer between blacks versus whites, blacks versus non-blacks (browns and whites), non-whites (browns and blacks) versus whites, African versus non-African descendants, and African descendants or blacks versus non-African descendants and non-blacks. RESULTS: From 1544 participants, there were 51.4% whites, 37.2% browns, 11.4% blacks, and 5.4% African descendants. Median PSA level was 0.9 ng/mL in whites, browns, and non-African descendants, compared to 1.2 ng/mL in blacks, and African descendants or blacks, and 1.3 ng/mL in African descendants. Indications for prostate biopsy were present in 16.9% for African descendants, 15.9% of black, 12.3% of white, 11.4% for non-African descendants, and 9.9% of brown participants. Prostate cancer was diagnosed in 30.3% of performed biopsies: 6.2% of African descendants, 5.1% of blacks, 3.3% of whites, 3.0% of non-African descendants, and 2.6% of browns. CONCLUSIONS: Median PSA values were higher for Blacks versus Whites in all classification systems, except for non-white versus white men. The rate of prostate biopsy, prostate cancer detection rate, and relative risk for cancer was increased in African descendants, and African descendants or blacks, compared to non-African descendants, and non-African descendants and non-blacks, respectively.
Asunto(s)
Población Negra/etnología , Etnología/clasificación , Antígeno Prostático Específico/sangre , Neoplasias de la Próstata/etnología , Medición de Riesgo/métodos , Población Blanca/etnología , Biopsia , Población Negra/clasificación , Brasil/etnología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis Multivariante , Próstata/patología , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Valores de Referencia , Factores de Riesgo , Población Blanca/clasificaciónRESUMEN
Objectives To evaluate if the different results of prostate cancer risk between black and white Brazilian men may be associated with the varying methodology used to define participants as either Blacks or Whites. Patients and Methods We evaluated median PSA values, rate of PSA level ≥4.0 ng/mL, indications for prostate biopsy, prostate cancer detection rate, biopsy/cancer rate, cancer/biopsy rate, and the relative risk of cancer between blacks versus whites, blacks versus non-blacks (browns and whites), non-whites (browns and blacks) versus whites, African versus non-African descendants, and African descendants or blacks versus non-African descendants and non-blacks. Results From 1544 participants, there were 51.4% whites, 37.2% browns, 11.4% blacks, and 5.4% African descendants. Median PSA level was 0.9 ng/mL in whites, browns, and non-African descendants, compared to 1.2 ng/mL in blacks, and African descendants or blacks, and 1.3 ng/mL in African descendants. Indications for prostate biopsy were present in 16.9% for African descendants, 15.9% of black, 12.3% of white, 11.4% for non-African descendants, and 9.9% of brown participants. Prostate cancer was diagnosed in 30.3% of performed biopsies: 6.2% of African descendants, 5.1% of blacks, 3.3% of whites, 3.0% of non-African descendants, and 2.6% of browns. Conclusions Median PSA values were higher for Blacks versus Whites in all classification systems, except for non-white versus white men. The rate of prostate biopsy, prostate cancer detection rate, and relative risk for cancer was increased in African descendants, and African descendants or blacks, compared to non-African descendants, and non-African descendants and non-blacks, respectively. .
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Población Negra/etnología , Etnología/clasificación , Población Blanca/etnología , Antígeno Prostático Específico/sangre , Neoplasias de la Próstata/etnología , Medición de Riesgo/métodos , Población Negra/clasificación , Biopsia , Brasil/etnología , Población Blanca/clasificación , Análisis Multivariante , Próstata/patología , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Valores de Referencia , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Despite overwhelming improvements in educational levels and opportunity during the past three decades, educational disadvantages associated with race still persist in Brazil. Using the nationally representative Pesquisa Nacional de Amostra por Domicílio (PNAD) data from 1982 and 1987 to 2007, this study investigates educational inequalities between white, pardo (mixed-race), and black Brazilians over the 25-year period. Although the educational advantage of whites persisted during this period, I find that the significance of race as it relates to education changed. By 2007, those identified as blacks and pardos became more similar in their schooling levels, whereas in the past, blacks had greater disadvantages. I test two possible explanations for this shift: structural changes and shifts in racial classification. I find evidence for both. I discuss the findings in light of the recent race-based affirmative action policies being implemented in Brazilian universities.
Asunto(s)
Población Negra/educación , Países en Desarrollo , Escolaridad , Etnicidad/educación , Factores Socioeconómicos , Población Blanca/educación , Población Negra/clasificación , Población Negra/estadística & datos numéricos , Brasil , Censos , Etnicidad/clasificación , Etnicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Padre/educación , Padre/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Madres/educación , Madres/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores Sexuales , Estadística como Asunto , Población Blanca/clasificación , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
Building on Preston and Campbell's two-sex model of intergenerational transmission, this article provides a theoretical analysis of the dynamics of the racial distribution in black-white-mulatto systems. The author shows that "bounded" patterns of racial classification and switching imply long-run racial homogeneity in the absence of differential reproduction. Beyond the theoretical analysis, the author attempts to account for the dramatic growth of the white population share in Puerto Rico in the early 20th century. Because the effects of racial classification and differential reproduction were roughly offsetting, the observed growth of the white share can be attributed almost entirely to racial switching.
Asunto(s)
Población Negra/clasificación , Dinámica Poblacional , Relaciones Raciales/tendencias , Población Blanca/clasificación , Tasa de Natalidad , Población Negra/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Relaciones Intergeneracionales , Masculino , Modelos Teóricos , Puerto Rico , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
Os haplótipos ligados ao gene da βS-globina foram analisados em uma amostra de 68 cromossomos de pacientes de Fortaleza, capital do Ceará, com anemia falciforme (AF), com a finalidade de fornecer informações sobre a distribuição das frequências dos haplótipos, contribuindo para o estudo das origens da formação étnica da população cearense. A distribuição dos haplótipos do gene da βS-globina foi 66,2 por cento do tipo Bantu, 22 por cento do Benin e 11,8 por cento do atípico. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o presente estudo e os resultados de outros pesquisadores no Ceará. A distribuição das frequências dos haplótipos do gene da βS-globina no presente estudo está condizente com a história da formação da população brasileira. Conforme dados históricos sobre as origens da população negra trazida ao Ceará, o haplótipo Bantu seria o mais prevalente, seguido pelo Benin e Senegal. Estes resultados são relevantes para o estudo das rotas de tráfico dos escravos no Brasil e para entendermos as origens étnicas da população brasileira.
In a sample of 68 chromosomes from sickle cell anemia patients from the population of Fortaleza, capital of Ceará State - Brazil, the haplotypes connected with βS-globin gene were analyzed with the aim to provide further information on haplotype frequency distribution, which ultimately contributed to the investigation into the ethnic origins of the state's population. The haplotype distribution of βS-globin gene was 66.2 percent Bantu type, 22 percent Benin type and 11.8 percent atypical. There was a significant statistical difference between the results of the present study and those achieved by other researchers in Ceará. The distribution of haplotype frequencies of βS-globin gene in the present study is consistent with the history of the Brazilian population origins. According to historical data on the origins of the slave population brought to Ceará State, Bantu haplotype would be the most prevalent, followed by Benin and Senegal. These results are relevant to the study of the slave traffic routes in Brazil and to understand the ethnic origins of Brazilian population.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Anemia de Células Falciformes/epidemiología , Anemia de Células Falciformes/etnología , Anemia de Células Falciformes/genética , Haplotipos/genética , Anemia de Células Falciformes/diagnóstico , Anemia de Células Falciformes/historia , Brasil/etnología , Población Negra/clasificaciónRESUMEN
This article analyzes race-targeted policy in Brazil as both a political stake and a powerful instrument in an unfolding classificatory struggle over the definition of racial boundaries. The Brazilian state traditionally embraced mixed-race classification, but is adopting racial quotas employing a black/white scheme. To explore potential consequences of that turn for beneficiary identification and boundary formation, the author analyzes attitudinal survey data on race-targeted policy and racial classification in multiple formats, including classification in comparison to photographs. The results show that almost half of the mixed-race sample, when constrained to dichotomous classification, opts for whiteness, a majority rejects mixed-race individuals for quotas, and the mention of quotas for blacks in a split-ballot experiment nearly doubles the percentage choosing that racial category. Theories of how states make race emphasize the use of official categories to legislate exclusion. In contrast, analysis of the Brazilian case illuminates how states may also make race through policies of official inclusion.
Asunto(s)
Grupos Raciales/clasificación , Población Negra/clasificación , Brasil , Humanos , Política , Prejuicio , Política Pública , Población Blanca/clasificaciónRESUMEN
The article analyzes initiatives aimed at creating a field of reflection and political intervention called the 'health of the black population,' which occurred between 1996 and 2004, that is, under the administration of Fernando Henrique Cardoso and part of Luis Inácio Lula da Silva's administration. During this period, the process of discussing and enacting affirmative action policies in Brazil gained greater visibility, especially following the UN-sponsored Third World Conference on Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerance (Durban, South Africa, September, 2001). The article describes the emergence of a proposal of compensatory policy within the Brazilian public health system. It then addresses the contemporary debate on race and health, especially the U.S. biomedical literature, and explores how this discussion has been appropriated by agencies and agents concerned with drawing up a 'racial policy' for the public health sector in Brazil.
Asunto(s)
Población Negra/clasificación , Salud , Brasil , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , PoblaciónRESUMEN
How should race be categorized? This article investigates the usefulness of having three categories to describe a black-white racial continuum, focusing on Brazil and the functional ability of elderly (60+) people there. Ironically, even as the U.S. census has started to acknowledge mixed race again, much social research in Brazil has begun not to. Using 1998 national household survey microdata (PNAD) for Brazil, we find it advantageous to use a three-category scheme that separates a mixed black-white (pardo) status from black or white when examining the functional ability of elders. We also find the tantalizing possibility of a crossover in which browns actually have more functional ability than white counterparts after controlling for many demographic, geographic, and socioeconomic factors.
Asunto(s)
Actividades Cotidianas , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Grupos Raciales/clasificación , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Población Negra/clasificación , Brasil , Humanos , Análisis de los Mínimos Cuadrados , Persona de Mediana Edad , Población Blanca/clasificaciónRESUMEN
La resistencia de la proteína C activa (RPCa) es el fenotipo común del factor V Leiden (Arg506G1n) reconocido como factor de riesgo trombótico. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de RPCa y su asociación con el factor V Leiden en poblaciones indígena y negra del occidente de Venezuela, ya que hasta la presnte no hay publicaciones sobre esta asociación en grupos étnicos venezolanos. Se estudiaron 80 indígenas de la etnia Yukpa de la Sierra de Perijá y 91 individuos de raza negra habitantes de la región sureste del Lago de Maracaibo. La RPCa fue determinaad según el método de Dalhlback, modificado por Jorquera y col. y Trossaert y col y los resultados expresaron como n-PCa-SR (valor positivo menor e igual l0,75). Las muestras de sangre anticoagulada con EDTA fueron impregnadas en papel secante y procesada para la detección del factor V Leiden según técnicas estándar para PCR y de análisis de restricción, en el Institute of Human Genetics (Greisfswald, Alemania). No se encontró diferencia significativa entre la n-PCa-SR de los indígenas (X+-EE=1,13+-0,02; IC 95 por ciento=1,07-1,19) y el de los sujetos de raza negra (1,07+-0,02;IC 95 por ciento=1,03-1,12). La prevalencia de RPCa fue de 1,25 por ciento(1/80) en índigenas (el caso era heterocigoto para factor V Leiden) y 4,4 por ciento (4/91) en la raza negra( un individuo resultó ser heterocigoto para factor V Leiden). Ninguno de los pacientes con RPCa tenía antecedentes personales o familiares de trombosis. Esta investigación representa el primer informe sobre la asociación de RCPa y factor V leiden an aborígenes e individuos de raza negra venezolanos. Aunque entre los indígenas existe una alta endogamia no se puede descartar en ningunos de los grupos raciales la intervención de genes foráneos. El hallazgo de RPCa sin factor V Leiden (Arg506GIn) sugiere la presencia de una mutación diferente a la molécula del factor V. La determinación de la prevalencia de este fenotipo y su marcador molecular en diferentes grupos étnicos es importante para la interpretación de su papel como factores de riesgo para enfermedades trombóticas
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Población Negra/clasificación , Población Negra/genética , Población , Proteína C , VenezuelaRESUMEN
We analyzed the European genetic contribution to 10 populations of African descent in the United States (Maywood, Illinois; Detroit; New York; Philadelphia; Pittsburgh; Baltimore; Charleston, South Carolina; New Orleans; and Houston) and in Jamaica, using nine autosomal DNA markers. These markers either are population-specific or show frequency differences >45% between the parental populations and are thus especially informative for admixture. European genetic ancestry ranged from 6.8% (Jamaica) to 22.5% (New Orleans). The unique utility of these markers is reflected in the low variance associated with these admixture estimates (SEM 1.3%-2.7%). We also estimated the male and female European contribution to African Americans, on the basis of informative mtDNA (haplogroups H and L) and Y Alu polymorphic markers. Results indicate a sex-biased gene flow from Europeans, the male contribution being substantially greater than the female contribution. mtDNA haplogroups analysis shows no evidence of a significant maternal Amerindian contribution to any of the 10 populations. We detected significant nonrandom association between two markers located 22 cM apart (FY-null and AT3), most likely due to admixture linkage disequilibrium created in the interbreeding of the two parental populations. The strength of this association and the substantial genetic distance between FY and AT3 emphasize the importance of admixed populations as a useful resource for mapping traits with different prevalence in two parental populations.
Asunto(s)
Alelos , Población Negra/genética , Genética de Población , África/etnología , Negro o Afroamericano , Elementos Alu/genética , Población Negra/clasificación , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Europa (Continente)/etnología , Femenino , Frecuencia de los Genes , Pool de Genes , Marcadores Genéticos , Haplotipos/genética , Humanos , Jamaica , Desequilibrio de Ligamiento , Masculino , Polimorfismo Genético , Razón de Masculinidad , Estados Unidos , Cromosoma Y/genéticaRESUMEN
OBJETIVO - Avaliar a evolução da hipertensão arterial (HA), e suas conseqüências, em pacientes submetidos a transplante cardíaco (TC) em uso de ciclosporina (CL). MÉTODOS - Em 65 pacientes submetidos a TC ortotópico, avaliamos a pressão arterial, creatinina sérica e níveis sangüíneos de CL nos períodos pré-operatório (15 dias antes do TC), pós-operatório precoce (15 e 30 dias) tardio (6, 12, 24, 48 e 60 meses); em 20 pacientes analisamos índice cardíaco e resistência vascular no pré, 15 e 30 dias, 6 e 12 meses após TC; em 33 pacientes, estudamos estrutura e função ventricular ao ecocardiograma, 24ñ13 meses após Tc. RESULTADOS - Após 30 dias, a HA estava presente em 58,5 'por cento' dos pacientes (50 'por cento'leve), enquanto na evolução tardia, a incidência da HA aumentou significativamente para 93 'por cento' após um ano (85 'por cento'moderada a grave). A creatinina sérica aumentou progressivamente do pré-TC (1,43ñ0,5mg/dl) até após um ano (1,83ñ0,9mg/dl). Não houve correlação entre a HA, creatinina sérica e níveis de CL. O índice cardíaco aumentou na fase precoce, enquanto a resistência periférica diminuiu no início e aumentou significativamente aos 12 meses. Ao ecocardiograma, 54 'por cento' dos pacientes apresentavam hipertrofia de ventrículo esquerdo com função normal. Dos 31 pacientes que faleceram durante a evolução, dois tiveram a causa mortis diretamente relacionada a HA. CONCLUSÄO - A HA em pacientes submetidos a TC em uso de CL ocorre precocemente, aumenta em prevalência e gravidade com tempo e é mediada por aumento da resistência periférica, não se correlacionando com a nefrotoxicidade e com os níveis sangüíneos da CL, podendo agravar a insuficiência renal ou comprometer a longevidade do transplante, induzindo hipertrofia ventricular.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Creatinina/análisis , Ciclosporina , Trasplante de Corazón , Hipertensión , Insuficiencia Renal/clasificación , Población Negra/clasificación , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Evolución Clínica , Resultado Fatal , Prevalencia , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Los objetivos de este trabajo giran en torno a la identificación de programas y proyectos para la población negra de Bolivia, a traves de un diagnóstico dirigido a identificar las necesidades de esta población, contribuyendo al desarrollo de su participación en modelos de crecimiento y programas de entrenamiento y organizaciones comunitarias. Asi como también del diseño de modelos para el desarrollo y la ejecución de proyectos qie mejoren el nivel de ingreso económico, para disminuir la pbreza en la comunidad afroboliviana.(au)
Asunto(s)
Masculino , Femenino , Humanos , Población Negra/clasificación , Población Negra/historia , BoliviaRESUMEN
Several extended major histocompatability complex (MHC) haplotypes are associated with susceptibility to autoimmune disease in Caucasian populations. It is known that African Americans and Afro-Caribbeans are ethnic groups descended from west, central and southern black African populations which are admixed with Caucasians. To examine the possible association of some marker of Caucasian MHC genes and susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in African Americans, we studied extended MHC haplotypes (HLA-B, complement and DR) in a sample of 18 African American and Afro-Caribbean probands with RA, their first degree relatives and in 15 non-RA families. We defined 36 disease-associated RA haplotypes among the probands and 96 normal haplotypes in normal individuals. To obtain the most conservative estimate, we excluded recognized Caucasian, DR4-bearing, extended MHC haplotypes from the analysis. Admixture proportions for non-HLA-DR4 extended MHC haplotypes of known Caucasian origin among RA-associated and normal haplotypes were computed (0.40 versus 0.163 respectively). When we compared the difference in proportions between RA and normal haplotypes, the proportion of extended MHC haplotypes of known Caucasian origin was significantly increased among RA-associated haplotypes (Z = 3.16, p (one sided) < 0.001, p (adjusted) < 0.008). Our results suggest that racial admixture with Caucasian MHC genes may augment RA susceptibility and thus may be one mechanism to explain the higher prevalence of RA in African Americans and Afro-Caribbeans than in black African populations.
Asunto(s)
Artritis Reumatoide/genética , Población Negra/genética , Haplotipos , Complejo Mayor de Histocompatibilidad/genética , Población Blanca/genética , Artritis Reumatoide/etnología , Población Negra/clasificación , Comparación Transcultural , Frecuencia de los Genes , Antígeno HLA-DR4/genética , Humanos , Fenotipo , Factores de Riesgo , Estados Unidos , Indias Occidentales/etnología , Población Blanca/clasificaciónRESUMEN
This study contrasts the confidence with which individuals may be grouped and then re-allocated on the basis of odontometric data. These data are derived from the mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters of 202 Lengua Indians of Paraguay (100 males, 102 females), 125 Caucasoid schoolchildren (59 male, 66 female), and 206 Negroes (106 male, 100 female). Multivariate intergroup discrimination is effected by means of canonical and stepwise discriminant analysis, whilst allocation is evaluated by means of posterior and typicality probabilities. Bias is reduced by means of a jackknifing procedure. High levels of discriminatory confidence (each Wilk's Lambda, P less than 0.01) are matched by high percentage correct classification (Caucasoid, 67.4-75.0%; Negro, 71.0-77.3%; Amerindian, 65.2-78.1%). However, these results are not matched by allocatory procedures: only 21.7% of caucasoids, 21.4% of Negroes, and 28.8% of Amerindians could be re-allocated with probabilities in excess of 80%. It is concluded that while multivariate discriminant techniques may be usefully employed in the separation of different populations, individuals may not be assigned with the same degree of confidence, even with an a priori knowledge of their group membership.