RESUMEN
The 1967 attempt of structural analysis of the solid-state complex of caffeine and pyrogallol was a pioneering structural investigation in the supramolecular chemistry of caffeine, of what today would easily be considered an archetype of a model pharmaceutical cocrystal. Re-investigating this historically important system demonstrates that this long overlooked complex is most likely a tetrahydrate with a different structure and composition than initially proposed, and provides the crystal structure of the anhydrous cocrystal.
Asunto(s)
Cafeína , Pirogalol , Cafeína/química , Pirogalol/química , Pirogalol/análogos & derivados , Estructura Molecular , Cristalización , Modelos Moleculares , Cristalografía por Rayos XRESUMEN
In contrast to the hyperactive platinum electrode, ARS modified platinum electrode presents a remarkable inertness toward adsorption and surface processes and lends it for further voltammetric applications. Measuring pyrogallol levels in samples is significant for assessing their antioxidant activity, which is crucial for understanding their potential health benefits and ability to combat oxidative stress. In addition, the excess consumption of pyrogallol can have significant negative effects on human health. A voltammetric sensor has been developed for the determination of pyrogallol using ARS modified platinum electrode. The electrode was prepared by electrodeposition of alizarin red S on a platinum electrode using cyclic voltammetry with a potential scan range of - 0.4 to 1.2 V against an Ag/AgCl quasi reference electrode for 60 cycles as optimum number of cycles. The modified electrode was characterized by CV and SEM techniques. This modified alizarin red S platinum electrode showed remarkable electrocatalytic performance and stability, resulting in a significant increase in pyrogallol oxidation current by 11.05% compared to the pyrogallol oxidative current at the unmodified platinum electrode. A well-defined oxidation peak was observed at ~ 0.40 V. The sensor exhibited a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.28 µM and a linear standard curve covering the ranges of 1.0-40 µM and 0.01-10.0 mM pyrogallol. Extensive studies were performed to evaluate possible interferences from various organic and inorganic compounds and yielded satisfactory results that confirm the selectivity of the developed sensor for pyrogallol determination. In addition, the ARS-Pt electrode provided consistently reliable results for the accurate detection of pyrogallol in water and tomato samples.
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Antraquinonas , Electrodos , Platino (Metal) , Pirogalol , Solanum lycopersicum , Pirogalol/química , Pirogalol/análisis , Pirogalol/análogos & derivados , Platino (Metal)/química , Solanum lycopersicum/química , Antraquinonas/química , Límite de Detección , Agua/química , Técnicas Electroquímicas/instrumentación , Electroquímica/instrumentaciónRESUMEN
Endocrine disruptors are synthetic or natural chemicals that can agonize/antagonize hormone receptors or can interfere with the production and secretion of hormones, leading to altered tissue histology and physiology. Pyrogallol is a contaminant widely distributed in aquatic environments that presents health risks to both humans and animals. However, the potential for endocrine disruption by pyrogallol, particularly in fish, are lacking. The purpose of this study was to shed light on how pyrogallol may affect hormone signalling, histopathology, and reproductive outcomes in African catfish Clarias gariepinus. To investigate this, African catfish were exposed to one sublethal concentration of pyrogallol at either 0, 1, 5 or 10 mg/L for 15 days. We then assessed the effects of pyrogallol on the thyroid gland as well as the reproductive system by measuring sex hormone, seminal quality, gonadal histopathology, and histochemistry. Thyroid stimulating hormone and thyroxine showed notable decreases in catfish, and triiodothyronine was decreased with 10 mg/L pyrogallol. Unlike luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone was significantly reduced in fish following exposure to pyrogallol relative to controls. Testosterone was also decreased in fish following pyrogallol exposure, whereas 17ß-estradiol increased in catfish exposed to pyrogallol. Additionally, in response to pyrogallol toxicity, sperm quality indices, including count, spermatocrit, motility, and sperm viability were adversely affected in a concentration-dependent manner. Pyrogallol exposure also induced several changes in the gonad following exposure to 1, 5, or 10 mg/L. Deformed tubular structures, vacuolation, thickening of the basement membrane, hypertrophy of the seminiferous tubules, intense melanomacrophage localization, spermatozoa loss, and necrosis were all observed in the testes. In the ovary, atretic follicles, deteriorated mature oocytes, degenerated yolk globules, and an increase in perinucleolar oocytes were observed in catfish exposed to pyrogallol. These findings suggest that pyrogallol may act as endocrine disrupting substance in aquatic environments. Further research on the mechanisms by which pyrogallol impairs endocrine systems, particularly in fish, is recommended.
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Bagres , Disruptores Endocrinos , Pirogalol , Reproducción , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Animales , Bagres/fisiología , Disruptores Endocrinos/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Reproducción/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Pirogalol/toxicidad , Pirogalol/análogos & derivados , Femenino , Glándula Tiroides/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
This study unveils a novel role of pyrogallol (PG), a recognized superoxide generator, in inducing beta-amyloid (Aß) secretion in an Alzheimer's disease (AD) cellular model. Contrary to expectations, the analysis of dihydroethidium fluorescence and UV-VIS spectrum scanning reveals that Aß secretion arises from PG reaction intermediates rather than superoxide or other by-products. Investigation into Aß secretion mechanisms identifies dynasore-dependent endocytosis and BFA-dependent exocytosis as independent pathways, regulated by tiron, tempol, and superoxide dismutase. Cell-type specificity is observed, with 293sw cells showing both pathways, while H4sw cells and primary astrocytes from an AD animal model exclusively exhibit the Aß exocytosis pathway. This exploration contributes to understanding PG's chemical reactions and provides insights into the interplay between environmental factors, free radicals, and AD, linking occupational PG exposure to AD risk as reported in the literature.
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Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Péptidos beta-Amiloides , Pirogalol , Superóxidos , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Humanos , Pirogalol/farmacología , Pirogalol/análogos & derivados , Superóxidos/metabolismo , Animales , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/etiología , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/patología , Astrocitos/metabolismo , Exocitosis , Endocitosis , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , Óxidos N-Cíclicos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Perillae Folium, the leaves and twigs of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton, has been included in many traditional Chinese medicine herbal formulas to treat depression. However, the precise antidepressant mechanism of the essential oil from Perillae Folium (PFEO) has not been fully investigated. AIM OF THE STUDY: To assess the effects and potential mechanisms of PFEO on depression using animal models and network pharmacology analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PFEO was intranasally administered to a mouse model of social defeat stress (SDS). The antidepressant effects of PFEO on SDS-induced mice were evaluated using behavioral tests. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot were performed to measure the levels of depression-related biomarkers in the hippocampus and serum of the mice. The chemical compounds of PFEO were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses were conducted to investigate the potential bioactive components of PFEO and the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects. To validate the mechanisms of the bioactive compounds, in vitro models using PC12 and BV2 cells were established and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability was evaluated. RESULTS: The intranasal administration of PFEO suppressed SDS-induced depression in mice by increasing the time spent in the social zone and the social interactions in the social interaction test and by decreasing the immobility time in the tail suspension and forced swimming tests. Moreover, the PFEO treatment reduced the SDS-induced anxiety-like behavior, as inferred from the increased activity in the central zone observed in the open field test and in the open arms observed in the elevated plus maze test. PFEO administration recovered the SDS-induced decrease in the levels of 5-HT, NE, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and p-ERK in the hippocampus of mice. Furthermore, the increased serum corticosterone level was also attenuated by the PFEO treatment. A total of 21 volatile compounds were detected in PFEO using GC-MS, among which elemicin (15.52%), apiol (15.16%), and perillaldehyde (12.79%) were the most abundant ones. The PFEO compounds targeted 32 depression-associated genes, which were mainly related to neural cells and neurotransmission pathways. Molecular docking indicated good binding affinities between the bioactive components of PFEO (apiol, ß-caryophyllene, elemicin, and myristicin) and the key targets, including ACHE, IL1B, IL6, MAOB, SLC6A2, SLC6A3, SLC6A4, and tumor necrosis factor. Among the four compounds, ß-caryophyllene, elemicin, and myristicin were more effective in reducing neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation. Elemicin showed the highest BBB permeability rate. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the antidepressant activities of PFEO in an SDS-induced mouse model and suggests its potential mechanisms of action: regulation of the corticosterone levels, hippocampal neurotransmitters, and ERK signaling. Apiol, ß-caryophyllene, elemicin, and myristicin may be the main contributors to the observed effects induced by PFEO. Further studies are needed to fully elucidate the underlying mechanisms and the main PFEO bioactive components.
Asunto(s)
Derivados de Alilbenceno , Depresión , Dioxolanos , Aceites Volátiles , Sesquiterpenos Policíclicos , Pirogalol/análogos & derivados , Animales , Ratones , Depresión/tratamiento farmacológico , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Aceites Volátiles/uso terapéutico , Corticosterona , Administración Intranasal , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Derrota Social , Antidepresivos/farmacología , Antidepresivos/uso terapéutico , Conducta Animal , Hipocampo , Modelos Animales de EnfermedadRESUMEN
Combination therapies or multi-targeted drugs have been pointed out as an option to prevent the emergence of resistant clones, which could make long-term treatment more effective and translate into better clinical outcomes for cancer patients. The NT157 compound is a synthetic tyrphostin that leads to long-term inhibition of IGF1R/IRS1-2-, STAT3- and AXL-mediated signaling pathways. Given the importance of these signaling pathways for the development and progression of lung cancer, this disease becomes an interesting model for generating preclinical evidence on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the antineoplastic activity of NT157. In lung cancer cells, exposure to NT157 decreased, in a dose-dependent manner, cell viability, clonogenicity, cell cycle progression and migration, and induced apoptosis (p < 0.05). In the molecular scenario, NT157 reduced expression of IRS1 and AXL and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, AKT, and 4EBP1. Besides, NT157 decreased expression of oncogenes BCL2, CCND1, MYB, and MYC and increased genes related to cellular stress and apoptosis, JUN, BBC3, CDKN1A, CDKN1B, FOS, and EGR1 (p < 0.05), favoring a tumor-suppressive cell signaling network in the context of lung cancer. Of note, JNK was identified as a key kinase for NT157-induced IRS1 and IRS2 phosphorylation, revealing a novel axis involved in the mechanism of action of the drug. NT157 also presented potentiating effects on EGFR inhibitors in lung cancer cells. In conclusion, our preclinical findings highlight NT157 as a putative prototype of a multitarget drug that may contribute to the antineoplastic arsenal against lung cancer.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Pirogalol/análogos & derivados , Sulfonamidas/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Apoptosis , Línea Celular Tumoral , Receptores ErbB/farmacología , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , MAP Quinasa Quinasa 4/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-bcl-2 , Proto-Oncogenes , Pirogalol/farmacología , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas Receptoras/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Tirfostinos/farmacología , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por MitógenosRESUMEN
NT157, a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, exhibits broad-spectrum anti-tumor activity. However, NT157-mediated inhibition against glioma has not been explored yet. Herein, the anticancer effects and underlying mechanism of NT157 against human giloma growth were evaluated. The results showed that NT157 alone significantly inhibited glioma cells growth in vitro by lunching cell cycle arrest through up-regulating p21 and p27, and down-regulating cell cycle-related factors. NT157 alone also induced significant glioma cells apoptosis, followed by PARP cleavage and caspase-3 activation. Our findings further revealed that NT157 triggered significant DNA damage and dysfunction of PI3K/AKT, MAPKs and EGFR-STAT3 signaling pathways. Addition of several kinases inhibitors effectively abrogated NT157-induced DR5 up-regulation, which further confirmed the significant role of DR5 pathway. Moreover, combined treatment of NT157 and TRAIL showed enhanced apoptosis against U251 and U87 cells. However, Knockdown of DR5 expression significantly attenuated combined treatment-induced PARP cleavage and caspase-3 activation. Importantly, combined administration of NT157 and TRAIL in vivo effectively inhibited glioma xenograft growth of nude mice by inhibiting cell proliferation and angiogenesis, and inducing DNA damage and apoptosis. Taken together, our findings validated the rational design that combined strategy of NT157 and TRAIL to trigger DNA damage and apoptosis by up-regulating DR5 could be a high efficient way to combat human glioma.
Asunto(s)
Apoptosis , Glioma , Receptores del Ligando Inductor de Apoptosis Relacionado con TNF , Ligando Inductor de Apoptosis Relacionado con TNF , Animales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Caspasa 3 , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Glioma/metabolismo , Glioma/patología , Humanos , Ratones , Ratones Desnudos , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas , Inhibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribosa) Polimerasas/farmacología , Pirogalol/análogos & derivados , Pirogalol/farmacología , Receptores del Ligando Inductor de Apoptosis Relacionado con TNF/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores del Ligando Inductor de Apoptosis Relacionado con TNF/metabolismo , Sulfonamidas/farmacología , Ligando Inductor de Apoptosis Relacionado con TNF/efectos de los fármacos , Ligando Inductor de Apoptosis Relacionado con TNF/metabolismoRESUMEN
Cyclic primary amines are elementary building blocks to many fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and polymers. Here, a powerful one-pot Raney Ni-based catalytic strategy was developed to transform guaiacol into cyclohexylamine using NH3 (7â bar) and H2 (10â bar) in up to 94 % yield. The methodology was extendable to the conversion of a wider range of guaiacols and syringols into their corresponding cyclohexylamines. Notably, a crude bio-oil originating from the reductive catalytic fractionation of birch lignocellulose was transformed into a product mixture rich in 4-propylcyclohexylamine, constituting an interesting case of catalytic funneling. The isolated yield of the desired 4-propylcyclohexylamine reached as high as 7â wt % (on lignin basis). Preliminary mechanistic studies pointed at the consecutive occurrence of three key catalytic transformations, namely, demethoxylation, hydrogenation, and amination.
Asunto(s)
Ciclohexilaminas , Lignina , Guayacol , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas , Pirogalol/análogos & derivadosRESUMEN
Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn (E. coracana) is one of the highest consuming food crops in Asia and Africa. E. coracana is a plant with several medicinal values including anti-ulcerative, anti-diabetic, anti-viral and anti-cancer properties. However, the anti-inflammatory property of E. coracana remains to be elucidated. Therefore, the objective of present study was to investigate the potential in isolated molecule from E. coracana via a combination of in vitro, in vivo and in silico methods. In this study, we have isolated, purified and characterized an anti-inflammatory molecule from E. coracana bran extract known as syringol. Purification of syringol was accomplished by combination of GC-MS and RP-HPLC techniques. Syringol significantly inhibited the enzymes activity of sPLA2 (IC50 = 3.00 µg) and 5-LOX (IC50 = 0.325 µg) in vitro. The inhibition is independent of substrate concentration, calcium ion concentration and was irreversible. Syringol interacts with purified sPLA2 enzymes as evidenced by fluorescence and molecular docking studies. Further, the syringol molecule dose dependently inhibited the development of sPLA2 and λ-carrageenan induced edema. Furthermore, syringol decreases the expression of cPLA2, COX-2, IκBα, p38 and MPO in edematous tissues as demonstrated by western blots. These studies revealed that syringol isolated from E. coracana bran may develop as a potent anti-inflammatory molecule.
Asunto(s)
Eleusine , Fosfolipasas A2 Secretoras , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Calcio/metabolismo , Carragenina/farmacología , Ciclooxigenasa 2/metabolismo , Regulación hacia Abajo , Edema/tratamiento farmacológico , Edema/metabolismo , Eleusine/metabolismo , Ratones , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Inhibidor NF-kappaB alfa/metabolismo , Fosfolipasas A2 Secretoras/metabolismo , Fosfolipasas A2 Secretoras/uso terapéutico , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Pirogalol/análogos & derivadosAsunto(s)
Odorantes , Perfumes , Perfumes/toxicidad , Pirogalol/análogos & derivados , Sistema de RegistrosRESUMEN
The oxidation process of 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (2,6-DMP) by laccase from Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05 and the corresponding enzyme-mediator systems was studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The enzyme was classified as a high oxidation potential laccase (> 0.70) V vs. NHE) based on its Redox potential at different pHs. The cyclic voltammograms for 2,6-DMP (- 58.7 mV pH-1) showed that its oxidation potential decreased more significantly compared to the enzyme (- 50.2 mV pH-1) by varying the pH. The 2,2'-azino-bis[3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid] diammonium salt (ABTS) and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl radical (TEMPO) mediators were effectively oxidized by laccase from B. rhodina MAMB-05. The influence of laccase on the comproportionation of ABTS and the ionic step of the oxidation of TEMPO was also studied using CV. A higher potential difference was observed between laccase and the substrate, and correlated with higher enzyme activity. For the laccase-mediator systems, there was no clear correlation of potential difference between laccase and mediators with enzyme activity towards 2,6-DMP. This observation suggests that there are other limiting parameters for enzyme activity despite Redox potential difference, especially during ionic steps of the mechanism.
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Electrones , Lacasa , Benzotiazoles , Catálisis , Lacasa/metabolismo , Oxidación-Reducción , Pirogalol/análogos & derivados , Ácidos SulfónicosRESUMEN
Elemicin (Ele) is a constituent of natural alkenylbenzene present in many foods and herbs. Ele exposure could induce hepatomegaly and hepatosteatosis. However, the role of gut microbiota in Ele-induced hepatotoxicity remains unclear. Here, the mice were treated with 200 mg/kg/day of Ele for 4 weeks with or without depletion of gut microbiota by antibiotics cocktail treatment. The mice treated with Ele showed enlargement of liver and slight hepatosteatosis, accompanied by higher levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglyceride (TG). Ele could also shift the structure of fecal microbiota and increase the richness. Functional prediction of the microbiota revealed the enrichment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pathway upon Ele exposure. Compared with control group, Patescibacteria and Epsilonbacteraeota were significantly enriched at the phylum level upon Ele treatment. A total of 20 genera were significant with respect specifically to Ele exposure, including decreased Alistipes and elevated Ruminiclostridium_9 and Gordonibacter. Among them, 13 retained significant associations with ALT and TG by Spearman correlation test, 4 were correlated with AST. Further MaAsLin analysis revealed that ALT was associated with 4 differentially abundant genera, such as Alistipes and Ruminiclostridium_9 and Gordonibacter. In addition, only Alistipes was significantly correlated with serum TG. Intriguingly, depletion of the microbiota significantly attenuated hepatosteatosis, restore increased ALT, AST and TG and inhibit the expression of genes involved in de novo lipogenesis and adipocyte differentiation, such as Fasn, ADIPOQ and leptin. Collectively, depletion of gut microbiota protected against Ele induced aberrant lipid metabolism in mice.
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Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/etiología , Hígado Graso/inducido químicamente , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Hepatomegalia/inducido químicamente , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Pirogalol/análogos & derivados , Alanina Transaminasa/sangre , Animales , Aspartato Aminotransferasas/sangre , Bacterias/crecimiento & desarrollo , Bacterias/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/sangre , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/metabolismo , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/microbiología , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/patología , Disbiosis , Hígado Graso/metabolismo , Hígado Graso/microbiología , Hígado Graso/patología , Hepatomegalia/metabolismo , Hepatomegalia/microbiología , Hepatomegalia/patología , Hígado/metabolismo , Hígado/patología , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Pirogalol/toxicidad , Triglicéridos/sangreRESUMEN
Lignin and lignin-based materials have received considerable attention in various fields due to their promise as sustainable feedstocks. Guaiacol (G) and syringol (S) are two primary monolignols that occur in different ratios for different plant species. As methoxyphenols, G and S have been targeted as atmospheric pollutants and their acute toxicity examined. However, there is a rare understanding of the toxicological properties on other endpoints and mixture effects of these monolignols. To fill this knowledge gap, our study investigated the impact of different S/G ratios (0.5, 1, and 2) and three lignin depolymerization samples from poplar, pine, and miscanthus species on mutagenicity and developmental toxicity. A multitiered method consisted of in silico simulation, in vitro Ames test, and in vivo chicken embryonic assay was employed. In the Ames test, syringol showed a sign of mutagenicity, whereas guaiacol did not, which agreed with the T.E.S.T. simulation. For three S and G mixture and lignin monomers, mutagenic activity was related to the proportion of syringol. In addition, both S and G showed developmental toxicity in the chicken embryonic assay and T.E.S.T. simulation, and guaiacol had a severe effect on lipid peroxidation. A similar trend and comparable developmental toxicity levels were detected for S and G mixtures and the three lignin depolymerized monomers. This study provides data and insights on the differential toxicity of varying S/G ratios for some important building blocks for bio-based materials.
Asunto(s)
Guayacol/toxicidad , Lignina/química , Mutagénesis , Mutágenos/toxicidad , Pirogalol/análogos & derivados , Pruebas de Toxicidad , Animales , Embrión de Pollo , Guayacol/metabolismo , Lignina/metabolismo , Pruebas de Mutagenicidad , Mutágenos/metabolismo , Pirogalol/metabolismo , Pirogalol/toxicidadRESUMEN
In this study, we developed a novel colorimetric chemosensor for selective and sensitive recognition of Glutathione (GSH) using a simple binary mixture of commercially accessible and inexpensive metal receptors with names, Bromo Pyrogallol Red (BPR) and Xylenol Orange (XO). This procedure is based on the synergistic coordination of BPR and XO with cerium ion (Ce3+) for the recognition of GSH over other available competitive amino acids (AAs) especially thiol species in aqueous media. Generally, cysteine (Cys) and homocysteine (hCys) can seriously interfere with the detection of GSH among common biological species because they possess similar chemical behavior. Using all the information from 1HNMR and FT-IR studies, the proposed interaction is presented in which GSH acts as a tri-dentate ligand with three N donor atoms in conjunction with BPR and XO as mono and bi-dentate ligands respectively. This approach opens a path for selective detection of other AAs by argumentatively selecting the ensemble of mixed organic ligands from commercially available reagents, thereby eliminating the need for developing synthetic receptors, sample preparation, organic solvent mixtures, and expensive equipment. Evaluating the feasibility of the existing method was led to the determination of GSH in human plasma samples.
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Cerio/química , Colorimetría/métodos , Colorantes/química , Glutatión/sangre , Fenoles/química , Pirogalol/análogos & derivados , Sulfóxidos/química , Técnicas Biosensibles/métodos , Cisteína/análisis , Cisteína/química , Humanos , Indicadores y Reactivos/química , Ligandos , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Pirogalol/química , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier/métodos , Compuestos de Sulfhidrilo/análisis , Compuestos de Sulfhidrilo/química , Agua/químicaRESUMEN
Peperomia Ruiz and Pav, the second largest genus of the Piperaceae, has over the years shown potential biological activities. In this sense, the present work aimed to carry out a seasonal and circadian study on the chemical composition of Peperomia circinata essential oils and aromas, as well as to evaluate the preliminary toxicity in Artemia salina Leach and carry out an in silico study on the interaction mechanism. The chemical composition was characterized by gas chromatography (GC/MS and GC-FID). In the seasonal study the essential oil yields had a variation of 1.2-7.9%, and in the circadian study the variation was 1.5-5.6%. The major compounds in the seasonal study were ß-phellandrene and elemicin, in the circadian they were ß-phellandrene and myrcene, and the aroma was characterized by the presence of ß-phellandrene. The multivariate analysis showed that the period and time of collection influenced the essential oil and aroma chemical composition. The highest toxicity value was observed for the essential oil obtained from the dry material, collected in July with a value of 14.45 ± 0.25 µg·mL-1, the in silico study showed that the major compounds may be related to potential biological activity demonstrated by the present study.
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Artemia/efectos de los fármacos , Aceites Volátiles/análisis , Aceites Volátiles/toxicidad , Peperomia/química , Monoterpenos Acíclicos/análisis , Monoterpenos Acíclicos/toxicidad , Alquenos/análisis , Alquenos/toxicidad , Animales , Monoterpenos Ciclohexánicos/análisis , Monoterpenos Ciclohexánicos/toxicidad , Pirogalol/análogos & derivados , Pirogalol/análisis , Pirogalol/toxicidad , Estaciones del AñoRESUMEN
Biomass valorization to building block chemicals in food and pharmaceutical industries has tremendously gained attention. To produce monophenolic compounds from palm empty fruit bunch (EFB), EFB was subjected to alkaline hydrothermal extraction using NaOH or K2CO3 as a promotor. Subsequently, EFB-derived lignin was subjected to an oxidative depolymerization using Cu(II) and Fe(III) mixed metal oxides catalyst supported on γ-Al2O3 or SiO2 as the catalyst in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The highest percentage of total phenolic compounds of 63.87 wt% was obtained from microwave-induced oxidative degradation of K2CO3 extracted lignin catalyzed by Cu-Fe/SiO2 catalyst. Main products from the aforementioned condition included 27.29 wt% of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, 19.21 wt% of syringol, 9.36 wt% of acetosyringone, 3.69 wt% of acetovanillone, 2.16 wt% of syringaldehyde, and 2.16 wt% of vanillin. Although the total phenolic compound from Cu-Fe/Al2O3 catalyst was lower (49.52 wt%) compared with that from Cu-Fe/SiO2 catalyst (63.87 wt%), Cu-Fe/Al2O3 catalyst provided the greater selectivity of main two value-added products, syringol and acetosyrigone, at 54.64% and 23.65%, respectively (78.29% total selectivity of two products) from the NaOH extracted lignin. The findings suggested a promising method for syringol and acetosyringone production from the oxidative heterogeneous lignin depolymerization under low power intensity microwave heating within a short reaction time of 30 min.
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Acetofenonas , Cobre/química , Hierro/química , Lignina/química , Microondas , Poaceae/química , Pirogalol/análogos & derivados , Acetofenonas/química , Acetofenonas/aislamiento & purificación , Óxido de Aluminio/química , Catálisis , Oxidación-Reducción , Pirogalol/química , Pirogalol/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Polymer nanocapsules, with a hollow structure, are increasingly finding widespread use as drug delivery carriers; however, quantitatively evaluating the bio-nano interactions of nanocapsules remains challenging. Herein, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based metal-phenolic network (MPN) nanocapsules of three sizes (50, 100, and 150 nm) are engineered via supramolecular template-assisted assembly and the effect of the nanocapsule size on bio-nano interactions is investigated using in vitro cell experiments, ex vivo whole blood assays, and in vivo rat models. To track the nanocapsules by mass cytometry, a preformed gold nanoparticle (14 nm) is encapsulated into each PEG-MPN nanocapsule. The results reveal that decreasing the size of the PEG-MPN nanocapsules from 150 to 50 nm leads to reduced association (up to 70%) with phagocytic blood cells in human blood and prolongs in vivo systemic exposure in rat models. The findings provide insights into MPN-based nanocapsules and represent a platform for studying bio-nano interactions.
Asunto(s)
Sangre/metabolismo , Estructuras Metalorgánicas/química , Nanocápsulas/química , Polietilenglicoles/química , Pirogalol/análogos & derivados , Animales , Citometría de Flujo/métodos , Oro/química , Oro/metabolismo , Oro/farmacocinética , Oro/toxicidad , Humanos , Masculino , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Nanopartículas del Metal/toxicidad , Estructuras Metalorgánicas/metabolismo , Estructuras Metalorgánicas/farmacocinética , Estructuras Metalorgánicas/toxicidad , Ratones , Nanocápsulas/toxicidad , Tamaño de la Partícula , Polietilenglicoles/metabolismo , Polietilenglicoles/farmacocinética , Polietilenglicoles/toxicidad , Pirogalol/metabolismo , Pirogalol/farmacocinética , Pirogalol/toxicidad , Células RAW 264.7 , Ratas Sprague-DawleyRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The high fatality-to-case ratio of hepatocellular carcinoma is directly related to metastasis. The signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 is a key mediator of the cytokine and growth factor signaling pathways and drives the transcription of genes responsible for cancer-associated phenotypes. However, so far, no specific inhibitor for signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 has been used in clinical practice. Therefore, targeting the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 for cancer therapy is highly desired to improve outcomes in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Using the small-molecule inhibitor NT157, the effect of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 inhibition on cell migration was tested in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines and a lung metastasis model of the disease. RESULTS: NT157 significantly inhibited the migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines in vitro and lung metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma in vivo. Mechanistically, it inhibited the phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, NT157 treatment suppressed the c-Jun activation domain-binding protein-1 levels in the nucleus but no significant decrease was observed in its expression in the cytoplasm. Finally, high mRNA expression levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 and c-Jun activation domain-binding protein-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma were associated with significantly low survival rates. CONCLUSION: NT157 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma migration and metastasis by downregulating the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3/c-Jun activation domain-binding protein-1 signaling pathway and targeting it may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for the clinical management of hepatocellular carcinoma in the future.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Complejo del Señalosoma COP9/metabolismo , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/metabolismo , Péptido Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Pirogalol/análogos & derivados , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Sulfonamidas/farmacología , Animales , Complejo del Señalosoma COP9/genética , Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Línea Celular Tumoral , Femenino , Expresión Génica , Humanos , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Masculino , Ratones , Clasificación del Tumor , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Neovascularización Patológica , Péptido Hidrolasas/genética , Pirogalol/farmacología , ARN Mensajero , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/genéticaRESUMEN
Pleurospermum (Apiaceae) species possess a wide range of biological properties viz. analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, and so on. Pleurospermum candollei (DC.) Benth. Ex C. B. Clark. is reported to cure diarrhea, gastric, respiratory, stomach, abdominal, joint, and back pain problems. In addition, it is also used for both male and female infertility. The present study deals with an efficient technique using high-speed countercurrent chromatography for separation of chemical components from the methanol extract of P. candollei. Notably, nine main compounds namely luteolin 7-O-glucoside (1), oxypeucedanin hydrate (2), pabulenol (3), bergapten (4), heptadecanoic acid (5), (E)-isoelemicin (6), trans-asarone (7), α-linolenic acid (8), and isoimperatorin (9) were very efficiently separated and isolated in pure form. Multiple injections were applied followed by two off-line recycling high-speed countercurrent chromatography. The inhibitory effect of nitric oxide production of all compounds was tested in the presence of 200 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide in RAW264.7 mice macrophage cells. The results demonstrated that compounds 7 and 8 effectively inhibited nitric oxide production, with IC50 values of 28.44 and 53.18 µM, respectively. This study thus validates the traditional claim of using P. candollei. Taken together, these findings will be useful in future research to find a potential candidate with anti-inflammatory properties.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios , Apiaceae/química , Distribución en Contracorriente/clasificación , Extractos Vegetales , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/aislamiento & purificación , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Distribución en Contracorriente/métodos , Furocumarinas/aislamiento & purificación , Furocumarinas/farmacología , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Ratones , Óxido Nítrico/antagonistas & inhibidores , Fitoquímicos/aislamiento & purificación , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Pirogalol/análogos & derivados , Pirogalol/aislamiento & purificación , Pirogalol/farmacología , Células RAW 264.7RESUMEN
Numerous case reports of intoxications with nutmeg seeds (Myristica fragrans, Houtt.) can be found in literature often following their abuse, as psychotropic effects were described after ingestions of large doses. The successful detection of the main ingredients of the nutmeg seeds essential oil elemicin, myristicin, and safrole, as well as their metabolites in human urine by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was already described. The aim of this study was to investigate the detectability of the main ingredients of nutmeg seeds and their metabolites in human blood and urine samples using liquid chromatography coupled to linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-LIT-MSn ) and liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) after nutmeg seed abuse. Sample material of three individuals was retrospectively investigated after a systematic screening approach indicated an intoxication with nutmeg seeds as a likely cause of symptoms. Metabolic patterns in plasma and urine using GC-MS were comparable with those described in earlier publications. Investigations using hyphenated liquid chromatography techniques lead to the detection of myristicin and safrole, as well as further metabolites not described using GC-MS and revealed sulfation as an additional Phase II metabolic pathway. These results might help to detect or confirm future intoxications with nutmeg seeds by using LC-MS techniques.