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BACKGROUND: Knowing the size of a cutaneous lesion can be important for tracking its progression over time, selecting the proper treatment modality, surgical planning, determining prognosis, and accurate billing. However, providers vary in their consistency, accuracy, and methods of measuring cutaneous lesions. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical practices of US dermatologists and dermatologic surgeons regarding how they determine the size of cutaneous lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey was electronically distributed to members of the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery. RESULTS: Four hundred twenty-six dermatologists completed the online survey. When a lesion is suspected to be malignant, 85% of respondents obtained exact measurements most, if not all, of the time; however, only 8% did for benign lesions. Most providers determined lesion sizes themselves rather than delegating to staff. When performing visual estimation, approximately three-quarters believed that they were accurate to within 1 to 2 mm. The top reasons for obtaining exact measurements were for tracking atypical pigmented lesions, determining treatment pathways, and accurate billing. CONCLUSION: The majority of respondents believed that lesion size affected management decisions; however, the need for exact measurement remains controversial, particularly for benign lesions. Future studies may investigate whether taking exact versus estimated measurements has an effect on outcomes.

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INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to analyze secular trends in anthropometrics and physical fitness of Portuguese children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A group of 1819 students (881 boys and 938 girls) between 10 and 11 years old was assessed in their 5th and 6th scholar grade throughout a 20 years' time-frame. ANCOVA models were used to analyze variations in anthropometrics (height, weight and body mass index) and physical fitness (sit and reach, curl-up, horizontal jump and sprint time) across four quinquennials (1993 - 1998; 1998 - 2003; 2003 - 2008; 2008 - 2013). RESULTS: Secular trends showed the presence of heavier boys and girls with higher body mass index in the 5th and 6th grade throughout the last 20 years. There was also a presence of taller girls but just until the 3rd quinquennial. Both boys and girls were able to perform better on the core strength test and sprint time but become less flexible over the years. Mean jumping performance remained unchanged for both genders. DISCUSSION: The present study provides novel data on anthropometrics and physical fitness trends over the last two decades in young Portuguese children, consistent with the results reported in other developed countries. CONCLUSION: Evidence for the start of a positive secular trend in body mass index and in some physical fitness components over the last two decades among the Portuguese youth.

Introdução: Analisar as tendências seculares ao nível da antropometria e aptidão física das crianças portuguesas. Material e Métodos: Um grupo de 1819 crianças (881 rapazes e 938 raparigas) entre os 10 e os 11 anos de idade, foi avaliado no 5º e 6º ano de escolaridade durante 20 anos. A ANCOVA foi usada para analisar as variações de antropometria (índice de massa corporal, peso e altura) e aptidão física (sentar e alcançar, força abdominal, salto horizontal e corrida de velocidade) durante quatro quinquénios (1993 - 1998; 1998 - 2003; 2003 - 2008 e 2008 - 2013). Resultados: As tendências seculares mostraram a presença de crianças mais pesadas e com um índice de massa corporal mais elevado ao longo dos últimos 20 anos. Verificou-se também a presença de raparigas mais altas, mas só até ao terceiro quinquénio. Ambos os géneros melhoraram o desempenho nos testes de força abdominal e corrida de velocidade mas pioram a sua capacidade de flexibilidade ao longo dos anos. O desempenho no salto horizontal permaneceu inalterado em ambos os géneros. Discussão: Este estudo fornece novos dados sobre a tendência dos registos antropométricos e de aptidão física nos últimos 20 anos em crianças Portuguesas, sendo consistente com as tendências reportadas sobre outros países desenvolvidos. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem uma tendência positiva nos últimos 20 anos no índice de massa corporal e em alguns componentes da aptidão física em crianças Portuguesas.

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The aim of this study was to quantify time changes in the body dimensions of male Australian Army personnel. Following a systematic review, two studies were identified and matched for occupation and age (n = 669) with time changes in 12 absolute and 11 proportional body dimensions assessed between 1977 and 2010-12. Changes in means were expressed as absolute, percent and standardised changes, with changes in variability assessed visually and as the ratio of coefficients of variation (CVs). Time changes in absolute dimensions were typically positive (increases) and moderate in magnitude (median standardised change ± 95%CI: 0.53 ± 0.23), and while changes in proportional dimensions were typically negligible (median standardised change ± 95%CI: 0.16 ± 0.33), substantial changes (standardised changes ≥0.2 or ≤-0.2) were observed in several dimensions. Variability in body dimensions has also typically increased (median ratio of CVs ± 95%CI: 1.10 ± 0.07) and become more right-skewed. These findings have important implications for the design and acquisition of new military vehicles, body equipment and clothing.

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Aim To determine the acceleration of birth weight and birth length of newborns in the municipalities of Tuzla Canton in the last four decades. Tuzla Canton (TC) as an administrative territorial unit of the FBiH includes 13 municipalities. Methods In this retrospective study data from the Protocol Book of Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic, University Clinical Center, from 1976 to 2007 were used. The sample of live-born infants by municipalities was divided into four sub-samples: a subsample of infants born in 1976, 1987, 1997 and 2007. During the monitored years there were 19,312 live births in Tuzla Canton (TC), but the study included 17,907 newborns of both sexes. Statistical data processing was performed using standard methods, descriptive and inference statistics. Results Ascertained results of the secular trend for birth weight showed that this parameter had positive values in seven municipalities, but in six municipalities it was negative. The highest values of increasing birth length of newborns, which were statistically significant, were found in the municipalities of Srebrenik and this increase was 0.06 cm per year. Conclusion Different values of the secular trend in the monitored TC are result of different socio-economic and ecological conditions in these municipalities, as well as of violent mass population migration that occurred as a result of the war in BiH in the period from 1992 to 1995.

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OBJECTIVE: Records of metric data of birth, serve not only the medical needs of the newborn baby, but are also indicators to assess the status of public health. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of 4946 newborns (singleton: 2508 boys and 2365 girls) born in 1989 and in 2009 at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the University of Szeged. We aimed as to compare and map the metrical changes over 20 years, and to describe the averages of four body parameters of the normal birth weight (2500-4000 g) subgroup (3993 singleton babies) in both years. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 17.0. RESULTS: In 1989, the mean birth weight was 3223.770 ± 559.595 g, birth length 49.551 ± 2.729 cm, chest circumference 32.181 ± 2.231 cm, and head circumference 34.122 ± 1.688 cm. In 2009, the birth weight was 3309.673 ± 582.630 g, birth length 49.515 ± 2.658 cm, chest circumference 32.736 ± 2.392 cm and head circumference 33.854 ± 1.768 cm. The mean birth weight, chest circumference and the maximum value of birth weight have thus increased. The mean maternal age shifted to 30.21 ± 4.863 years, which is an increase of 3.57 years in 20 years. CONCLUSION: The body parameters of newborns changed significantly between 1989 and 2009. As underlying causes changes in eating habits and lifestyle of the mother are to be mentioned.

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BACKGROUND: Excess body mass increases the risk of development of asthmatic symptoms and their severity and decreases the treatment effectiveness. One of the hypotheses explaining the link between the two diseases concerns the adipokines, hormones produced by adipose tissue with a proinflammatory character. The aim of this study was to compare the levels of the adipokines (leptin and resistin) between overweight asthmatic patients, asthmatic patients with normal weight and overweight patients without asthma. METHODS: 80 peripheral blood samples were collected from patients and blood serum extracted. Three groups were selected: overweight asthmatic patients (BMI ≥ 25), overweight patients without asthma and asthmatic patients with normal weight (BMI < 25). Waist circumference of the patients was measured (cut-off points were 80 cm for women and over 94 cm for men) and a skin prick test performed. Comparison of adipokine concentration between the 3 groups was made and association between these concentrations and the measurements was performed. RESULTS: Although the concentrations of both adipokines were slightly higher for overweight asthmatic patients compared to overweight healthy patients, these differences were not significant. A significant association was found between leptin concentration and both BMI (p < 0.01) and waist circumference (p < 0.01). A difference for this cytokine was also found between asthmatic and non-asthmatic female patients (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: As expected overweight patients with BMI ≥ 25 and patients with increased waist circumference showed higher leptin levels. We suggest that the studied cytokines, with a stronger indication for leptin, can elicit asthmatic inflammation in obese phenotype of asthma that affects more frequently women

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Most studies analysing the influence of socioeconomic deterioration on body size focus on the impact of food shortages and diseases on the growth in early childhood. To evaluate how socioeconomic conditions influence the growth during the adolescence, we tracked the body size of 15-19 year-olds over the last sixty years covering the socialist period (1951-1990), the war (1991-1995) and the transition to capitalistic economy. This study of Zagreb, Croatia, adolescent population provides information on the secular trend in height, weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) and examines their relation with Real Gross Domestic Product. From 1951 to 2010 the girls' height approximately increased by 6.2cm and weight by 6.8kg, while the boys' height increased by 12.2cm and weight by 17.3kg. Prior to 1991 mean BMI in girls was higher than in boys, but from 1991 on, the interrelation between the sexes has been opposite, possibly mirroring the cultural trends that started in mid-1970s and reflecting higher sensitivity of boys to the socioeconomic changes. In conclusion, the secular trend in body size over the investigated period reflects the positive economic trends interrupted by the war. The recent increase in BMI corresponds to the country's economic recovery and indicates the "nutrition transition".

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Objective. The present study aimed to analyze the effect of 16 weeks of training on the parameters of physical fitness and body composition in athletes of the Brazilian 5-a-side football team. Method. The sample consisted of six athletes - four outfield players with functional classification B1 and two goalkeepers without visual impairment -, all male, mean age of 27.33 ± 5.5 years. The athletes underwent two evaluations: before and after 16 weeks of training. We measured the levels of cardiorespiratory fitness through the 20m Shuttle Run and the anaerobic parameters through the Rast Test, while the subjects' body composition was assessed by anthropometric technique. Results. Statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) levels were found for VO2peak before (44.7 ± 4.7 ml.(Kg.min)-1) and after (50.3 ± 3.2ml.(Kg.min)-1), for anaerobic parameters of Medium Power before (442.8 ± 47W) and after (491 ± 72.9W), Low Power before (328.9 ± 26.7W) and after (405.4 ± 79.6W) and for fatigue index before (39.8 ± 10.3%) and after (29.2 ± 12.7%). Conclusion. The 16 weeks of training were enough to show significant improvements in the components of aerobic and anaerobic fitness of the Brazilian 5-a-side football team players; the same effect was not observed in the indicators of body composition(AU)

Objetivo. El presente estudio tiene por objetivo analizar el efecto de 16 semanas de entrenamiento en los parámetros de la condición física y la composición corporal en atletas del equipo de fútbol 5 de la selección brasileña. Método. La muestra estuvo formada por seis atletas, cuatro jugadores de campo con la clasificación funcional B1 y dos porteros sin discapacidad visual, con una media de edad de 27,3 ± 5,5 años. Los atletas realizaron dos evaluaciones: antes y después de 16 semanas de entrenamiento. Se midieron los niveles de la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria a través de la realización del test de Shuttle Run 20m y las variables anaeróbicas a través del Rast Test, mientras que la medición de la composición corporal de los sujetos se realizó mediante la técnica antropométrica doblemente indirecta. Resultados. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p ≤ 0,05) entre los niveles de VO2pico previos (44,7 ± 4,7ml.(kg.min)-1) y posteriores al entrenamiento (50,3 ± 3,2ml.(Kg.min) -1). Los mismos resultados fueron observados en los valores de potencia media (pre = 442,8 ± 47W, post = 491 ± 72,9W), en la potencia mínima (pre = 328,9 ± 26,7W, post = 405,4 ± 79,6W) y en el índice de fatiga (pre = 39,8 ± 10,3 %, post = 29,2 ± 12,7 %). Conclusión. Las 16 semanas de entrenamiento fueron suficientes para demostrar mejoras significativas en la condición física de los jugadores del equipo de fútbol 5 de la selección brasileña, sin embargo, no se obtuvieron los mismos efectos en los indicadores de la composición corporal(AU)

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Nuestro objetivo fue establecer qué parámetros antropométricos y de maduración se correlacionan con el rendimiento en remo-ergómetro en una muestra de 114 adolescentes de ambos sexos sin experiencia previa en remo. Los resultados demuestran una gran correlación entre masa corporal y rendimiento, aunque esta asociación disminuyó cuando la masa corporal se ajustó por un coeficiente para compensar la mayor resistencia en el agua generada por el arrastre. La estatura, la longitud de piernas, y la envergadura de brazos se correlacionaron moderadamente luego de del ajuste de la masa corporal en varones, pero no en niñas. El ajuste de maduración por antropometría mostró una gran correlación con el rendimiento, pero disminuyó luego de aplicar la corrección por tamaño. La predicción de la estatura adulta reveló que pocos de estos adolescentes crecerían hasta la estatura de los competidores de remo de elite de categoría abierta(AU)

We aimed to establish which anthropometric and maturity offset parameters correlate with rowing ergometer performance in a sample of 114 adolescent, rowing-inexperienced boys and girls. Results showed high correlations between body mass and performance, but these reduced when body mass was scaled to account for increased on-water drag resistance. Height, leg length and arm span remained moderately correlated after size-adjustment in boys, but not in girls. Anthropometric maturity offset showed a high correlation with performance, but decreased with size-adjustment. Final height estimation revealed that few of these adolescents would reach the height of elite open-weight competitors(AU)

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Antecedentes y objetivos. La prehipertensión es una nueva categoría de presión arterial, y se considera un factor de riesgo vascular. Hemos estimado la prevalencia de prehipertensión y la asociación entre esta condición y otros factores de riesgo vascular en adultos jóvenes. Sujetos y métodos. Invitamos a participar a los universitarios del primer curso de todas las titulaciones que se imparten en el Campus Universitario de Cuenca. Se consideró prehipertensión a una presión arterial sistólica de 120-139mmHg y/o presión arterial diastólica de 80-89mmHg. Se midieron las variables antropométricas, lipídicas y metabólicas. Se valoró la presencia del síndrome metabólico, y se cuantificó en función de la suma de las puntuaciones estandarizadas del perímetro de cintura, la razón triglicéridos/c-HDL, presión arterial media y R-HOMA (índice de resistencia a la acción hipoglucemiante de la insulina). Resultados. Se incluyeron en el análisis 545 universitarios (edad media [±DE] 20,4±3,9 años; 74,7% mujeres). La prevalencia global de prehipertensión fue del 24% (IC del 95%: 21-27%), (varones: 56,5%; mujeres: 13,0%). La condición de prehipertensión se asoció de forma directa al índice de masa corporal (OR: 1,194; IC del 95%: 1,124-1,311), resistencia al efecto hipoglucemiante de la insulina (R-HOMA, OR: 2,638; IC del 95%: 1,263-4,926) y al índice o cuantificación de la severidad del síndrome metabólico (OR: 4,868; IC del 95%: 3,846-8,328). Por el contrario, la prehipertensión se asoció de forma inversa con la concentración de c-HDL (OR: 0,981; IC del 95%: 0,957-0,993). Conclusiones. Uno de cada 4 adultos jóvenes presenta prehipertensión. Esta condición se asocia a los factores de riesgo vasculares bien establecidos(AU)

Background and objectives. Prehypertension is a new category of blood pressure and is considered a cardiovascular risk factor. This study has aimed to estimate the prevalence of prehypertension and the association between prehypertension and other vascular risk factors in young adults. Material and methods. First year university students from all areas of study in the University of Cuenca were invited to participate. Prehypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure between 120-139mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure between 80-89mmHg. Anthropometric, lipid and metabolic variables were measures. The presence of metabolic syndrome was evaluated and quantified based on the sum of the standardized scores of the waist circumference, the triglyceride/c-HDL ratio, mean blood pressure and R-HOMA (Index of insulin resistance to glucose lowering effect). Results. A total of 545 university students were included in the analysis (mean age 20.36±3.9 years, 74.7% women). Prehypertension prevalence was 24% (95% CI: 21-27%), (56.5% in men and 13% in women). The condition of prehypertension was directly associated to the body mass index (OR:1.194; 95% CI:1.124-1.311), insulin resistance (R-HOMA, OR:2.638; 95% CI:1.263-4.926) and to the index or quantification of the severity of the metabolic syndrome (OR:4-868; 95% CI:3-846-8-328). On the other hand, HDL-c showed an inverse relationship with prehypertension (OR:0.981; 95% CI:0.957-0.993). Conclusions. One out of every four young adults presents prehypertension. This condition is associated to well-established vascular risk factors(AU)

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La presente investigación examina los cambios en la imagen corporal y en el índice de masa corporal ocurridos en un periodo de 11 años en una muestra de adolescentes españoles con edades comprendidas entre los 13 y 21 años. Los datos provienen de dos submuestras recogidas en el año 1997 (n = 3468) y en el año 2008 (n = 846). La imagen corporal fue operacionalizada por medio de la escala insatisfacción corporal perteneciente al inventario de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (Garner, 1998, 2004). Los resultados pusieron de manifiesto que el índice de masa corporal es una covariable importante en el estudio de la insatisfacción corporal. Se observó una disminución no-significativa de los valores medios de insatisfacción corporal en la muestra de mujeres. Las puntuaciones de los varones no han cambiado durante los últimos 11 años (AU)

This study examines the changes in adolescents’ body image and body mass index over the last 11 years. Data came from two different subsamples collected in the years 1997 (n = 3468) and 2008 (n = 846). The body image was assessed by the Body Dissatisfaction scale belonging to Eating Disorder Inventory (Garner, 1998, 2004). The results showed that the Body Mass Index is an important covariable in the study of the body dissatisfaction. The body dissatisfaction mean values decreased in the female sample, although the observed reduction was not statistically significant. The male’s values didn’t change over the last 11 years (AU)

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Objective: To determine the trend of high school students from Valparaíso Chile by means of an anthropometrical somatotype Material and methods: two samples of students during the years 1984-1985 (86 men and 71 women) and 2009-2010 (77 men and 86 women) between 15 and 18 years of age have been studied. Somatotype was estimated by the Heath-Carter anthropometric method. Results: significant differences were found in all the variables of the somatotype during the periods studied(p < 0.01), except for height (p = 0.176) and humeral breadth in women (p = 0.067). Important distinctions were also found in the endomorphic, mesomorphic andectomorphic components (p < 0.01). Men measurements registered remarkable differences in all the variables (p <0.01), with the exception of weight (p = 0.156), calf breadth (p = 0.906) and arm breadth in contraction (p =0.284). Measurement results of endomorphic (p<0.01),ectomorphic (p < 0.01) and mesomorfic components (p <0.05) revealed considerable differences. During the period 1984-1985, men classified as balanced mesomorph 2.7-4.8-3.1 which switched to mesomorph-endomorph 3.8-4.3-2.5 in the period 2009-2010.And the population of women in the 1984-1985 period is classified as mesomorph-endomorph 4.2-4.7-2.1 and changes to a mesomorphic-endomorph biotype 6.6-4.1-1.3 in the 2009-2010.Conclusions: the somatotype of the adolescent population, especially women in Valparaiso, Chile has changedto a predominant endomorphic biotype, and its mesomorphic component has decreased. A high relative adiposity contributes to increase the probability for these people to suffer non-transmissible chronic diseases and cardiovascular issues (AU)

Objetivo: Determinar la tendencia de una población de estudiantes de educación secundaria de Valparaíso, Chilea través del somatotipo. Material y métodos: Se han estudiado dos muestras de estudiantes durante los períodos 1984-1985 (hombres 86y mujeres 71) y 2009-2010 (hombres 77 y mujeres 86) de15 a 18 años. Se registraron los datos antropométricos para evaluar el somatotipo antropométrico de Heath Carter. Resultados: Para todas las variables del somatotipo de Heath-Carter se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los períodos estudiados (p < 0,01) excepto para talla(p = 0,176) y diámetro humeral (p = 0,067) en mujeres,para los componentes endomorfo, mesomorfo y ectomorfo también se registran diferencias significativas (p <0,01). En hombres, se registran diferencias significativas para todas las variables (p < 0,01) con excepción de peso(p = 0,156), perímetro de pierna (p=906) y perímetro de brazo en contracción (p = 0,284). También se observan diferencias significativas en los componentes endomorfo(p < 0,01), ectomorfo (p < 0,01) y mesomorfo (p < 0,05). La población de mujeres del periodo 1984-1985 se clasifica como endomorfo-mesomorfo 4,2-4,7-2,1 y cambia a un perfil endo-mesomórfico 6,6-4,1-1,3 en el 2009-2010. En los hombres en el periodo 1984-1985 se clasifica como mesomorfismo balaceado 2,7-4,8-3,1 y cambia a un endomorfo-mesomorfo 3,8-4,3-2,5 en el periodo 2009-2010. Conclusiones: El somatotipo de la población de adolescentes de Valparaíso, Chile se ha desplazado hacia un biotipo predominantemente endomorfo sobre todo en mujeres y ha disminuido su componente mesomórfico. Este perfil con una alta adiposidad relativa contribuye a aumentar las probabilidades de que esta población sufra enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y cardiovasculares (AU)

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Introducción: En España, una de cada tres mujeres fuma al inicio del embarazo; de ellas, un 25-50% dejan de fumar durante la gestación y la mayoría reinicia el consumo tras el parto. Entre los efectos del tabaquismo materno en el recién nacido, destaca el bajo peso al nacimiento con su consecuente morbilidad. El objetivo del estudio es comparar las características antropométricas y socioculturales de los hijos de gestante no fumadora con respecto a los de madre fumadora en nuestro medio. Materiales y métodos: Se han evaluado los hábitos de tabaquismo y las características socioculturales de una muestra de 1.499 embarazadas y las variables antropométricas de sus recién nacidos durante el año 2009 en Aragón. Resultados: Se observó en las 1.499 gestantes estudiadas una prevalencia de tabaquismo en la gestación de 19,6%; entre las españolas el 23% fumó durante la gestación frente al 11% de las extranjeras. Las madres fumadoras fueron más jóvenes y con un nivel educativo menor que las no fumadoras; sin embargo no se hallaron diferencias en sus características antropométricas. Los nacidos en Aragón hijos de madre fumadora tuvieron un menor peso al nacer respecto a los de no fumadoras (3.155 g vs 3.295 g: p < 0,001) y un riesgo relativo de nacer con bajo peso para su edad gestacional de 2,1 (IC 95%: 1,35-2,97). La longitud y resto de variables antropométricas del recién nacido también se vieron afectadas. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de tabaquismo durante la gestación en Aragón es alta. Las madres que fuman son más jóvenes y con características socioculturales diferentes a las no fumadoras. El hábito tabáquico materno repercute negativamente en el estado nutricional del recién nacido, suponiendo un riesgo evitable de bajo peso al nacer (AU)

Introduction: One in every four women smoke at the beginning of the pregnancy in Spain; of these, 25-50% give up smoking during gestation and most of them smoke again after child birth. Maternal smoking has harmful effects on babies, such as low birth-weight with its resulting morbidity. The objective of this study is to compare the anthropometric and socio-cultural characteristics between newborns from smoking mothers and those from non- smoking ones. Materials and methods: Smoking habits and the socio-cultural characteristics were assessed from a sample of 1499 pregnant women, as well as their newborn anthropometric variables of their newborn babies during 2009 in the Aragon region of Spain. Results: In the sample of 1499 pregnant women the prevalence of smoking during pregnancy was 19.6%; among the Spanish women, 23% of them smoked during the gestation compared with only 11% in women from other countries. The smoker mothers were younger and they had a lower educational level than the non smoker ones; however, there were no statistical differences between their anthropometric characteristics. Newborns from smoker women in Aragon had a lower weigh at delivery (3155 vs. 3295 grams: p < .001) and a relative risk of low weight at birth for their gestational age of 2.1 (95% CI: 1.35 --- 2.97). The length and the rest of newborn anthropometric variables were also affected. Conclusion: The prevalence of smoking during gestation is high in Aragon. The mothers who smoke are younger and have different socio-cultural characteristics compared with non-smoker mothers. Maternal smoking habits have a harmful effect on newborn nutritional status, representing an avoidable risk of low weight at birth (AU)

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Extensive reference data sets of pediatric bone density measurements are now available, together with equations to translate BMD into relevant Z-scores and correct for abnormal stature. So now is the right time to ask: are you thinking about bone density in children correctly?

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OBJETIVO: Determinar si las menores concentraciones séricas de antígeno prostático específico (PSA) encontradas en los sujetos obesos son consecuencia de bajos niveles de testosterona circulante y/o del mayor volumen plasmático (-VP- hemodilución).MÉTODOS: Fueron seleccionados 413 individuos de sexo masculino entre 45 y 75 años. El trabajo consistió en una evaluación de la composición corporal mediante antropometría (medición de peso y talla y cálculo del índice de masa corporal –IMC-, superficie corporal- SC- y VP), estimación de peso prostático por ecografía transrectal (ETR) y un análisis de laboratorio incluyendo dosaje de la PSA total y, en un subgrupo de pacientes (n= 108), determinación de la concentración sérica de testosterona. Se calculó la masa de PSA circulante (PSA masa). El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante Anova I y el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson (p<0.05).RESULTADOS: La edad promedio fue de 59,08 años y la media de IMC de 28,80 kg/m2. Los sujetos con IMC entre 20-24,9 kg/m2 (n= 68) presentaron una media de PSA de 1,43 ng/ml; en los voluntarios con sobrepeso (n=222), IMC entre 25-29,9 kg/m2, la media encontrada de fue de 1,40 ng/ml; en los obesos tipo I (n=114), IMC entre 30-39,9 kg/m2, se halló una PSA media de 1,05 ng/ml y finalmente en los obesos tipo II (n= 9), IMC > 40 kg/m2 , el PSA tuvo un valor medio de 0,85 ng/ml. Un mayor IMC se asoció significativamente con un mayor VP (r= 0,687; p =0,001) y con una menor concentración sérica de PSA (r= -0,235; p= 0,001). Por su parte, el PSA masa fue menor en los pacientes obesos tipo I y II que en los voluntarios con sobrepeso y normopeso aunque estadísticamente no significativo ( p<0.063). El peso prostático y los niveles de testosterona fueron similares en todos los voluntarios independientemente del estado nutricional que presentaran(AU)

CONCLUSIÓN: La principal causa de menor concentración de PSA en sujetos obesos sería la hemodilución por mayor volumen plasmático; sin embargo, también hay una discreta reducción en la secreción de proteína PSA en estos sujetos aunque no estaría relacionada bajos niveles de testosterona(AU)

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether lower serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration in obese men is caused by plasma hemodilution and/or decreased serum testosterone levels.METHODS: A sample of 413 men, from 45 to 75 years old, were randomly selected for the study among those who participated in prostate cancer screening at 2 urban urology practices in Argentina and Puerto Rico. Weight, height, serum testosterone and total PSA concentration were determined. Body mass index (BMI), body surface, plasma volume, and PSA mass were calculated. Prostate volume was estimated by transrectal ultrasound using the prolate ellipsoid formula.RESULTS: Mean age was 59 years old (range, 45 to 75) and mean BMI was 28.8 kg/m2 (range, 24 to 46). Mean serum PSA concentration was 1.43 ng/ml in normal weight patients (n=68), 1.4 ng/ml in overweight patients (n=222), 1.05 ng/ml in obese patients (n=114), and 0.85 ng/ml in morbidly obese patients (n=9). BMI was directly correlated with plasma volume (r= 0.687; p= 0.001) and inversely correlated with serum PSA concentration (r= -0.235; P= 0.001). PSA mass tended to be lower in obese and morbidly obese patients (P= 0.0063) compared to normal weight and overweight subjects. Serum testosterone concentration (P= 0.91) and prostate volume (P= 0.068) were similar among all BMI groups.CONCLUSIONS: Obese men had lower serum PSA concentrations than normal weight men mainly due to plasma hemodilution. PSA mass tended to be lower in obese patients, but it is unlikely a consequence of lower serum testosterone concentrations(AU)

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The nature of excess body weight may be changing over time to one of greater central adiposity. The aim of this study is to determine whether BMI and waist circumference (WC) are increasing proportionately among population subgroups and the range of bodyweight, and to examine the public health implications of the findings. Our data are from two cross-sectional surveys (the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Studies (NHANES) in 1988-1994 (NHANES III) and 2005-2006), from which we have used samples of 15,349 and 4,176 participants aged ≥20 years. Between 1988-1994 and 2005-2006 BMI increased by an average of 1.8 kg/m² and WC by 4.7 cm (adjusted for sex, age, race-ethnicity, and education). The increase in WC was more than could be attributed simply to increases in BMI. This independent increase in WC (of on average, 0.9 cm) was consistent across the different BMI categories, sexes, education levels, and race-ethnicity groups. It occurred in younger but not older age groups. Overall in each BMI category, the prevalence of low-risk WC decreased and the prevalence of increased-risk or substantially increased-risk WC increased. These results suggest that the adverse health consequences associated with obesity may be increasingly underestimated by trends in BMI alone. Since WC is closely linked to adverse cardiovascular outcomes, it is important to know the prevailing trends in both of these parameters.

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The screening studies conducted in 2007 indicated that there was a reduction in the physical development of 17-18-year-old girls (n = 530) in the Kirov Region in the past decade (1996-2007). With their higher height, the 2007 girls showed decreases in body weight, chest circumference, vital capacity, diastolic blood pressure, but higher heart rate, as compared with the 1996 population. There were also reductions in weight-to-height ratio, Quetelet index, Rohrer index, and vital index and increases in the Pignet index, effective circulation index, and Quass endurance factor. The use of centile tables showed that 30 and 11% in the 2007 population had disharmonious and very disharmonious development, respectively; and microsomatic body build was seen in 81%. Therefore, the asthenization or deceleration of physical development in 17-18-year-old girls, which was ascertained in the late 20th century, also continues in the early 21st century.

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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: In 1975, a Reference Man for the estimation of radiation doses without adverse health effects was created. However, during the past few decades, considerable changes in body weight and body composition were observed, as a result of which, new in vivo technologies of body composition analysis are now available. Thus, the Reference Man might be outdated as adequate standard to assess medication and radiation doses. The objective of this study was to compare body composition of an adult population with 1975 Reference Man data, thereby questioning its value as a suitable reference. METHODS: Body composition was assessed in 208 healthy, Caucasian subjects (105 males, 103 females) aged 18-78 years with a body mass index range of 16.8-35.0 kg/m(2). Fat mass (FM) and muscle mass (MM) were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, organ masses (OMs) were measured by magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: There was a considerable variance in body weight and body composition. When compared with Reference Man, great differences in body composition were found. Men and women of the study population were heavier, taller and had more FM, MM and higher masses of brain, heart and spleen. These differences did not depend on age. Relationships between body weight and body composition were investigated by general linear regression models, whereby deviations in FM, MM and heart mass disappeared, whereas differences in brain and spleen mass persisted. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate the need of a modern Reference Man and thus a recalculation of medical radiation doses and medication.

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AIM: To document time trends in growth and nutritional status among Portuguese children from Lisbon, and their parents. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Two growth surveys were carried out in Lisbon, Portugal in 1991 and in 2001 at the request of the Municipality of Lisbon. The 1991 sample was composed of 2018 children (992 boys and 1026 girls) and the 2001 sample was composed of 3591 children (1787 boys and 1804 girls). The ages range from 4 to 11 years. The data from these surveys is compared with published data from 1971. Data on growth and nutritional status of the children and their parents were analysed. Nutritional status of the family clusters is also documented. RESULTS: There was an increase in the average height of the children between 1971 and 2001, but a more severe increase in overweight and obesity. Stunting in height was virtually non-existent among the children, but leg stunting (leg length relative to height) was high. The main changes between 1991 and 2001 are towards a greater prevalence of overweight/obese family clusters and dual-burden family clusters (at least one underweight member and one overweight/obese member). CONCLUSIONS: In this biological survey article we present two growth databases that may be used in future studies. There is an urgent need to conduct a national growth survey in Portugal, including all age groups, with stratified samples by district and ethnic diversity.

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Introducción y objetivoLa menopausia implica una serie de modificaciones hormonales y un aumento del número de trastornos, como puede ser la mayor tendencia a la obesidad, que repercuten negativamente en la salud de la mujer pre y posmenopáusica. El objetivo que nos proponemos es describir las modificaciones de la composición corporal que sufren grupos de mujeres pre y posmenopáusicas tras realizar un programa de aeróbic.Material y métodosParticiparon treinta mujeres sedentarias que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. Realizaron un programa de ejercicio físico durante seis meses basado en la práctica del aeróbic. Se realizó una valoración antropométrica para valorar la modificación de la composición corporal y de la distribución de la grasa pre y postintervención.ResultadosObservamos que no se producen modificaciones significativas en peso corporal, porcentaje graso y porcentaje muscular en ninguno de los dos grupos tras la realización de aeróbic durante 6 meses. Del mismo modo, tampoco se observan modificaciones significativas en la distribución regional de la grasa, tan sólo se observan reducciones en el pliegue triccipital en el caso de las mujeres posmenopáusicas.ConclusionesLa realización de un programa de aeróbic durante seis meses no provoca modificaciones significativas sobre la composición corporal de mujeres sedentarias pre o posmenopáusicas(AU)

Introduction and objectiveMenopause is associated with hormonal changes and with several physiological changes, as a tendency to increase body fat mass. This may influence in a negative way on health status in pre and post menopausal women. Hence, the aim of this study is to explain modifications in body composition in pre and post menopausal women after performing and aerobic training program.Material and methodsSedentary women (n=30) were involved in this study which performed a six month physical training program based in aerobic sessions. Anthropometric analysis was carried out in order to determine body composition and body fat mass distribution before and after the physical program.ResultsThere were not differences in body weight, body fat percentage or muscle mass in neither of groups after 6 month performing the aerobic training. Furthermore, there were not statistically significant changes in body fat distribution. We only founded some changes in triceps skin fold in postmenopausal group.ConclusionsSix month after performing a physical training based in aerobic sessions does not produce significant changes in body composition in sedentary pre or post menopausal women(AU)

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