RESUMEN
This paper explores the viewpoints of nineteenth-century Brazilian physicians regarding women's roles as the 'propagators of the race'. It emphasises their perspectives on reproduction, breast feeding, and the involvement of enslaved wet nurses in a society grappling with significant paradoxes and conflicts as it sought to embrace modernisation. It also examines various aspects of women's health and childcare, encompassing topics like miscarriage and puériculture Through an analysis of medical discourse, this paper underscores physicians' profound influence in shaping societal assumptions surrounding maternal roles in Brazil. These understandings were instrumental in shaping the expectations for a 'modern nation', where racial considerations intertwined with broader discourses about female bodies. Drawing on diverse sources from the latter half of the nineteenth century, including newspapers and medical records, this paper also highlights the lived experiences of mothers-both tangible realities and imagined constructs. It emphasises how these experiences became integrated in ideological debates that centred on maternity, race, nationhood and modernity within a South Atlantic context. Conducting a discourse analysis of published medical sources, the paper finally uncovers the intricate interplay between reproductive politics, biological risk perceptions and national defence. It dissects how these elements coalesced into the language of biopolitics, moulding regulations and institutional control over the bodies of both white and black women. This exploration aims to enrich discussions about the intricate dynamics shaping institutional actions within the realms of reproductive health and national interests.
Asunto(s)
Esclavización , Madres , Humanos , Brasil , Historia del Siglo XIX , Femenino , Madres/psicología , Esclavización/historia , Lactancia Materna/historia , Lactancia Materna/psicología , Personas Esclavizadas/historia , Salud de la Mujer/historia , Médicos/historia , Médicos/psicología , Reproducción , Embarazo , PolíticaRESUMEN
This article contributes to a better understanding of the conditions which Africans endured immediately after landing in Brazil, taking the study beyond what happened in the slave ships. It highlights the importance of Eastern Africans in the southeast of Brazil, in the beginning of the nineteenth century, something that must be considered in order to do a deeper analysis of identity reinventions, diseases, and healing practices. The background of the suffering of those people can be found in the debates and political negotiations surrounding the prohibition of the Atlantic slave trade and the independence of Brazil.
Este artigo contribui para conhecermos melhor as condições a que africanos estavam submetidos no imediato desembarque, estendendo o estudo para além do navio. Destaca a importância dos africanos orientais no Sudeste brasileiro no início do século XIX, o que deve ser considerado para o aprofundamento da análise sobre reinvenções identitárias, doenças e práticas de cura. As dores dessas pessoas tiveram como pano de fundo os debates e as negociações políticas em torno da proibição do tráfico atlântico e da independência do Brasil.
Asunto(s)
Personas Esclavizadas , Población Negra , Brasil , Demografía , Personas Esclavizadas/historia , HumanosRESUMEN
After the European colonization of the Americas, there was a dramatic population collapse of the Indigenous inhabitants caused in part by the introduction of new pathogens. Although there is much speculation on the etiology of the Colonial epidemics, direct evidence for the presence of specific viruses during the Colonial era is lacking. To uncover the diversity of viral pathogens during this period, we designed an enrichment assay targeting ancient DNA (aDNA) from viruses of clinical importance and applied it to DNA extracts from individuals found in a Colonial hospital and a Colonial chapel (16th-18th century) where records suggest that victims of epidemics were buried during important outbreaks in Mexico City. This allowed us to reconstruct three ancient human parvovirus B19 genomes and one ancient human hepatitis B virus genome from distinct individuals. The viral genomes are similar to African strains, consistent with the inferred morphological and genetic African ancestry of the hosts as well as with the isotopic analysis of the human remains, suggesting an origin on the African continent. This study provides direct molecular evidence of ancient viruses being transported to the Americas during the transatlantic slave trade and their subsequent introduction to New Spain. Altogether, our observations enrich the discussion about the etiology of infectious diseases during the Colonial period in Mexico.
The arrival of European colonists to the Americas, beginning in the 15th century, contributed to the spread of new viruses amongst Indigenous people. This led to massive outbreaks of disease, and millions of deaths that caused an important Native population to collapse. The exact viruses that caused these outbreaks are unknown, but smallpox, measles, and mumps are all suspected. During these times, traders and colonists forcibly enslaved and displaced millions of people mainly from the West Coast of Africa to the Americas. The cruel, unsanitary, and overcrowded conditions on ships transporting these people across the Atlantic contributed to the spread of infectious diseases onboard. Once on land, infectious diseases spread quickly, partly due to the poor conditions that enslaved and ndigenous people were made to endure. Native people were also immunologically naïve to the newly introduced pathogens, making them susceptible to severe or fatal outcomes. The new field of paleovirology may help scientists identify the viruses that were circulating in the first years of colonization and trace how viruses arrived in the Americas. Using next-generation DNA sequencing and other cutting-edge techniques, Guzmán-Solís et al. extracted and enriched viral DNA from skeletal remains dating back to the 16th century. These remains were found in mass graves that were used to bury epidemic victims at a colonial hospital and chapel in what is now Mexico City. The experiments identified two viruses, human parvovirus B19 and a human hepatitis B virus. These viral genomes were recovered from human remains of first-generation African people in Mexico, as well as an individual who was an Indigenous person. Although the genetic material of these ancient viruses resembled pathogens that originated in Africa, the study did not determine if the victims died from these viruses or another cause. On the other hand, the results indicate that viruses frequently found in modern Africa were circulating in the Americas during the slave trade period of Mexico. Finally, the results provide evidence that colonists who forcibly brought African people to the Americas participated in the introduction of viruses to Mexico. This constant influx of viruses from the old world, led to dramatic declines in the populations of Indigenous people in the Americas.
Asunto(s)
ADN Antiguo/análisis , Personas Esclavizadas/historia , Genoma Viral/genética , Virus de la Hepatitis B/genética , Parvovirus B19 Humano/genética , Población Negra/historia , Virus de la Hepatitis B/aislamiento & purificación , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Historia del Siglo XVI , Historia del Siglo XVII , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Humanos , Metagenómica , Parvovirus B19 Humano/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
The forced relocation of several thousand Africans during Mexico's historic period has so far been documented mostly through archival sources, which provide only sparse detail on their origins and lived experience. Here, we employ a bioarchaeological approach to explore the life history of three 16th century Africans from a mass burial at the San José de los Naturales Royal Hospital in Mexico City. Our approach draws together ancient genomic data, osteological analysis, strontium isotope data from tooth enamel, δ13C and δ15N isotope data from dentine, and ethnohistorical information to reveal unprecedented detail on their origins and health. Analyses of skeletal features, radiogenic isotopes, and genetic data from uniparental, genome-wide, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) markers are consistent with a Sub-Saharan African origin for all three individuals. Complete genomes of Treponema pallidum sub. pertenue (causative agent of yaws) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) recovered from these individuals provide insight into their health as related to infectious disease. Phylogenetic analysis of both pathogens reveals their close relationship to strains circulating in current West African populations, lending support to their origins in this region. The further relationship between the treponemal genome retrieved and a treponemal genome previously typed in an individual from Colonial Mexico highlights the role of the transatlantic slave trade in the introduction and dissemination of pathogens into the New World. Putting together all lines of evidence, we were able to create a biological portrait of three individuals whose life stories have long been silenced by disreputable historical events.
Asunto(s)
ADN Antiguo/análisis , Personas Esclavizadas/historia , Estado de Salud , Hepatitis B/historia , Buba/historia , Adulto , Arqueología , Población Negra/historia , Virus de la Hepatitis B/aislamiento & purificación , Historia del Siglo XVI , Humanos , Masculino , México , Treponema/aislamiento & purificación , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Ao tomar posse do governo da capitania de São Paulo em 1765, o Morgado de Mateus instaurou um processo de expansão do povoamento. A crise da economia colonial e os conflitos com os castelhanos exigia a intervenção da Coroa, que buscava implantar novas atividades econômicas e preparar a defesa do território. Ao criar vilas e povoados, o governador buscou reunir indivíduos que classificava como desregrados e os enviou, algumas vezes à força, para serem os pioneiros nestas áreas de fronteira. Muitos desses povoadores eram indígenas, considerados vadios, e que deviam ser submetidos ao novo modelo de organização social proposto pela Coroa. Este esforço pode ser avaliado a partir das listas nominativas de habitantes de três destas iniciativas de povoamento: São Luiz do Paraitinga, Piracicaba e o Caminho de Goiás. A análise do perfil dos indivíduos instalados nestas novas povoações permite melhor entender as estratégias de organização da população colonial desejadas pela Coroa.
After assuming the Government of the captaincy of São Paulo in 1765, Morgado de Mateus established an expansion process of the settlement. The crisis of the colonial economy and conflicts with the Castilians demanded the intervention of the Crown, seeking to deploy new economic activities and preparing the defense of the territory. When creating towns and villages, the Governor would seek bringing together individuals classified as unruly and would send them, sometimes by force, to be the pioneers in border areas. Many of these settlers were indigenous people, considered as vagabonds, who should be submitted to the new model of social organization proposed by the Crown. This effort can be accessed through inhabitants lists of three settlement initiatives: São Luiz do Paraitinga, Piracicaba and the Caminho de Goiás. The profile analysis of the individuals installed in these new villages allows for a better understanding of the organizational strategies of the colonial population desired by the Crown.
Asumiendo el gobierno de la Capitanía de São Paulo en 1765, el Morgado de Mateus establece un proceso de expansión del asentamiento. La crisis de la economía colonial y los conflictos con los castellanos exigían la intervención de la Corona, buscando implementar nuevas actividades económicas y preparando la defensa del territorio. Cuando se instalaban ciudades y pueblos, el gobernador buscaba reunir individuos clasificados como indisciplinados y los enviaba, a veces utilizando fuerza, para ser los pioneros en las zonas fronterizas. Muchos de estos pobladores eran indígenas, considerados vagabundos, que debían ser sometidos al nuevo modelo de organización social propuesto por la Corona. Este esfuerzo puede ser evaluado utilizándose las listas de los habitantes de tres de estas iniciativas: São Luiz do Paraitinga, Piracicaba y el Caminho de Goiás. El análisis del perfil de los individuos en estas nuevas villas permite comprender mejor las estrategias de organización de la población deseada por la Corona.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Áreas Fronterizas , Colonialismo/historia , Censos/historia , Economía/historia , Brasil , Indígenas Sudamericanos/historia , Composición Familiar/historia , Personas Esclavizadas/historiaRESUMEN
In 1808, Dom João VI issued an edict which regulated the shipping and treatment of slaves on the transatlantic crossing from Africa. Two years later, Antonio de Saldanha da Gama, a member of the Treasury Council, drafted a letter discussing some points of the resolution. This key figure in the Portuguese administration of Brazil argued that his respectful considerations concerning the determinations of His Royal Highness were designed to improve them "for humanitarian and economic reasons." Safeguarded in the archives of Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino, this letter is transcribed, annotated, and contextualized here, supplying an interesting perspective on the prevailing concerns and justifications about the trafficking of African slaves to Brazil.
Asunto(s)
Población Negra/historia , Correspondencia como Asunto/historia , Personas Esclavizadas/historia , África , Altruismo , Brasil , Historia del Siglo XIX , HumanosRESUMEN
Resumo Em 1808, dom João VI publicou um alvará com força de lei para regular o transporte e o trato dos escravos durante a travessia do Atlântico. Dois anos depois, Antonio de Saldanha da Gama, membro do Conselho da Fazenda, elaborou um ofício para discutir alguns pontos da resolução. Essa importante personagem da administração lusa no Brasil argumentava que suas respeitosas ponderações acerca das determinações da Alteza Real tinham como fim aprimorá-las, “por questões humanitárias e econômicas”. Parte do acervo de manuscritos do Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino, de Lisboa, esse ofício se encontra aqui transcrito, comentado e contextualizado, fornecendo interessante visada das preocupações e justificativas daquele tempo, concernentes ao tráfico de africanos para o Brasil.
Abstract In 1808, Dom João VI issued an edict which regulated the shipping and treatment of slaves on the transatlantic crossing from Africa. Two years later, Antonio de Saldanha da Gama, a member of the Treasury Council, drafted a letter discussing some points of the resolution. This key figure in the Portuguese administration of Brazil argued that his respectful considerations concerning the determinations of His Royal Highness were designed to improve them “for humanitarian and economic reasons.” Safeguarded in the archives of Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino, this letter is transcribed, annotated, and contextualized here, supplying an interesting perspective on the prevailing concerns and justifications about the trafficking of African slaves to Brazil.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Historia del Siglo XIX , Población Negra/historia , Personas Esclavizadas/historia , África , Altruismo , BrasilRESUMEN
Hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) is not well known, even though HDV and Hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection leads to severe forms of acute and chronic liver diseases. HDV is endemic in the Western Amazon region. Recently, the HDV genotype 8 was found in chronic patients followed at the center for liver studies in the Northeast Brazil, Maranhão. Previous studies suggested that this genotype was introduced in Maranhão during the slave trade. The presence of HDV in that study, which was done outside the Amazon region, led us to investigate whether the virus is found infecting individuals in other regions of Maranhão as well. Thus, we screened ninety-two HBsAg positive individuals from five Municipalities of Maranhão for anti-HD antibody and eight were found positive (8.7%). These eight positive individuals were submitted to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to investigate active HDV infection. Half of them were positive for a fragment sequence of the delta antigen; their sequence samples were submitted to genotype characterization by phylogenetic analysis. All sequences clustered in a unique branch of the tree separated from the other branch described in Africa. Our study confirmed the presence of HDV-8 in Maranhão. These infected individuals had no evidence of contact with African people. Furthermore, we found individuals infected with HDV-8 in two more different municipalities. More studies like ours are urgent because the co-infection HBV/HDV is more difficult to treat. Identification of the endemic regions and implementation of healthy policies for preventing this infection are urgent in this region.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Endémicas , Personas Esclavizadas , Hepatitis D Crónica/epidemiología , Hepatitis D Crónica/virología , Virus de la Hepatitis Delta/clasificación , Antígenos de Hepatitis delta/genética , Adulto , África/epidemiología , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Brasil/epidemiología , Coinfección/virología , Personas Esclavizadas/historia , Femenino , Genotipo , Virus de la Hepatitis B/genética , Hepatitis B Crónica/epidemiología , Hepatitis B Crónica/virología , Virus de la Hepatitis Delta/genética , Virus de la Hepatitis Delta/aislamiento & purificación , Antígenos de Hepatitis delta/sangre , Historia del Siglo XVI , Humanos , Hígado/patología , Hígado/virología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Filogenia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The article analyzes the reports of Luís Gomes Ferreira published in his manual on practical medicine entitled Erário mineral, of 1735, on the most common illnesses in captivity. It is shown that such reports can be interpreted as a criticism of the social relations of the slave era by issuing some warnings to the landowners who failed to look after the health of their slaves.
Asunto(s)
Personas Esclavizadas/historia , Salud/historia , Brasil , Enfermedad/historia , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Humanos , Manuales como AsuntoRESUMEN
The deaths and diseases of slaves in the São Paulo State sugarcane municipality of Capivari are addressed, associating the causes attributed to these deaths to the social and economic context and characteristics of the local slave communities. The impact of malaria, relating it to the age brackets, the environment created by work on the sugarcane plantations and the evolution of the occupation of the area, initially by expanding frontiers, is emphasized. The relationship between illness and work processes, as well as the post-disembarkation mortality of Africans and the possibility of mortality crises among the sugarcane captives is explored. The results lead to a discussion of the impact of habitat and Atlantic displacement and the difficulty in acclimatizing.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad/historia , Personas Esclavizadas/historia , Saccharum , Brasil/epidemiología , Historia del Siglo XIX , Trata de Personas/historia , Humanos , Manuales como Asunto , MortalidadRESUMEN
O artigo analisa os relatos de Luís Gomes Ferreira publicados no manual de medicina prática Erário mineral, de 1735, sobre as doenças mais comuns no cativeiro. Mostra-se que tais relatos podem ser interpretados como uma crítica às relações sociais escravistas, por apresentar algumas advertências aos senhores que descuidavam da saúde dos seus escravos.
The article analyzes the reports of Luís Gomes Ferreira published in his manual on practical medicine entitled Erário mineral, of 1735, on the most common illnesses in captivity. It is shown that such reports can be interpreted as a criticism of the social relations of the slave era by issuing some warnings to the landowners who failed to look after the health of their slaves.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Salud/historia , Personas Esclavizadas/historia , Brasil , Enfermedad/historia , Manuales como AsuntoRESUMEN
Abordam-se as mortes e doenças de escravos no município canavieiro paulista de Capivari, associando as causas atribuídas a esses falecimentos ao contexto social e econômico e às características das comunidades escravas locais. Enfatiza-se o impacto da malária, relacionando-o às faixas etárias, ao ambiente criado pela lavoura canavieira e à evolução da ocupação do local, inicialmente fronteira expansiva. Explora-se o relacionamento entre doença e processos de trabalho, assim como a mortalidade pós-desembarque de africanos e a possibilidade de crises de mortalidade entre os cativos da cana. Os resultados conduzem à discussão sobre o impacto do habitat e dos deslocamentos e choques atlânticos.
The deaths and diseases of slaves in the São Paulo State sugarcane municipality of Capivari are addressed, associating the causes attributed to these deaths to the social and economic context and characteristics of the local slave communities. The impact of malaria, relating it to the age brackets, the environment created by work on the sugarcane plantations and the evolution of the occupation of the area, initially by expanding frontiers, is emphasized. The relationship between illness and work processes, as well as the post-disembarkation mortality of Africans and the possibility of mortality crises among the sugarcane captives is explored. The results lead to a discussion of the impact of habitat and Atlantic displacement and the difficulty in acclimatizing.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Historia del Siglo XIX , Enfermedad/historia , Saccharum , Personas Esclavizadas/historia , Brasil/epidemiología , Trata de Personas/historia , Manuales como Asunto , MortalidadRESUMEN
O artigo apresenta o impacto populacional provocado pela epidemia de sarampo (1748-1750) na capitania do Grão-Pará e sua relação com o processo de inserção da mão de obra escrava africana. A análise é fundamentada na documentação produzida no século XVIII, levantada em diferentes arquivos brasileiros e portugueses, incluindo correspondências oficiais, crônicas, memórias, mapas populacionais e listagens de mortos pela epidemia. A documentação serial foi posta em base de dados, construída a partir das 80 listagens de mortos pelo sarampo, o que permitiu uma análise do impacto demográfico da epidemia. Concomitantemente, a contagem populacional das vilas e povoações da capitania, do terceiro quartel do século XVIII, compôs uma segunda base de dados e auxiliou na compreensão da distribuição interna de escravos africanos. O ponto de interseção entre as bases de dados é formado pelo conjunto da documentação histórica administrativa, que trata dos efeitos da epidemia e das possibilidades de solução da crise de mão de obra - ocasionada pela alta mortalidade de indígenas. O estudo procura mostrar não apenas a mortalidade causada pelo sarampo, mas também a construção de uma política para a inserção de escravos africanos na região. Para tanto abordam-se a epidemia em Belém, a importância do trabalho indígena para os colonos, o número de mortos e a distribuição da mortalidade considerando espaço e sazonalidade (meses e anos). Também se discutem a luta entre projetos para sanar a demanda de mão de obra, gerada pela alta mortalidade do sarampo, e a política de inserção de escravos africanos para combater a carência de trabalhadores, bem como a distribuição desses escravos na capitania
The paper discusses the population impact of the measles epidemic (1748-1750) in Grão-Pará (a captaincy of the Portuguese Empire, now northern Brazil) and its relation to the process of insertion of African slave labor. The analysis is based on the documentation produced in the 18th century, including official correspondence, essays, memoirs, population maps and lists of those killed by the epidemic. The serial documentation was entered into a database, created from 80 lists of those killed by measles, which allowed an analysis of the demographic impact of the disease. Concomitantly, the population count of the captaincy’s towns and villages from the third quarter of the 18th century composed a second database and facilitated understanding of the internal distribution of African slaves. The point of intersection between the databases is the set of historical administrative documents, which addresses the effects of the epidemic and the possible solutions to the labor crisis - caused by the high mortality of indigenous peoples. The study shows not just measles mortality, but also the construction of a policy for the insertion of African slaves in the region. As such, the text is divided into two parts: the first deals with the epidemic itself, its presence in the city Belém, the importance of indigenous labor for the colonists, the number of deaths and the distribution of mortality in terms of space and seasonality (months and years). The second part discusses the fundamental struggle between projects that addressed the demand for labor, the policy of insertion of African slaves as a means to combat the high mortality of measles, and the distribution of these slaves in the captaincy
En el artículo se analiza el impacto sobre la población de la epidemia de sarampión que se produjo en la capitanía del Gran Pará entre 1748-1750 y su relación con el proceso de inserción de la mano de obra de los esclavos africanos. El análisis se basa en documentación producida durante el siglo XVIII, recogida en varios archivos brasileños y portugueses, que incluye correspondencia oficial, crónicas, memorias, mapas y listados de muertos por la epidemia. La documentación serial se incluyó en una base de datos construida a partir de 80 listados de muertos por el sarampión, lo que permitió un análisis de los efectos demográficos de la epidemia. Al mismo tiempo, el recuento de la población de las ciudades y pueblos de la capitanía en el tercer cuarto del siglo XVIII compuso una segunda base de datos, y ayudó a la comprensión de la distribución interna de los esclavos africanos. El punto de intersección entre las bases de datos lo constituye el conjunto de la documentación administrativa histórica que se ocupa de los efectos de la epidemia y las posibles soluciones para la crisis de la mano de obra causada por la alta mortalidad de los indígenas. El estudio no solo se propone abordar la mortalidad causada por el sarampión, sino también la construcción de una política para la inserción de los esclavos africanos en la región. Por lo tanto, se aborda la epidemia en Belém, la importancia del trabajo indígena para los colonos, el número de muertos y la distribución de la mortalidad considerando el espacio y la estacionalidad (meses y años). También se discute la lucha entre proyectos para subsanar la demanda de mano de obra generada por la alta mortalidad causada por el sarampión, y la política de inserción de los esclavos africanos como un mecanismo para combatir la escasez de trabajadores, así como la distribución de estos esclavos en la capitanía
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Grupos Profesionales , Demografía/historia , Impactos de la Polución en la Salud , Epidemias , Personas Esclavizadas/historia , Sarampión/mortalidad , Sarampión/epidemiología , Brasil , Indígenas SudamericanosRESUMEN
During the American colonization in the 18th and 19th century, Africans were captured and shipped to America. Harsh living and working conditions often led to chronic diseases and high mortality rates. Slaves in the Caribbean were forced to work mainly on sugar plantations. They were buried in cemeteries like Anse Sainte-Marguerite on the isle of Grande-Terre (Guadeloupe) which was examined by archaeologists and physical anthropologists. Morphological studies on osseous remains of 148 individuals revealed 15 cases with signs for bone tuberculosis and a high frequency of periosteal reactions which indicates early stages of the disease. 11 bone samples from these cemeteries were analysed for ancient DNA. The samples were extracted with established procedures and examined for the cytoplasmic multicopy ß-actin gene and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA (IS 6110) by PCR. An amplification product for M. tuberculosis with the size of 123 bp was obtained. Sequencing confirmed the result. This study shows evidence of M. tuberculosis complex DNA in a Caribbean slave population.
Asunto(s)
Personas Esclavizadas/historia , Tuberculosis Osteoarticular/historia , Actinas/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Población Negra/genética , Niño , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Femenino , Guadalupe , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Humanos , Masculino , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Técnicas de Amplificación de Ácido Nucleico , Paleopatología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Dans un travail antérieur (Jodelet, 2012) on a abordé, à propos des représentations dupassé historique, le conflit qui opposait groupes mémoriels et spécialistes de la science historiquedans linterprétation de la traite des noirs et de lesclavage dans les anciennes colonies françaisesen Afrique. Dans la présente continuation, ce thème est examiné du point de vue de populationsfrançaises concernées par les retombées, matérielles et morales, de cet épisode historique. Cetexamen a pour cadre Nantes, ville portuaire où le trafic négrier a été le plus important. Il sagitalors moins détudier des postures doctrinales ou des positions de mouvements institutionnalisésque des réponses collectives suscitées par la confrontation avec des pratiques passées ayant unimpact sur limage de la ville et les sentiments des habitants. Cette perspective permet de traiterdun aspect important de la mémoire collective: celui des traces du passé inscrites dans lespacedont Halbwachs (1925, 1941, 1950) a été le premier à poser les cadres dune analyse en termesde psychologie collective. (AU)
In a previous paper (Jodelet, 2012) we investigated the representations of ahistorical past, more specifically a conflict between memorial groups and specialists of historical science about the interpretation of the black slavery and slavery on the old french colonial Africa. In this continuation of the previous paper, the point of view of the french population concerned by material and moral consequences of this historical episode is presented. This work in circumscribed in Nantes, a port city where the black slavery was the most important. The question here is not much to study doctrinal postures or institutionalized movements positionsbut to focus on collective responses that emerge after the confrontation with past practices that have an impact on the image of the city and the feelings of the inhabitants. This perspectiveallows us to deal with an important aspect of collective memory: the traces of the past recorded in the space, from which Halbwachs (1925, 1941, 1950) was the first to set the framework of acollective psychology analysis. (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Psicología Social , Memoria , Esclavización , Trata de Personas/historia , Personas Esclavizadas/historia , Colonialismo/historia , HistoriaRESUMEN
Dans un travail antérieur (Jodelet, 2012) on a abordé, à propos des représentations du passé historique, le conflit qui opposait groupes mémoriels et spécialistes de la science historique dans l'interprétation de la traite des noirs et de l'esclavage dans les anciennes colonies françaises en Afrique. Dans la présente continuation, ce thème est examiné du point de vue de populations françaises concernées par les retombées, matérielles et morales, de cet épisode historique. Cet examen a pour cadre Nantes, ville portuaire où le trafic négrier a été le plus important. Il s'agit alors moins d'étudier des postures doctrinales ou des positions de mouvements institutionnalisés que des réponses collectives suscitées par la confrontation avec des pratiques passées ayant un impact sur l'image de la ville et les sentiments des habitants. Cette perspective permet de traiter d'un aspect important de la mémoire collective: celui des traces du passé inscrites dans l'espace dont Halbwachs (1925, 1941, 1950) a été le premier à poser les cadres d'une analyse en termes de psychologie collective.
In a previous paper (Jodelet, 2012) we investigated the representations of a historical past, more specifically a conflict between memorial groups and specialists of historical science about the interpretation of the black slavery and slavery on the old french colonial Africa. in this continuation of the previous paper, the point of view of the french population concerned by material and moral consequences of this historical episode is presented. This work in circumscribed in Nantes, a port city where the black slavery was the most important. The question here is not much to study doctrinal postures or institutionalized movements positions but to focus on collective responses that emerge after the confrontation with past practices that have an impact on the image of the city and the feelings of the inhabitants. This perspective allows us to deal with an important aspect of collective memory: the traces of the past recorded in the space, from which Halbwachs (1925, 1941, 1950) was the first to set the framework of a collective psychology analysis.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Psicología Social , Colonialismo/historia , Trata de Personas/historia , Esclavización , Personas Esclavizadas/historia , Memoria , HistoriaRESUMEN
O presente trabalho parte da constatação da natureza relativamente anódina dos estudos acerca dos quilombos em sociedades escravistas nas Américas, os quais não raro juntam em uma única categoria (quilombos, cumbes, palenques, mainels etc.) estruturas que podiam englobar menos de uma dezena de fugitivos e durar semanas ou meses, ou, como no caso de Palmares, congregar até 11 mil quilombolas e persistir por quase um século. Semelhante anomalia conceitual revela a falta de taxonomias que encarem os quilombos como estruturas efetivamente históricas, que podiam circunscrever-se a meras hordas ou evoluir para a condição de comunidades autossustentáveis e, pois, capazes de se autorreproduzir econômica e demograficamente por longos períodos nas Américas.
The article begins with the finding that studies on 'quilombos' in slave societies in the Americas have been relatively anodyne, not rarely placing in one sole category ('quilombos', 'cumbes', 'palenques', 'mainels', etc.) structures that might encompass anywhere from less than ten runaways, and last just weeks or months, or - as in the case of Palmares - bring together up to 11,000 'quilombolas' and endure for nearly a century. A similar conceptual anomaly is evident in the absence of taxonomies, which envision 'quilombos' as effectively historical structures, which might have been restricted merely to loose groups or have developed into self-sustaining communities capable of reproducing themselves economically and demographically for long periods in the Americas.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Historia del Siglo XVI , Historia del Siglo XIX , Esclavización/historia , Personas Esclavizadas/historia , Quilombola , Américas , Historia del Siglo XVI , Historia del Siglo XIXRESUMEN
Apresenta a Ilha Grande, distrito de Angra dos Reis, sua inserção na economia mercantil de subsistência e a memória da escravidão que se encontra no Registro Civil de Angra dos Reis. O Almanaque Laemmert informa que esse distrito possuiu o maior número de escravos do município, a partir da década de 1870. Seus proprietários, em sua maioria, eram senhores de poucos escravos, e as propriedades majoritariamente pequenas. O Registro Civil de Angra dos Reis não se esqueceu da escravidão depois de maio de 1888. Várias comunicações de nascimento e falecimento qualificaram as pessoas, informando sua condição anterior de escravo. Mesmo no século XX, os escrivães não deixaram de qualificar vários cidadãos republicanos como ex-escravos.
The article introduces Ilha Grande, a district in the municipality of Angra dos Reis, and describes its role within the subsistence market economy and the memory of slavery as found in the Angra dos Reis Civil Records. According to the Almanaque Laemmert, this district had the largest number of slaves in the municipality as of the 1870s. Most owners had few slaves, and the majority of landholdings were small. The Angra dos Reis Civil Records did not forget slavery after May 1888. A number of birth and death notifications describe the persons in question as former slaves. Even in the twentieth century, clerks continued to describe various republican citizens as ex-slaves.