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Objective: To analyze the duties of wet nurses at the Hospital Real in Santiago de Compostela (Spain). The secondary objectives were to compare the mortality rate and distribution by parish of the foundlings under the care of the Royal House between 1803 and 1808; and to determine the origin of the Galician foundlings who participated in the Royal Philanthropic Expedition of the Smallpox Vaccine in 1803. Methods: Historiographic study that analyzed sorted and not sorted in series indirect positional and quantitative historical sources. Results: The duties of wet nurses during the studied period were to provide basic care and cultural instruction. The mortality rate of foundlings fluctuated during that period and their distribution by parish (functional unit of healthcare services at that time) was similar in those years, with a predominance in the provinces of A Coruña and Pontevedra. A total of 5 Galician foundlings from the House analyzed were part of the smallpox vaccine expedition, their names were Juan Antonio, Jacinto, Gerónimo María, Francisco Florencio and Juan Francisco. Conclusion: During the observed period the wet nurses of the Hospital Real of Santiago de Compostela were in charge of pediatric care. Wet nurses were vital in the role of keeping the foundlings alive and can be considered as one of the forerunners of the pediatric nurse profession at that time.

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In the last year of the Great War, Italy was also hit by the Spanish flu. The Civic Hospitals faced a deadly disaster with insufficient resources. All the heavy workload fell on the female nursing staff, who were the only ones able ensure the continuity of the hospital services. This study aimed to explore the impact of the influenza on the health of the nurses at the Maggiore Hospital in Milan during the second and third epidemic waves. Historical research was conducted between February and May 2020. Primary sources were retrieved from the historical archives of the Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and the daily newspaper Corriere della Sera. In the autumn of 1918, the Maggiore Hospital in Milan changed its organization to hospitalise patients affected by the influenza pandemic. Although the hospital managers wanted to protect their healthcare staff from the risks of contagion by means of prophylaxis rules, 388 lay nurses and 80 religious sister nurses were affected by this insidious disease. The second and third waves of the pandemic claimed 25 victims of duty. Remembered for their altruism and spirit of abnegation, the hospital community honoured their sacrifice, and the citizens expressed their gratitude.

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ABSTRACT: In the spring of 1918, a virus swept across the world, killing approximately 50 million people by the summer of 1919. My grandmother, Kathryn ("Katie") Ann Darmody-an Irish immigrant who settled in New York State in 1904-was among the nurses who responded to this pandemic, which became known as the 1918 influenza pandemic (or, erroneously, the Spanish flu). Today, as the world contends with the COVID-19 pandemic, my grandmother's experiences resonate with new meaning-a reminder of how, then as now, nurses have been at the forefront of public health. Her story, transmitted across generations, is one I now share with a new generation of nurses.

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Editor's note: From its first issue in 1900 through to the present day, AJN has unparalleled archives detailing nurses' work and lives over more than a century. These articles not only chronicle nursing's growth as a profession within the context of the events of the day, but also reveal prevailing societal attitudes about women, health care, and human rights. Today's nursing school curricula rarely include nursing's history, but it's a history worth knowing. To this end, From the AJN Archives highlights articles selected to fit today's topics and times. This month's article, from the September 1910 issue, is a tribute to Florence Nightingale after her August 1910 death at age 90. It's likely that this was a "stop the presses" moment in the early years of AJN, with staff rushing to ensure that the news appeared in the first issue following her death. The writer of this brief commentary-more a eulogy than an obituary-stresses that Nightingale was not a one-dimensional angelic figure. She was a reformer: "The first thinker and writer of her times on hygiene, on hospital and training-school administration, on private and hospital nursing methods, and on the care of the sick poor in their own homes." In the October issue that year, AJN continued its tribute to Nightingale with detailed descriptions of the funeral procession, the many floral tributes from around the world, and the memorial service at St. Paul's Cathedral in London that was open to the public.

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This paper is aimed at focusing on the writings and the experience of the Hospice movement Founder, Dame Cicely Saunders. The in-depth analysis carried out had the objective of verifying if "the way" of Cicely to understand, live and propose palliative care was still current and "beautiful", so that we can nowadays refer to her fascinating "Original Palliative Care". With "beauty" we mean, on the one hand, a way able to allow a personal path of research of the meaning of the disease and of the care, both for those who care and for those who are cared for. On the other hand, it seems to us that Cicely strongly suggests how this path can not be carried out alone, but is only possible within the context of a network of relationships and support, in a so called "relational autonomy", for the patient, included in a "care ethics". The authors believe that the work extensively documents as the overall approach of Cicely, traditional but always to be rediscovered, is still today the most convincing way of conception and action of palliative care.

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Critical care is a young specialty in Kenya. From its humble beginnings in the 1960s to present day Kenya, the bulk of this service has largely been provided by anaesthetists. We provide a detailed account of the growth and development of this specialty in our country, the attempts made by our people to grow this service within our borders and the vital role our international partners have played throughout this process. We also share a selection of our successes over the years, the challenges we have faced and our aspirations as we look to the future.

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Despite facing manifold social and educational barriers, British asylum nurses across the long nineteenth century articulated distinctive professional identities as a means of leveraging their position in the medical hierarchy. This article draws upon a corpus of previously unattributed contributions to the Asylum News (1897-1919) - one of the first journals produced for the edification of asylum workers - to illustrate the diversity of medical personae developed and disseminated by these employees in the Edwardian era. Through scientific and creative works, nurses engaged with the pressing social and medical debates of the day, in the process exposing a heterogeneous intellectual culture. Moreover, as their writings attest, for some ambitious nurses these pretensions to intellectual authority prompted claims for medical autonomy, driving agitation on the hospital wards. The article thus strengthens claims for the 'cultural agency' of asylum workers and offers new insights into the cultural antecedents of professionalisation and trade unionism.

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At the end of the seventeenth century, the lexicographer Antoine Furetière limited the definition of nurses to those who cared for new mothers. However, in the private sphere, they cared for patients with all sorts of illnesses. It was only in 1816 that Doctor Marc proposed a precise definition of their activity. This paper examines the shift from nurses being considered as domestic healthcare workers to them being seen as skilled professionals whose role involved administering paramedical care.Because they were not part of a particular occupational community, nurses escaped the traditional categories of analysis of urban work. While the studies on health in the eighteenth century considered them to be like relations or friends of the patients, or to practice in hospitals, in the expenses lists recorded for post-mortem procedures they appear as new actors offering specific services.Nurses played a part in spreading a "culture of dependency," which was reflected in some medical texts and in some private writings by patients, making it possible to define the expectations and risks of the profession. The absence of testimonies from nurses themselves is revealing of their dependence on physicians.

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Introduction : This study examines the humanization movement at the Saint-Jean-de-Dieu psychiatric hospital between the 1960s and the 1990s.Context : Conducting a historiography of psychiatric deinstitutionalization in Quebec during the twentieth century shows that the institution was a place of social control and, above all else, a place where psychiatric patients were neglected and dehumanized.Objective : While the historiography since the 1960s has focused on a largely one-dimensional and critical reading of the way in which deinstitutionalization took place in Quebec, I have instead chosen to focus on the changes that took place within the Quebec hospital's walls.Method : In addition to the medical records of the patients who were interned in 1961, I conducted interviews to examine the experiences and emotions of nurses who worked in the psychiatric hospital between the 1960s and 1990s.Results : The examination of medical records revealed patients' reluctance and resistance to reintegrate into society. The interviews with nurses revealed that they often felt close to their patients.Discussion : The words and memories of nurses enrich and deepen the complexity of the history of psychiatric nursing practices, extend the existing historiography, and open new avenues for research in the field.Conclusion : The deinstitutionalization movement promoted mental health policies that transformed the old psychiatric hospital. This new analytical approach contributed to renewing the history of psychiatric nursing practices.

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Editor's note: From its first issue in 1900 through to the present day, AJN has unparalleled archives detailing nurses' work and lives over more than a century. These articles not only chronicle nursing's growth as a profession within the context of the events of the day, but also reveal prevailing societal attitudes about women, health care, and human rights. Today's nursing school curricula rarely include nursing's history, but it's a history worth knowing. To this end, From the AJN Archives highlights articles selected to fit today's topics and times.This excerpt, from an article in the June 1915 issue, illustrates the ways in which nurses of that era were intimately involved in feeding their patients. Cora McCabe Sargent, a nurse who wrote several nutrition-related articles for AJN, writes that "while it is not at all essential that a good cook understand nursing the sick, it is most important that a good nurse have a certain, practical knowledge of cooking." Here she extols the value of a meticulously made cream sauce in tempting "the capricious appetite of the sick." (To read the full article, go to http://links.lww.com/AJN/A108.)Today's nurses are still concerned with patient nutrition, often addressing the nutritional needs of a community or a particular patient population in addition to those of individual patients. For tools and interventions that can help nurses to support good nutrition later in life, see "Malnutrition in Older Adults" in this month's issue.

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Abstract Objective: To investigate the dimensions of the nursing team of a hospital unit according to the official Brazilian parameters of 2004 and 2017 and compare the dimensioned conditions to the actual condition existing. Method: A cross-sectional study with data from patients (n = 325) hospitalized in the Neurology and Orthopedics unit of a university hospital in Paraná, Brazil. Data from the Patient Classification System related to nursing work, as well as sociodemographic and clinical variables of the clientele were compiled. The dimensioning of the nursing staff followed the Federal Nursing Council Resolutions of 2004 and 2017. Results: The profile of the patients showed predominantly men (66.46%) hospitalized for Orthopedics (49.58%). The negative difference of professionals dimensioned compared to the actual condition was more evident for the category of nurses, below both the parameters of 2004 (-8) and 2017 (-11). Conclusions: The number of nursing staff in the unit was insufficient.

Resumen Objetivo: Dimensionar el equipo de enfermería de una unidad hospitalaria según los parámetros oficiales brasileños de 2004 y 2017; comparar los cuadros dimensionados con lo real existente. Método: Estudio transversal, realizado entre junio y septiembre de 2016, en la unidade de Neurología y Ortopedia de un hospital universitario de Paraná, Brasil. Los datos fueron procesados en el Sistema de Clasificación de Pacientes, relativos al equipo de enfermería; y variables sociodemográficas y clínicas de la clientela (n = 325). El cálculo del personal de enfermería respondió a las resoluciones del Consejo Federal de Enfermería 2004 y 2017. Resultados: El perfil de los pacientes eran predominantemente hombres (66,46%) admitidos por Ortopedia (49,58%). La diferencia negativa de profesionales dimensionados en comparación con lo real fue más evidente para la categoría de enfermeros, tanto a los parámetros de 2004 (-8) como los de 2017 (-11). Conclusiones: El cuantitativo de enfermería en la unidad es insuficiente.

Resumo Objetivo: Dimensionar a equipe de enfermagem de uma unidade hospitalar segundo os parâmetros oficiais brasileiros de 2004 e de 2017 e, comparar os quadros dimensionados ao quadro real existente. Método: Estudo transversal realizado entre junho a setembro de 2016 na unidade de Neurologia e Ortopedia de um hospital universitário do Paraná, Brasil. Compilou-se dados do Sistema de Classificação de Pacientes, relativos à equipe de enfermagem; e, variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas da clientela (n = 325). O dimensionamento de pessoal respondeu às Resoluções do Conselho Federal de Enfermagem nacional de 2004 e 2017. Resultados: O perfil dos pacientes era de homens (66,46%) internados pela Ortopedia (49,58%). A diferença negativa de profissionais dimensionados em comparação ao quadro real foi mais evidente para enfermeiros, tanto aos parâmetros de 2004 (-8) como de 2017 (-11). Houve superávit de técnicos de enfermagem (+6) pelos parâmetros antigos. Conclusões: O quadro de pessoal de enfermagem da unidade é insuficiente.

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June Andrews was made an OBE earlier this year for services to people with dementia. Her 30-year nursing career has spanned clinical practice, policy making and strategic management, including 10 years as director of the Dementia Services Development Centre at Scotland's University of Stirling. She now works independently to improve the lives of people with dementia and their carers.

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: Editor's note: From its first issue in 1900 through to the present day, AJN has unparalleled archives detailing nurses' work and lives over more than a century. These articles not only chronicle nursing's growth as a profession within the context of the events of the day, but they also reveal prevailing societal attitudes about women, health care, and human rights. Today's nursing school curricula rarely include nursing's history, but it's a history worth knowing. To this end, From the AJN Archives highlights articles selected to fit today's topics and times.This month's article, from the June 1926 issue, offers ideas "by which we hope to make ward experiences of more value to the student." Author Mina A. McKay originally presented this material at a meeting of the Massachusetts State League of Nursing Education. She calls for more comprehensive morning and evening reports ("not just a mere reading of… orders"), the use of student experience records, ward clinics ("the type of bedside talk which supplements class room lectures"), and case reports presented by the students themselves. Efforts to improve clinical nursing education are ongoing, and in "'Flipping' the Classroom" in this month's AJN, Diane M. Billings describes a relatively new way of translating clinical concepts into practice.

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