RESUMEN
O cruzamento com a raça Jersey vem sendo utilizado principalmente como alternativa para o aumento da concentração de sólidos do leite em rebanhos puros Holandês, sendo a capacidade de produção desses animais conhecida em diversos estudos. Entretanto, ainda existem limitadas informações sobre diversos fatores relevantes para a tomada de decisão e para o manejo de rebanhos cruzados, tais como resistência a doenças e facilidade de parto, sendo esta a motivação do presente trabalho, o qual objetivou avaliar a sanidade, a imunidade e a facilidade de parto de vacas mestiças Holandês x Jersey em relação a vacas puras Holandês. Foram analisados dados de dificuldade de parto, duração da gestação, retenção de placenta, indicadores sanguíneos para doenças metabólicas pós-parto (cetose e paresia puerperal hipocalcêmica) e de imunidade obtidos em vacas mestiças Holandês x Jersey e puras Holandês durante o período de um ano. O grupamento genético não afetou a facilidade de parto (P=0,4376), a retenção de placenta (P=0,7074) e a duração da gestação (P=0,2812). Vacas mestiças apresentaram maiores concentrações de gamaglobulinas (1,776 contra 1,456g/dL) e de proteína total (7,019 contra 6,525g/dL). Quanto à concentração de ß-hidroxibutirato (BHBA), ocorreu diferença somente no dia do parto, com valores mais altos para as vacas mestiças (0,580 contra 0,427mmol/L). Observou-se diferença entre grupamentos genéticos para concentração de cálcio iônico (P=0,082), com vacas mestiças apresentando concentração mais baixa (3,92 contra 4,3 mg/dL). Conclui-se que vacas mestiças apresentam melhor performance em indicadores de imunidade e pior nos indicadores de cetose e paresia puerperal hipocalcêmica no pós-parto em relação às puras Holandês. O cruzamento não aumenta o risco de distocia em vacas inseminadas com touros Holandês.(AU)
The crossbreed with the Jersey breed has been used mainly as an alternative to increasing the concentration of milk solids in Holstein herds, the production capacity of these animals having become the focus of several studies. However, there is still limited information on many relevant factors for decision-making and management of crossbreed herds, such as disease resistance and ease of calving, and this is the motivation for this work, which aimed to evaluate the health, immunity and calving difficulty in Holstein x Jersey crossbred cows compared to pure Holstein cows. Data from calving difficulty, retained placenta, gestation length, blood indicators for postpartum metabolic diseases (ketosis and hypocalcemic puerperal paresis) and immunity in a herd composed by crossbreeds and Holstein cows during one year was analyzed. The genetic groups did not affect ease of calving (P = 0.4376), retained placenta (P = 0.7074) and gestation length (P=0.2812). Crossbred cows had higher concentrations of gammaglobulins (1.776 versus 1.456g/dL) and total protein (7.019 versus 6.525g/dL). For the concentration of BHBA, differences occurred only at calving, with higher values for crossbred cows (0.580 versus 0.427mmol/L). Difference was observed between genetic groups for concentration of ionized calcium (P = 0.082), with crossbred cows presenting lower concentrations (3.92 versus 4.3mg/dL). In conclusion, crossbred cows have superior performance compared to Holstein cows for immunity indicators and lower for hypocalcemic puerperal paresis and ketosis indicators on the day of calving. Crossbred cows do not have an increased risk of dystocia in relation to pure Holstein cows when mated with Holstein bulls.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Bovinos , Parálisis de la Parturienta/genética , Inmunoglobulinas , Cetosis/veterinaria , Retención de la Placenta/veterinaria , Inmunidad/genética , Periodo Posparto/genética , Cruzamientos GenéticosRESUMEN
O cruzamento com a raça Jersey vem sendo utilizado principalmente como alternativa para o aumento da concentração de sólidos do leite em rebanhos puros Holandês, sendo a capacidade de produção desses animais conhecida em diversos estudos. Entretanto, ainda existem limitadas informações sobre diversos fatores relevantes para a tomada de decisão e para o manejo de rebanhos cruzados, tais como resistência a doenças e facilidade de parto, sendo esta a motivação do presente trabalho, o qual objetivou avaliar a sanidade, a imunidade e a facilidade de parto de vacas mestiças Holandês x Jersey em relação a vacas puras Holandês. Foram analisados dados de dificuldade de parto, duração da gestação, retenção de placenta, indicadores sanguíneos para doenças metabólicas pós-parto (cetose e paresia puerperal hipocalcêmica) e de imunidade obtidos em vacas mestiças Holandês x Jersey e puras Holandês durante o período de um ano. O grupamento genético não afetou a facilidade de parto (P=0,4376), a retenção de placenta (P=0,7074) e a duração da gestação (P=0,2812). Vacas mestiças apresentaram maiores concentrações de gamaglobulinas (1,776 contra 1,456g/dL) e de proteína total (7,019 contra 6,525g/dL). Quanto à concentração de ß-hidroxibutirato (BHBA), ocorreu diferença somente no dia do parto, com valores mais altos para as vacas mestiças (0,580 contra 0,427mmol/L). Observou-se diferença entre grupamentos genéticos para concentração de cálcio iônico (P=0,082), com vacas mestiças apresentando concentração mais baixa (3,92 contra 4,3 mg/dL). Conclui-se que vacas mestiças apresentam melhor performance em indicadores de imunidade e pior nos indicadores de cetose e paresia puerperal hipocalcêmica no pós-parto em relação às puras Holandês. O cruzamento não aumenta o risco de distocia em vacas inseminadas com touros Holandês.(AU)
The crossbreed with the Jersey breed has been used mainly as an alternative to increasing the concentration of milk solids in Holstein herds, the production capacity of these animals having become the focus of several studies. However, there is still limited information on many relevant factors for decision-making and management of crossbreed herds, such as disease resistance and ease of calving, and this is the motivation for this work, which aimed to evaluate the health, immunity and calving difficulty in Holstein x Jersey crossbred cows compared to pure Holstein cows. Data from calving difficulty, retained placenta, gestation length, blood indicators for postpartum metabolic diseases (ketosis and hypocalcemic puerperal paresis) and immunity in a herd composed by crossbreeds and Holstein cows during one year was analyzed. The genetic groups did not affect ease of calving (P = 0.4376), retained placenta (P = 0.7074) and gestation length (P=0.2812). Crossbred cows had higher concentrations of gammaglobulins (1.776 versus 1.456g/dL) and total protein (7.019 versus 6.525g/dL). For the concentration of BHBA, differences occurred only at calving, with higher values for crossbred cows (0.580 versus 0.427mmol/L). Difference was observed between genetic groups for concentration of ionized calcium (P = 0.082), with crossbred cows presenting lower concentrations (3.92 versus 4.3mg/dL). In conclusion, crossbred cows have superior performance compared to Holstein cows for immunity indicators and lower for hypocalcemic puerperal paresis and ketosis indicators on the day of calving. Crossbred cows do not have an increased risk of dystocia in relation to pure Holstein cows when mated with Holstein bulls.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Bovinos , Inmunidad/genética , Inmunoglobulinas , Cetosis/veterinaria , Parálisis de la Parturienta/genética , Retención de la Placenta/veterinaria , Periodo Posparto/genética , Cruzamientos GenéticosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The genetic component related to blood pressure (BP) changes during pregnancy is still not elucidated. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate the association between leptin and leptin receptor polymorphisms and systolic (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) variation during pregnancy and the postpartum period. METHODS: Prospective cohort of 146 women followed at a Public Health Center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, during pregnancy and the postpartum. SBP and DBP (mm Hg) were measured using an automatic sphygmomanometer. DNA was extracted by phenol-chloroform protocol and leptin (G2548A) and leptin receptor genes (Q223R and K109R) polymorphisms were genotyped using real-time PCR method. Statistical analyses included longitudinal linear mixed-effect models. RESULTS: Adjusted longitudinal models showed that women carrying the G-allele of leptin gene's polymorphism began pregnancy with higher BP levels compared to the AA genotype and their levels remained higher throughout pregnancy and the postpartum period (ß SBP = 4.5; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.0-8.0; P = 0.012; ß DBP = 2.9; 95% CI = 0.1-5.8; P = 0.040). There was a significant interaction between leptin gene polymorphism and body mass index (BMI), in which the effect of BMI on increasing BP was steeper in women homozygous for the A-allele, compared with those who had at least one G-allele (ß G-allele#BMI = -0.8; 95% CI = -1.5 to -0.1; P = 0.022). We did not find significant associations between leptin receptor polymorphisms and BP changes. CONCLUSIONS: The G-allele of leptin gene polymorphism (G2548A) was associated with increased BP levels during pregnancy and the postpartum. Furthermore, leptin polymorphism genotypes seem to modify the well-known effect of BMI on BP.
Asunto(s)
Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Índice de Masa Corporal , Leptina/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Periodo Posparto/genética , Complicaciones Cardiovasculares del Embarazo/genética , Receptores de Leptina/genética , Adulto , Alelos , Determinación de la Presión Sanguínea , Brasil/epidemiología , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Frecuencia de los Genes , Genotipo , Humanos , Incidencia , Leptina/sangre , Persona de Mediana Edad , Periodo Posparto/sangre , Embarazo , Complicaciones Cardiovasculares del Embarazo/sangre , Complicaciones Cardiovasculares del Embarazo/epidemiología , Estudios Prospectivos , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Receptores de Leptina/sangre , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether calcium plus vitamin D supplementation interacts with polymorphisms in the VDR gene promoter region to affect changes on maternal bone mass from 5 to 20 wk postpartum in Brazilian adolescent mothers. METHODS: Pregnant adolescents (14-19 y) randomly received calcium plus cholecalciferol (600 mg/d + 200 IU/d, n = 30) or placebo (n = 26) from 26 wk of pregnancy until parturition. Bone mineral content (BMC), bone area (BA), and bone mineral density (BMD) at total body, lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck were evaluated at 5 and 20 wk postpartum. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and parathyroid hormone concentrations were measured. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used for genotyping rs7139166 (1521 pb G > C) and rs4516035 (1012 pb A > G). Interactions between supplementation and polymorphisms were adjusted for significant covariates. RESULTS: Changes in serum 25(OH)D from pregnancy to postpartum differed between supplemented and placebo groups for mothers carrying 1521 GG/1012 AA genotypes (P = 0.004). Only in the placebo group, mothers carrying 1521 GG/1012 AA had greater reduction in total BMD z score, femoral neck BMC, and BMD from 5 to 20 wk postpartum compared with those with 1521 GC/1012 AG (P < 0.05). In the placebo group, total hip BA decreased from 5 to 20 wk postpartum in adolescents with 1521 GG/1012 AA, but increased in those with 1521 GC/1012 AG (P < 0.05), in contrast to the supplemented group. CONCLUSION: Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy interacted with polymorphisms in the VDR gene promoter region affecting postpartum bone loss. The increased supply of calcium and vitamin D appeared to minimize postpartum bone loss particularly in adolescents with 1521 GG/1012 AA.
Asunto(s)
Densidad Ósea/genética , Huesos/anatomía & histología , Calcio de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Periodo Posparto/genética , Periodo Posparto/fisiología , Embarazo/genética , Embarazo/fisiología , Receptores de Calcitriol/genética , Vitamina D/administración & dosificación , Adolescente , Brasil , Colecalciferol/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Humanos , Hormona Paratiroidea/sangre , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The pathologic cardiac remodeling has been widely documented; however, the physiological cardiac remodeling induced by pregnancy and its reversion in postpartum are poorly understood. In the present study we investigated the changes in collagen I (Col I) and collagen III (Col III) mRNA and protein levels in left ventricle from rat heart during pregnancy and postpartum. Col I and Col III mRNA expression in left ventricle samples during pregnancy and postpartum were analyzed by using quantitative PCR. Data obtained from gene expression show that Col I and Col III in left ventricle are upregulated during pregnancy with reversion in postpartum. In contrast to gene expression, the protein expression evaluated by western blot showed that Col I is downregulated and Col III is upregulated in left ventricle during pregnancy. In conclusion, the pregnancy differentially regulates collagens types I and III in heart; this finding could be an important molecular mechanism that regulates the ventricular stiffness in response to blood volume overload present during pregnancy which is reversed in postpartum.
Asunto(s)
Colágeno Tipo III/genética , Colágeno Tipo III/metabolismo , Colágeno Tipo I/genética , Colágeno Tipo I/metabolismo , Ventrículos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Animales , Regulación hacia Abajo/genética , Femenino , Expresión Génica/genética , Periodo Posparto/genética , Embarazo , ARN Mensajero/genética , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Regulación hacia Arriba/genéticaRESUMEN
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4A) is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes in the liver, pancreas, kidney, intestine, and other tissues. Previous studies in the Mexican population have shown a high frequency of the Thr130Ile polymorphism and have suggested its important role in the pathogenesis of early-onset type 2 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to determine whether this variant also contributes to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in a Mexican population. We studied 213 unrelated postpartum women and their neonates, who were divided into 2 groups: control and GDM. The control group was formed by 108 healthy postpartum women and their neonates, and the GDM group was formed by 105 postpartum women diagnosed with GDM and their neonates. All subjects were genotyped for the Thr130Ile polymorphism in HNF4A by Taqman allelic discrimination assays and sequencing. Our results showed a higher frequency of the minor allele of the Thr130Ile polymorphism in the GDM group compared with the control group (P = 0.0452; odds ratio, 2.59; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-6.59). With respect to offspring, the frequency of the polymorphism was higher in the offspring of the GDM group than in the offspring of the control group; however, no significant differences between the groups were observed (P = 0.2551; odds ratio, 1.90; 95% confidence interval, 0.99-3.64). The findings suggest that the Thr130Ile polymorphism is associated with GDM in the studied Mexican population.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Gestacional/epidemiología , Diabetes Gestacional/genética , Factor Nuclear 4 del Hepatocito/genética , Isoleucina/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Treonina/genética , Adulto , Diabetes Gestacional/diagnóstico , Femenino , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/epidemiología , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Humanos , Recién Nacido , México/epidemiología , Vigilancia de la Población/métodos , Periodo Posparto/genética , Embarazo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Naïve female prairie voles show significant variability in their behavioral response to newborns. We investigated whether that behavioral response (a) was related to the quality of postpartum maternal behavior; (b) was affected by postpartum maternal experience; and (c) could be selectively bred. The behavior of females was recorded in three conditions: as naïve in a nonreproductive context, as single lactating (no male present), and as experienced mother in a nonreproductive context. Finally, females and males with similar behavioral response to newborns were selectively bred for three generation. Males were removed before the offspring was born. Our results revealed that (a) naïve females that attacked pups, spent more time distant from them after parturition than those that were maternal or ignored the pups (p < .05); (b) postpartum maternal experience did not reverse infanticidal behavior; and (c) at the third generation of selective breeding, 90% of the offspring of females that were nonmaternal as virgins, behaved as their mothers. These findings suggest that the infanticidal behavioral response is a stable behavioral trait and might be passed to the offspring.
Asunto(s)
Agresión , Conducta Animal , Conducta Materna/psicología , Periodo Posparto/psicología , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Arvicolinae , Femenino , Periodo Posparto/genética , Estrés Psicológico/genética , Estrés Psicológico/psicologíaRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to examine, using semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) the changes in mRNA expression of the two estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes, ERalpha and ERbeta, prolactin receptor long and short form, and progesterone (Pg) receptor (PgR), in liver and mammary gland during gestation, early lactation, and weaning in both hyperthyroid (HT) and normal rats. Pregnancy increased long prolactin receptors (PRL-R(L)) and ERalpha mRNAs in liver and PRL-R(I) in mammary gland. Lactation decreased PRL-R(L) in liver and ERbeta and PgR in mammary gland. HT decreased PRL-R(L), at the end of pregnancy (G21), ERalpha (in G21 and L1) in liver and PRL-R(L) in L1 as well as short prolactin receptors (PRL-R(S)) (G7, L1) and ERbeta (G7, G14, L4) in mammary gland. In conclusion, our data indicated that (1) PRL-R1 and ERalpha expression levels are differentially regulated in the liver, and PgR and ERbeta in mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation (2) ERbeta is variably expressed depending on the state of thyroid hormones, however the ERalpha gene expression remained constant in mammary gland. (3) PRL-R1 mRNA expression is highly induced in the mammary gland during late pregnancy and abruptly declines on the first day of lactation for the HT rats.
Asunto(s)
Hipertiroidismo/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Glándulas Mamarias Animales/metabolismo , Preñez/metabolismo , Receptores de Prolactina/biosíntesis , Receptores de Esteroides/biosíntesis , Hormonas Tiroideas/fisiología , Animales , Receptor alfa de Estrógeno/biosíntesis , Receptor alfa de Estrógeno/genética , Receptor beta de Estrógeno/biosíntesis , Receptor beta de Estrógeno/genética , Femenino , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Hipertiroidismo/genética , Lactancia , Periodo Posparto/genética , Periodo Posparto/metabolismo , Embarazo , Preñez/genética , ARN/biosíntesis , ARN/genética , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Receptores de Progesterona/biosíntesis , Receptores de Progesterona/genética , Receptores de Prolactina/genética , Receptores de Esteroides/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa InversaRESUMEN
El documento se divide en cinco etapas que son: 1.- Etapa previa al nacimiento 2.- Etapa del embarazo 3.- Etapa del parto 4.- Etapa del puerperio 5.- Etapa neonatal. Para lograr un resultado óptimo en la utilización del manual, se recomienda lo siguiente: a).- Leerlo completamente dos o tres veces, en forma individual para familiarizarse y compenetrarse con la metodología de trabajo a seguir, para cada una de las etapas b).- Tenerlo siempre disponible durante los periódos de consulta para poder recurrir a él cuando surja alguna duda en el procedimiento que se haya efectuado o en aquél que se vaya a utilizar c).- Cuando se realicen sesiones clínicas dentro de la unidad, en las que se analice defectos al nacimiento, el manual será de mucha utilidad como apoyo para lograr el objetivo de aprendizaje que se halla planteado para la sesión, ya que se pueden utilizar como base los procedimientos clínicos descritos en él d).- Es conveniente, como técnica de enseñanza individual o colectiva, tomar cada una de las tareas descritas en el manual y tratar de representarlas por medio de diagramas de flujo; si existe un solo médico en la unidad, podrá sintetizar una tarea por semana o quincena. El manual tiene com objetivo proveer al médico del Primer Nivel de Atención, de un documento que no le de información vaga sobre la atención primaria de los defectos al nacimiento, sino que le señale la forma, el cómo, con qué y cuántas veces debe realizarse un procedimiento para lograr su prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento adecuado