RESUMEN
Introducción: el amplio uso de los plaguicidas químicos en la agricultura propicia la exposición semejante de mujeres y hombres a estos productos. Los riesgos por exposición a plaguicidas, tales como los de toxicidad aguda y crónica, efectos inmunológicos, hormonales, endocrinos y sobre la reproducción, no han recibido atención suficiente a nivel mundial. Objetivo: caracterizar los reportes al Centro Nacional de Toxicología de mujeres en edad fértil expuestas a plaguicidas entre 2009 y 2013. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional en una serie de 402 mujeres, se analizaron las variables edad, circunstancia, gravedad de la intoxicación y tipo de pesticida. Resultados: las mujeres en edad fértil atendidas representaron la mitad del total de expuestas, con edad promedio de 30,3 años, la mayor incidencia fue de los eventos leves con fines suicidas. Los plaguicidas más involucrados pertenecen al grupo otros/varios. Conclusiones: las mujeres más afectadas fueron las del grupo 12 a 24 años de edad, con intoxicaciones intencionales suicidas de leve intensidad, ocasionadas por plaguicidas del grupo otros/varios(AU)
Introduction: The widespread use of chemical pesticides in agriculture lead to similar exposure of women and men to these products. Risks from exposure to pesticides, such as acute and chronic toxicity, immunological, hormonal, endocrine and reproductive effects, have not received sufficient global attention. Objective: Characterize the reports to the National Center for Toxicology of women of childbearing age exposed to pesticides between years 2009 and 2013. Methods: An observational study was conducted in a sample of 402 women, in which the following variables were studied; age, circumstance, severity of intoxication and type of pesticide. Results: Women of childbearing age accounted for half of the total number of patients exposed, with a mean age of 30,3 years, with milder events being suicidal. The pesticides most involved belong to the group others/various. Conclusions: The most affected women were those in the 12 to 24 years of age, with intentional poisonings of mild intensity caused by pesticides of the group others/various(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Centros de Control de Intoxicaciones , Exposición a Plaguicidas , Periodo Fértil/metabolismoRESUMEN
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been shown to be involved in control of the oviductal microenvironment. To elucidate the potential mechanisms responsible for the detrimental effect of heat stress and to identify the relation with the endocrine status, the effects of EGF on the level of phosphorylated mitogen-activated-protein kinase (MAPK) and proliferation of bovine oviductal epithelial cells (OECs) exposed to different cyclic ovarian steroidal environments (luteal phase (LP), follicular phase (FP) and postovulatory phase (PO)) and temperatures (mild heat stress (40 C) and severe heat stress (43 C)) were investigated. Western blot was performed to evaluate phosphorylated MAPK, while proliferation was analyzed by MTT assay. Stimulation of OECs with EGF alone or with EGF in the PO and FP environments significantly increased the amount of phosphorylated MAPK, with MAPK 44 phosphorylation being highest during exposure to PO conditions. These effects were not observed in the LP. Heat treatment completely blocked effects of EGF on phosphorylated MAPK. Additionally, severe heat stress led to a significantly lower basal level of phosphorylated MAPK. PD98059 (MAPK inhibitor) completely abolished EGF-stimulated MAPK phosphorylation and OECs proliferation. Overall the results indicate that EGF has the potential to increase the amount of phosphorylated MAPK in OECs and therefore could be involved in regulation of the bovine oviductal microenvironment. However, these regulatory mechanisms may be compromised in the presence of heat stress (high ambient temperature), leading to low fertility rates and impaired embryo survival.
Asunto(s)
Factor de Crecimiento Epidérmico/metabolismo , Receptores ErbB/agonistas , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Oviductos/metabolismo , Procesamiento Proteico-Postraduccional , Regulación hacia Arriba , Animales , Bovinos , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Factor de Crecimiento Epidérmico/genética , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Femenino , Periodo Fértil/efectos de los fármacos , Periodo Fértil/metabolismo , Fase Folicular/efectos de los fármacos , Fase Folicular/metabolismo , Calor/efectos adversos , Humanos , Fase Luteínica/efectos de los fármacos , Fase Luteínica/metabolismo , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Membrana Mucosa/citología , Membrana Mucosa/efectos de los fármacos , Membrana Mucosa/metabolismo , Oviductos/citología , Oviductos/efectos de los fármacos , Fosforilación/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Procesamiento Proteico-Postraduccional/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Regulación hacia Arriba/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Establishment of endometrial receptivity is vital for successful embryo implantation. Proprotein convertase 5/6 (referred to as PC6) is up-regulated in the human endometrium specifically at the time of epithelial receptivity. PC6, a serine protease of the proprotein convertase family, plays an important role in converting precursor proteins into their active forms through specific proteolysis. The proform of platelet-derived growth factor A (pro-PDGFA) requires PC cleavage to convert to the active-PDGFA. We investigated the PC6-mediated activation of PDGFA in the human endometrium during the establishment of receptivity. Proteomic analysis identified that the pro-PDGFA was increased in the conditioned medium of HEC1A cells in which PC6 was stably knocked down by small interfering RNA (PC6-siRNA). Western blot analysis demonstrated an accumulation of the pro-PDGFA but a reduction in the active-PDGFA in PC6-siRNA cell lysates and medium compared with control. PC6 cleavage of pro-PDGFA was further confirmed in vitro by incubation of recombinant pro-PDGFA with PC6. Immunohistochemistry revealed cycle-stage-specific localization of the active-PDGFA in the human endometrium. During the non-receptive phase, the active-PDGFA was barely detectable. In contrast, it was localized specifically to the apical surface of the luminal and glandular epithelium in the receptive phase. Furthermore, the active-PDGFA was detected in uterine lavage with levels being significantly higher in the receptive than the non-receptive phase. We thus identified that the secreted PDGFA may serve as a biomarker for endometrial receptivity. This is also the first study demonstrating that the active-PDGFA localizes to the apical surface of the endometrium during receptivity.
Asunto(s)
Endometrio/metabolismo , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Periodo Fértil/genética , Factor de Crecimiento Derivado de Plaquetas/metabolismo , Proproteína Convertasa 5/metabolismo , Adulto , Línea Celular Tumoral , Medios de Cultivo Condicionados/farmacología , Implantación del Embrión/fisiología , Embrión de Mamíferos , Endometrio/citología , Células Epiteliales/citología , Células Epiteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Periodo Fértil/metabolismo , Fase Folicular/genética , Fase Folicular/metabolismo , Expresión Génica , Silenciador del Gen , Humanos , Factor de Crecimiento Derivado de Plaquetas/genética , Proproteína Convertasa 5/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proproteína Convertasa 5/genética , Proteolisis , ARN Interferente Pequeño/genética , ARN Interferente Pequeño/metabolismoRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to examine the expression and regulation of the crystallin, alpha B (Cryab) gene in mouse uterus during the peri-implantation period by in situ hybridization and real-time PCR. There was no detectable Cryab mRNA signal on days 1-4 of pregnancy. On day 5 of pregnancy when embryo implanted, a high level of Cryab mRNA signal was found in the subluminal stroma surrounding the implanting blastocyst. On days 6-8, Cryab mRNA was strongly expressed in the primary decidua. By real-time PCR, a high level of Cryab expression was detected on days 7 and 8 of pregnancy, although Cryab expression was seen from days 1 to 8. Under in vivo and in vitro artificial decidualization, Cryab expression was significantly elevated. Compared with the progesterone-primed delayed implantation uterus, a high level of Cryab mRNA expression was observed in estrogen-activated implantation uterus. In the uterine stromal cells, cAMP, estrogen, and progesterone could induce the expression of Cryab gene. In the ovariectomized mouse uterus, estrogen could also induce the expression of Cryab while progesterone inhibited its expression. Our data suggest that Cryab may play an important role during mouse embryo implantation and decidualization and that estrogen and progesterone can regulate the expression of Cryab gene.
Asunto(s)
Decidua/metabolismo , Implantación del Embrión , Endometrio/metabolismo , Periodo Fértil/metabolismo , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica , Útero/metabolismo , Cadena B de alfa-Cristalina/biosíntesis , Animales , Decidua/efectos de los fármacos , Implantación del Embrión/efectos de los fármacos , Implantación Tardía del Embrión/efectos de los fármacos , Endometrio/efectos de los fármacos , Terapia de Reemplazo de Estrógeno , Estrógenos/farmacología , Femenino , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Hibridación in Situ , Ratones , Ovariectomía/efectos adversos , Placentación/efectos de los fármacos , Embarazo , Progesterona/farmacología , Progestinas/farmacología , Seudoembarazo/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Células del Estroma/efectos de los fármacos , Células del Estroma/metabolismo , Útero/efectos de los fármacos , Cadena B de alfa-Cristalina/genética , Cadena B de alfa-Cristalina/metabolismoRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to determine the variability in length of the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle with 140 participants who produced 1,060 cycles with an electronic hormonal fertility monitor. The length of the fertile phase, as defined by the first day with a threshold level of urinary E3G and ending with a second day above a threshold of LH, varied from <1 to >7 days, with the most frequent length being 3 days.