RESUMEN

In interval reproduction tasks, animals must remember the event starting the interval and anticipate the time of the planned response to terminate the interval. The interval reproduction task thus allows for studying both memory for the past and anticipation of the future. We analyzed previously published recordings from the rodent medial prefrontal cortex [J. Henke et al., eLife10, e71612 (2021)] during an interval reproduction task and identified two cell groups by modeling their temporal receptive fields using hierarchical Bayesian models. The firing in the "past cells" group peaked at the start of the interval and relaxed exponentially back to baseline. The firing in the "future cells" group increased exponentially and peaked right before the planned action at the end of the interval. Contrary to the previous assumption that timing information in the brain has one or two time scales for a given interval, we found strong evidence for a continuous distribution of the exponential rate constants for both past and future cell populations. The real Laplace transformation of time predicts exponential firing with a continuous distribution of rate constants across the population. Therefore, the firing pattern of the past cells can be identified with the Laplace transform of time since the past event while the firing pattern of the future cells can be identified with the Laplace transform of time until the planned future event.

Asunto(s)

Neuronas , Corteza Prefrontal , Corteza Prefrontal/fisiología , Corteza Prefrontal/citología , Animales , Ratas , Neuronas/fisiología , Teorema de Bayes , Masculino , Modelos Neurológicos , Memoria/fisiología , Percepción del Tiempo/fisiología , Potenciales de Acción/fisiología

RESUMEN

Contemporary research has begun to show a strong relationship between movements and the perception of time. More specifically, concurrent movements serve to both bias and enhance time estimates. To explain these effects, we recently proposed a mechanism by which movements provide a secondary channel for estimating duration that is combined optimally with sensory estimates. However, a critical test of this framework is that by introducing "noise" into movements, sensory estimates of time should similarly become noisier. To accomplish this, we had human participants move a robotic arm while estimating intervals of time in either auditory or visual modalities (n = 24, ea.). Crucially, we introduced an artificial "tremor" in the arm while subjects were moving, that varied across three levels of amplitude (1-3 N) or frequency (4-12 Hz). The results of both experiments revealed that increasing the frequency of the tremor led to noisier estimates of duration. Further, the effect of noise varied with the base precision of the interval, such that a naturally less precise timing (i.e., visual) was more influenced by the tremor than a naturally more precise modality (i.e., auditory). To explain these findings, we fit the data with a recently developed drift-diffusion model of perceptual decision-making, in which the momentary, within-trial variance was allowed to vary across conditions. Here, we found that the model could recapitulate the observed findings, further supporting the theory that movements influence perception directly. Overall, our findings support the proposed framework, and demonstrate the utility of inducing motor noise via artificial tremors.

Asunto(s)

Percepción Auditiva , Percepción del Tiempo , Temblor , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Temblor/fisiopatología , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Percepción del Tiempo/fisiología , Percepción Auditiva/fisiología , Percepción Visual/fisiología , Movimiento/fisiología

RESUMEN

One apparent feature of mental time travel is the ability to recursively embed temporal perspectives across different times: humans can remember how we anticipated the future and anticipate how we will remember the past. This recursive structure of mental time travel might be formalized in terms of a 'grammar' that is reflective of but more general than linguistic notions of absolute and relative tense. Here, I provide a foundation for this grammatical framework, emphasizing a bounded (rather than unbounded) recursive function that supports mental time travel to a limited temporal depth and to actual and possible scenarios. Anticipated counterfactual thinking, for instance, entails three levels of mental time travel to a possible scenario ('in the future, I will reflect on how my past self could have taken a different future action') and is centrally implicated in complex human decision-making. This perspective calls for further research into the mechanisms, ontogeny, functions and phylogeny of recursive mental time travel, and revives the question of links with other recursive forms of thinking such as theory of mind. This article is part of the theme issue 'Elements of episodic memory: lessons from 40 years of research'.

Asunto(s)

Memoria Episódica , Humanos , Pensamiento/fisiología , Lingüística , Toma de Decisiones , Percepción del Tiempo/fisiología

RESUMEN

While many aspects of cognition have been shown to be shared between humans and non-human animals, there remains controversy regarding whether the capacity to mentally time travel is a uniquely human one. In this paper, we argue that there are four ways of representing when some event happened: four kinds of temporal representation. Distinguishing these four kinds of temporal representation has five benefits. First, it puts us in a position to determine the particular benefits these distinct temporal representations afford an organism. Second, it provides the conceptual resources to foster a discussion about which of these representations is necessary for an organism to count as having the capacity to mentally time travel. Third, it enables us to distinguish stricter from more liberal views of mental time travel that differ regarding which kind(s) of temporal representation is taken to be necessary for mental time travel. Fourth, it allows us to determine the benefits of taking a stricter or more liberal view of mental time travel. Finally, it ensures that disagreement about whether some species can mentally time travel is not merely the product of unrecognized disagreement about which temporal representation is necessary for mental time travel. We argue for a more liberal view, on the grounds that it allows us to view mental time travel as an evolutionarily continuous phenomenon and to recognize that differences in the ways that organisms mentally time travel might reflect different temporal representations, or combinations thereof, that they employ. Our ultimate aim, however, is to create a conceptual framework for further discussion regarding what sorts of temporal representations are required for mental time travel.This article is part of the theme issue 'Elements of episodic memory: lessons from 40 years of research'.

Asunto(s)

Cognición , Percepción del Tiempo , Animales , Percepción del Tiempo/fisiología , Humanos

RESUMEN

Mental time travel is often presented as a singular mechanism, but theoretical and empirical considerations suggest that it is composed of component processes. What are these components? Three hypotheses about the major components of mental time travel are commonly considered: (i) remembering and imagining might, respectively, rely on different processes, (ii) past- and future-directed forms of mental time travel might, respectively, rely on different processes, and (iii) the creation of episodic representations and the determination of their temporal orientation might, respectively, rely on different processes. Here, we flesh out the last of these proposals. First, we argue for 'representational continuism': the view that different forms of mental travel are continuous with regard to their core representational contents. Next, we propose an updated account of episodic recombination (the mechanism generating these episodic contents) and review evidence in its support. On this view, episodic recombination is a natural kind best viewed as a form of compositional computation. Finally, we argue that episodic recombination should be distinguished from mechanisms determining the temporal orientation of episodic representations. Thus, we suggest that mental travel is a singular capacity, while mental time travel has at least two major components: episodic representations and their temporal orientation. This article is part of the theme issue 'Elements of episodic memory: lessons from 40 years of research'.

Asunto(s)

Memoria Episódica , Humanos , Imaginación , Recuerdo Mental/fisiología , Percepción del Tiempo

RESUMEN

Estonian is a quantity language with both a primary duration cue and a secondary pitch cue, whereas Chinese is a tonal language with a dominant pitch use. Using a mismatch negativity experiment and a behavioral discrimination experiment, we investigated how native language background affects the perception of duration only, pitch only, and duration plus pitch information. Chinese participants perceived duration in Estonian as meaningless acoustic information due to a lack of phonological use of duration in their native language; however, they demonstrated a better pitch discrimination ability than Estonian participants. On the other hand, Estonian participants outperformed Chinese participants in perceiving the non-speech pure tones that resembled the Estonian quantity (i.e., containing both duration and pitch information). Our results indicate that native language background affects the perception of duration and pitch and that such an effect is not specific to processing speech sounds.

Asunto(s)

Lenguaje , Percepción de la Altura Tonal , Humanos , Percepción de la Altura Tonal/fisiología , Femenino , Masculino , Adulto Joven , Adulto , Percepción del Tiempo/fisiología , Estimulación Acústica , Electroencefalografía , Percepción del Habla/fisiología

RESUMEN

Prior studies have documented the role of the striatum and its dopaminergic input in time processing, but the contribution of local striatal cholinergic innervation has not been specifically investigated. To address this issue, we recorded the activity of tonically active neurons (TANs), thought to be cholinergic interneurons in the striatum, in two male macaques performing self-initiated movements after specified intervals in the seconds range have elapsed. The behavioral data showed that movement timing was adjusted according to the temporal requirements. About one-third of all recorded TANs displayed brief depressions in firing in response to the cue that indicates the interval duration, and the strength of these modulations was, in some instances, related to the timing of movement. The rewarding outcome of actions also impacted TAN activity, as reflected by stronger responses to the cue paralleled by weaker responses to reward when monkeys performed correctly timed movements over consecutive trials. It therefore appears that TAN responses may act as a start signal for keeping track of time and reward prediction could be incorporated in this signaling function. We conclude that the role of the striatal cholinergic TAN system in time processing is embedded in predicting rewarding outcomes during timing behavior.

Asunto(s)

Cuerpo Estriado , Macaca mulatta , Recompensa , Animales , Masculino , Proyectos Piloto , Cuerpo Estriado/fisiología , Neuronas Colinérgicas/fisiología , Neuronas/fisiología , Señales (Psicología) , Potenciales de Acción/fisiología , Percepción del Tiempo/fisiología

RESUMEN

Animals can adapt their reward expectancy to changes in delays to reward availability. When temporal relations are altered, associative models of interval timing predict that the original time memory is lost due to the updating of the underlying associative weights, whereas the representational models render the preservation of the original time memory (as previously demonstrated in the extinction of conditioned fear). The current study presents the critical test of these theoretical accounts by training mice with two different intervals in a consecutive fashion (short → long or long → short) and then testing timing behaviors during extinction where neither temporal relation is in effect. Mice that were trained with the long interval first clustered their anticipatory responses around the average of two intervals (indirect higher-order manifestation of two memories in the form of temporal averaging), whereas mice trained with the short interval first clustered their responses either around the short or long interval (direct manifestation of memory representations by their independent indexing). We assert that the original memory representation formed during training with the long interval "metrically affords" the integration of subsequent experiences with a shorter interval, allowing their co-activation during extinction. The original memory representation formed during training with the short interval would not metrically afford such integration and thus result in the formation of a new (mutually exclusive) time memory representation, which does not afford their co-activation during extinction. Our results provide strong support for the representational account of interval timing. We provide a new theoretical account of these findings based on the "metric affordances" of the original memory representation formed during training with the original intervals.

Asunto(s)

Extinción Psicológica , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Percepción del Tiempo , Animales , Ratones , Masculino , Memoria , Recompensa

Asunto(s)

Percepción del Tiempo , Humanos , Percepción del Tiempo/fisiología

RESUMEN

The perception of time is subject to various environmental influences and exhibits changes across the lifespan. Studies on time perception have often been conducted using abstract stimuli and artificial scenarios, and recent claims for more naturalistic paradigms and realistic stimuli pose the question as to whether immersive virtual reality set-ups differently affect the timing abilities of older versus younger adults. Here, we tested the hypotheses that naturalistic 3D stimuli presented in immersive virtual reality (as opposed to abstract 2D stimuli presented on a computer screen) and the spatial location of those stimuli (left vs. right) affect the perceived time point of their occurrence. Our results demonstrate that a naturalistic presentation of stimuli leads to a bias towards earlier time points in younger, but not older participants. Furthermore, this bias was associated with lower scores of memory capacity. Contrary to our hypothesis that right-sided stimuli are perceived as later than left-sided stimuli, no spatial influences on temporal processing were observed. These results show that older and younger adults are differently affected by an increase in the realism and the immersiveness of experimental paradigms, and highlight the importance of task design in studies on human time perception.

Asunto(s)

Envejecimiento , Percepción Espacial , Percepción del Tiempo , Realidad Virtual , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Percepción del Tiempo/fisiología , Adulto , Percepción Espacial/fisiología , Anciano , Adulto Joven , Envejecimiento/fisiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Edad

RESUMEN

Phenomenology suggests a disruption in the experience of time in individuals with schizophrenia, related to disorders of the sense of self. Patients themselves relate a fragmentation of their temporal experience and of their sense of self. Temporal expectations help relate the present moment to the future and we have previously shown that temporal expectations are fragile in patients, and relate to disorders of the self. Here, we investigate whether patients' performance is still impaired when the motor response to the expected event can be prepared in advance. In two different experiments participants (41 patients vs. 43 neurotypicals in total) responded to a visual target occurring at a variable interval (or "foreperiod") after an initial warning signal. Moreover, in Experiment 1 we measured the sense of self with the EASE scale. We observed the usual benefit of the passage of time: the longer the waiting period, the better the preparation, and the faster the responses. However, this effect also comprises sequential (surprise) effects, when a target occurs earlier than on the preceding trial. We evaluated the effect of the passage of time, by isolating trials that followed a trial with the same foreperiod. The benefit of long, versus short, foreperiods was still observed in controls but disappeared in patients. The results suggest that the benefit of the passage of time is diminished in patients and relates to self disorders, even when the task allows for motor preparation. The results suggest that a non-verbal impairment sub-tends disorders of the sense of self.

Asunto(s)

Esquizofrenia , Psicología del Esquizofrénico , Percepción del Tiempo , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatología , Percepción del Tiempo/fisiología , Autoimagen , Desempeño Psicomotor/fisiología , Adulto Joven , Tiempo de Reacción/fisiología , Persona de Mediana Edad

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Lebanese university students experience high levels of stress, which are linked to poor academic and health outcomes. Therefore, understanding the psychological predictors of this stress is crucial. The present study examines the roles of emotional, cognitive, and interpersonal factors in predicting perceived stress, namely trait emotional intelligence (trait EI), time perspective, and attachment. METHODS: The sample included 283 Lebanese undergraduate university students aged 18 to 33 years (M = 19.89, SD = 1.87). The main variables were assessed using the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire - Short Form, The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, The Revised Adult Attachment Scale - Close Relationships Version, and the Perceived Stress Scale. RESULTS: Path analysis showed that trait EI mediated the relationship between time perspective and attachment (predictors) and perceived stress (outcome). In particular, the Past Positive and Future time perspectives positively predicted trait EI, while insecure attachment negatively predicted it. In turn, higher trait EI predicted lower perceived stress. CONCLUSION: The findings help inform theory and application, suggesting that managing stress and mitigating its impact on well-being can be achieved through interventions targeting time perspective, attachment, and trait EI.

Asunto(s)

Inteligencia Emocional , Apego a Objetos , Estrés Psicológico , Estudiantes , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Adulto , Líbano , Adulto Joven , Inteligencia Emocional/fisiología , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Adolescente , Estudiantes/psicología , Universidades , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Percepción del Tiempo/fisiología , Relaciones Interpersonales

RESUMEN

Although the peripheral nervous system lacks a dedicated receptor, the brain processes temporal information through different sensory channels. A critical question is whether temporal information from different sensory modalities at different times forms modality-specific representations or is integrated into a common representation in a supramodal manner. Behavioral studies on temporal memory mixing and the central tendency effect have provided evidence for supramodal temporal representations. We aimed to provide electrophysiological evidence for this proposal by employing a cross-modality time discrimination task combined with electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. The task maintained a fixed auditory standard duration, whereas the visual comparison duration was randomly selected from the short and long ranges, creating two different audio-visual temporal contexts. The behavioral results showed that the point of subjective equality (PSE) in the short context was significantly lower than that in the long context. The EEG results revealed that the amplitude of the contingent negative variation (CNV) in the short context was significantly higher (more negative) than in the long context in the early stage, while it was lower (more positive) in the later stage. These results suggest that the audiovisual temporal context is integrated with the auditory standard duration to generate a subjective time criterion. Compared with the long context, the subjective time criterion in the short context was shorter, resulting in earlier decision-making and a preceding decrease in CNV. Our study provides electrophysiological evidence that temporal information from different modalities inputted into the brain at different times can form a supramodal temporal representation.

Asunto(s)

Estimulación Acústica , Percepción Auditiva , Electroencefalografía , Percepción del Tiempo , Percepción Visual , Humanos , Electroencefalografía/métodos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto Joven , Percepción del Tiempo/fisiología , Percepción Auditiva/fisiología , Adulto , Percepción Visual/fisiología , Estimulación Luminosa/métodos , Discriminación en Psicología/fisiología , Tiempo de Reacción/fisiología , Encéfalo/fisiología , Variación Contingente Negativa/fisiología

RESUMEN

In a recent study employing time production, a number of participants presented aberrant data, which normally would have marked them as being outliers. Given the ongoing discussion in the literature regarding the illusory nature of the flow of time, in this paper we consider whether their data may indicate discontinuity in time perception. We analyze the log-log plots for these outliers, investigating to what degree linearity is preserved for all the data points, as opposed to achieving a better fit using bisegmental regression. The current results, though preliminary, can contribute to the debate regarding the non-linearity of subjective time. It would seem that with longer target durations, the ongoing experience of time can be either one of a subjective slowing down of time (longer time units, increase in slope), or of a subjective speeding up of time (shorter time units, decrease in slope).

Asunto(s)

Psicofísica , Percepción del Tiempo , Humanos , Percepción del Tiempo/fisiología , Factores de Tiempo

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Previous research has shown that mindfulness is associated with slower passage of time in everyday life, and with lower self-reported time pressure. This study investigates some of the potential mechanisms behind these relationships. METHODS: 318 participants submitted their responses to an online survey which collected data regarding passage of time judgments, time pressure, trait mindfulness, temperament, task load, and metacognitions about time. Using commonality and dominance analyses, we explored how these variables contributed, either alone or jointly, to predicting how fast (or slow) time seems to pass for participants, or how pressed for time they felt. RESULTS: Mindfulness and temperament had some overlaps in their ability to predict passage of time judgments and time pressure for durations at the month and 2-month scales. The temperamental trait of extraversion/surgency, as well as the Non-judging and Non-reacting facets of mindfulness were among the best predictors of passage of time judgments and time pressure. Attention-related variables were mainly related to time perception via their involvement in joint effects with other variables. Results also suggested that metacognitions about time interacted with other variables in predicting passage of time judgments, but only at the month scale. Finally, among all the variables included in this study, task load had the highest degree of involvement in predictions of self-reported time pressure at the week and month scales, but it contributed relatively little to predicting passage of time judgments. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that mindfulness relates to passage of time through its involvement in inferential processes. The data also shows how different factors are related to PoTJ at different time scales. Finally, results suggest the existence of both similarities and differences in how passage of time and time pressure relate to the other included variables.

Asunto(s)

Metacognición , Atención Plena , Temperamento , Percepción del Tiempo , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Temperamento/fisiología , Metacognición/fisiología , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Percepción del Tiempo/fisiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Atención/fisiología , Juicio/fisiología , Adolescente , Autoinforme , Encuestas y Cuestionarios

RESUMEN

Although recent theories of consciousness have emerged to define what consciousness is, an under-represented aspect within this field remains: time consciousness. However, the subjective passage of time is modulated by changing experiences within different situational contexts and by self-awareness. The experience of silence influences our awareness of self, space, and time, and it impacts on psychological well-being. The present review describes how self and time are influenced by different situations of silence (pure silence indoors and outdoors, the "just thinking" situation, and the combination of silence with deep relaxation). Also, the changes in time experience during a "forced" waiting situation due to the COVID-19 lockdown are presented in order to highlight the role of boredom in waiting situations and in situations in which we are alone with "our thoughts." Finally, in the context of the importance of creating silence through meditation practices, the alterations to one's sense of self and time during mindfulness meditation are reviewed. These studies are discussed within the framework of the cognitive models of prospective time perception, such as the attentional-gate model and the model of self-regulation and self-awareness.

Asunto(s)

Concienciación , COVID-19 , Estado de Conciencia , Atención Plena , Percepción del Tiempo , Humanos , Estado de Conciencia/fisiología , Percepción del Tiempo/fisiología , Concienciación/fisiología , Meditación , Atención/fisiología

RESUMEN

A single dose of psilocybin, a psychedelic that acutely causes distortions of space-time perception and ego dissolution, produces rapid and persistent therapeutic effects in human clinical trials1-4. In animal models, psilocybin induces neuroplasticity in cortex and hippocampus5-8. It remains unclear how human brain network changes relate to subjective and lasting effects of psychedelics. Here we tracked individual-specific brain changes with longitudinal precision functional mapping (roughly 18 magnetic resonance imaging visits per participant). Healthy adults were tracked before, during and for 3 weeks after high-dose psilocybin (25 mg) and methylphenidate (40 mg), and brought back for an additional psilocybin dose 6-12 months later. Psilocybin massively disrupted functional connectivity (FC) in cortex and subcortex, acutely causing more than threefold greater change than methylphenidate. These FC changes were driven by brain desynchronization across spatial scales (areal, global), which dissolved network distinctions by reducing correlations within and anticorrelations between networks. Psilocybin-driven FC changes were strongest in the default mode network, which is connected to the anterior hippocampus and is thought to create our sense of space, time and self. Individual differences in FC changes were strongly linked to the subjective psychedelic experience. Performing a perceptual task reduced psilocybin-driven FC changes. Psilocybin caused persistent decrease in FC between the anterior hippocampus and default mode network, lasting for weeks. Persistent reduction of hippocampal-default mode network connectivity may represent a neuroanatomical and mechanistic correlate of the proplasticity and therapeutic effects of psychedelics.

Asunto(s)

Encéfalo , Alucinógenos , Red Nerviosa , Psilocibina , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Encéfalo/citología , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/fisiología , Mapeo Encefálico , Red en Modo Predeterminado/citología , Red en Modo Predeterminado/diagnóstico por imagen , Red en Modo Predeterminado/efectos de los fármacos , Red en Modo Predeterminado/fisiología , Alucinógenos/farmacología , Alucinógenos/administración & dosificación , Voluntarios Sanos , Hipocampo/citología , Hipocampo/diagnóstico por imagen , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/fisiología , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Metilfenidato/farmacología , Metilfenidato/administración & dosificación , Red Nerviosa/citología , Red Nerviosa/diagnóstico por imagen , Red Nerviosa/efectos de los fármacos , Red Nerviosa/fisiología , Psilocibina/farmacología , Psilocibina/administración & dosificación , Percepción Espacial/efectos de los fármacos , Percepción del Tiempo/efectos de los fármacos , Ego

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: The stress experienced by a woman during pregnancy not only has a negative impact on her well-being and physical health but also adversely affects the fetus. Stress is strongly linked with time perspective, defined as the tendency to focus on the past, present, or future. The study aimed to investigate how couples' balanced time perspective was related to maternal prenatal hair cortisol concentration and perceived stress in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy. METHOD: The participants were pregnant women and their male partners (84 couples). Women completed online questionnaires: the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), the Dark Future Scale (DFS), and the Perceived Stress Scale, while men completed online versions of the ZTPI and the DFS. These questionnaire measurements were conducted in the first and third trimesters. Maternal cortisol levels were measured in hair samples taken during gynecological visits, in the first and third trimesters. RESULTS: The study revealed that the more unbalanced the partner's time perspective, the more unbalanced the pregnant woman's time perspective and, consequently, the higher the stress perceived by the pregnant woman. This effect was present in both the first (B = 1.06, SE =.36, p <.001, 95 % CI [.398, 1.826]) and the third trimesters (B =.98, SE =.36, p <.001, 95 % CI [.327, 1.774]). Moreover, the more unbalanced the partner's time perspective, the more unbalanced the woman's time perspective and, consequently, the lower the hair cortisol concentration in the first trimester (B = -.08, SE =.04, p <.05, 95 % CI [-.171, -.010]). Partner's unbalanced time perspective in the first trimester was also a predictor of stress perceived by the woman in the third trimester (t = 2.38, p <.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest the significance of the partner's time perspective for the pregnant woman's mental health. The partner's unbalanced, negative time perspective in the first trimester may increase the pregnant woman's stress in the third trimester. This effect can be even stronger than that of the woman's time perspective.

Asunto(s)

Cabello , Hidrocortisona , Tercer Trimestre del Embarazo , Estrés Psicológico , Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Hidrocortisona/análisis , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Cabello/química , Estrés Psicológico/metabolismo , Adulto , Masculino , Tercer Trimestre del Embarazo/metabolismo , Primer Trimestre del Embarazo/metabolismo , Percepción del Tiempo/fisiología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Mujeres Embarazadas/psicología

RESUMEN

The intentional binding effect refers to the phenomenon where the perceived temporal interval between a voluntary action and its sensory consequence is subjectively compressed. Prior research revealed the importance of tactile feedback from the keyboard on this effect. Here we examined the necessity of such tactile feedback by utilizing a touch-free key-press device without haptic feedback, and explored how initial/outcome sensory modalities (visual/auditory/tactile) and their consistency influence the intentional binding effect. Participants estimated three delay lengths (250, 550, or 850 ms) between the initial and outcome stimuli. Results showed that regardless of the combinations of sensory modalities between the initial and the outcome stimuli (i.e., modal consistency), the intentional binding effect was only observed in the 250 ms delay condition. This findings indicate a stable intentional binding effect both within and across sensory modalities, supporting the existence of a shared mechanism underlying the binding effect in touch-free voluntary actions.

Asunto(s)

Retroalimentación Sensorial , Intención , Desempeño Psicomotor , Percepción del Tacto , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto Joven , Adulto , Percepción del Tacto/fisiología , Retroalimentación Sensorial/fisiología , Desempeño Psicomotor/fisiología , Percepción Visual/fisiología , Percepción del Tiempo/fisiología , Percepción Auditiva/fisiología , Volición/fisiología

RESUMEN

Little research has investigated the relations of emotional states and passage of time judgments over a long period and explored the mechanisms underlying the relations. In this research, we conducted three studies (N = 2010 in total) in the three time points throughout a year including the end of 2020, the beginning and middle of 2021. In each study, we measured participants' negative emotional states that arise in daily life (including loneliness, anxiety, and depression), feelings of how easy/hard to recall the things having done in the last year, and yearly passage of time judgments. The results from the three studies consistently showed that individuals' feelings of ease-of-retrieval mediated the relations of negative emotional states and yearly passage of time judgments. The stronger the negative emotional states, the harder people feel to recall the things from the last year, and the faster people perceive time passing last year. This research provides novel insights for understanding the relations of negative emotional states and passage of time judgments, and importantly, individuals' feelings of ease-of-retrieval plays a significant role on explaining the relations.

Asunto(s)

Emociones , Juicio , Recuerdo Mental , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Juicio/fisiología , Emociones/fisiología , Adulto , Recuerdo Mental/fisiología , Adulto Joven , Percepción del Tiempo/fisiología , Ansiedad/psicología , Soledad/psicología , Depresión/psicología