RESUMEN
El dolor abdominal es una de las sintomatologías que afectan con frecuencia la cavidad abdomino-pélvica. Dicha cavidad posee una inervación somática en la que intervienen del séptimo a doceavo nervios intercostales, ramos colaterales y terminales del plexo lumbar y el nervio pudendo; siendo objetivo de este trabajo la descripción anatómica del dolor abdominopélvico a través del plexo lumbar, nervios intercostales y nervio pudendo, sus diferentes patrones y variaciones de conformación, y las implicancias de éstas últimas en las distintas maniobras clínico-quirúrgicas. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional y morfométrico de la inervación somática de la cavidad abdomino-pélvica, en 50 preparaciones cadavéricas, fijadas en solución de formaldehído, de la Tercera Cátedra de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, entre Agosto/2017-Diciembre/2019. La descripción clásica del plexo lumbar se encontró en 35 casos; la presencia del nervio femoral accesorio en ningún caso; así como también la ausencia del nervio iliohipogástrico en ningún caso; el nervio obturador accesorio se halló en 2 casos; el nervio genitofemoral dividiéndose dentro de la masa muscular del psoas mayor en 6 casos; el nervio cutáneo femoral lateral emergiendo únicamente de la segunda raíz lumbar en 6 casos y por último se encontró la presencia de un ramo del nervio obturador uniéndose al tronco lumbosacro en un caso. Los nervios intercostales y el nervio pudendo presentaron una disposición clásica en todos los casos analizados. Es esencial un adecuado conocimiento y descripción del plexo lumbar, nervios intercostales y nervio pudendo para un adecuado abordaje de la cavidad abdomino-pélvica en los bloqueos nerviosos.
SUMMARY: Abdominal pain is one of the symptoms that affect the abdominal-pelvic cavity. The abdominal-pelvic cavity has a somatic innervation involving the seventh to twelfth intercostal nerves, collateral and terminal branches of the lumbar plexus and the pudendal nerve. The objective of this work is the description of the lumbar plexus, intercostal nerves and pudendal nerve, its different patterns and structure variations, as well as its implications during pain management in patients. A descriptive, observational, and morphometric study of patterns and structure variations of the lumbar plexus, intercostal nerves and pudendal nerve was conducted in 50 formalin-fixed cadaveric dissections of the Third Chair of Anatomy at the School of Medicine in the Universidad de Buenos Aires from August 2017 to December/2019. The standard description of the lumbar plexus was found in 35 cases; accessory femoral nerve was not present in any of the cases; absence of the iliohipogastric nerve was also not found in any case, while the accessory obturating nerve was found in 2 cases; genitofemoral nerve dividing within the muscle mass of psoas in 6 cases; lateral femoral cutaneous nerve emerging only from the second lumbar root in 6 cases and finally, presence of a branch of the obturating nerve was found joining the lumbosacral trunk in one case. The pudendal and intercostal nerve patterns presented a typical pathway in all cases. Adequate knowledge and description of the lumbar plexus, intercostal nerves and pudendal nerve is essential for an adequate approach of the abdominal-pelvic cavity in nerve blocks.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Variación Anatómica , Plexo Lumbosacro/anatomía & histología , Bloqueo Nervioso/métodos , Pelvis/inervación , Dolor Abdominal , Nervio Pudendo/anatomía & histología , Abdomen/inervación , Nervios Intercostales/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
Objetivo: Identificar o impacto da histerectomia para patologias benignas sobre a sexualidade feminina. Métodos: Revisão de literatura com busca na plataforma PubMed, sendo selecionados 23 artigos em português e inglês publicados entre 2016 e 2021. Resultados: Foi descrita, majoritariamente, melhora na função sexual após histerectomia, semelhante às abordagens totais ou supracervicais e independentemente da via de acesso cirúrgico, apesar de impacto ligeiramente menor com a via laparoscópica. Na laparoscopia, houve melhor desfecho sexual no fechamento da cúpula vaginal, quando comparado ao fechamento via vaginal. Ademais, a ooforectomia concomitante apresentou resultados conflitantes e inconclusivos. Conclusão: A histerectomia afeta positivamente a saúde sexual feminina e aspectos técnicos podem interferir na função sexual, porém os dados são limitados. Devido à importância do tema, necessitam-se de mais estudos com metodologias padronizadas para possibilitar análises mais detalhadas.
Objective: To identify the impact of hysterectomy for benign pathologies on female sexuality. Methods: Literature review with search on PubMed platform, being selected 23 articles in Portuguese and English published between 2016 and 2021. Results: Improvement in sexual function after hysterectomy was mostly described, being similar in total or supracervical approaches and independent of the surgical access route, although it had slightly lower impact when laparoscopic. In the laparoscopic approach, there was better sexual outcome in the vaginal dome closure when compared to vaginal closure. In addition, concomitant oophorectomy showed conflicting and inconclusive results. Conclusion: Hysterectomy positively affects female sexual health and technical aspects may interfere with sexual function, but data are limited. Due to the importance of the theme, more studies with standardized methodologies are needed to enable more detailed analyses.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pelvis/inervación , Histerectomía/efectos adversos , Útero/fisiopatología , Servicios de Salud para Mujeres/estadística & datos numéricos , Laparoscopía/métodos , Sexualidad , Histerectomía Vaginal/métodosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study is to evaluate the anatomy of the inferior hypogastric plexus, correlating it with urological pathologies, imaging exams and surgeries of the female pelvis, especially for treatment of endometriosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We carried out a review about the anatomy of the inferior hypogastric plexus in the female pelvis. We analyzed papers published in the past 20 years in the databases of Pubmed, Embase and Scielo, and we included only papers in English and excluded case reports, editorials, and opinions of specialists. We also studied two human fixed female corpses and microsurgical dissection material with a stereoscopic magnifying glass with 2.5x magnification. RESULTS: Classical anatomical studies provide few details of the morphology of the inferior hypogastric plexus (IHP) or the location and nature of the associated nerves. The fusion of pelvic splanchnic nerves, sacral splanchnic nerves, and superior hypogastric plexus together with visceral afferent fibers form the IHP. The surgeon's precise knowledge of the anatomical relationship between the hypogastric nerve and the uterosacral ligament is essential to reduce the risk of complications and postoperative morbidity of patients surgically treated for deep infiltrative endometriosis involving the uterosacral ligament. CONCLUSION: Accurate knowledge of the innervation of the female pelvis is of fundamental importance for prevention of possible injuries and voiding dysfunctions as well as the evacuation mechanism in the postoperative period. Imaging exams such as nuclear magnetic resonance are interesting tools for more accurate visualization of the distribution of the hypogastric plexus in the female pelvis.
Asunto(s)
Endometriosis , Plexo Hipogástrico , Humanos , Femenino , Plexo Hipogástrico/anatomía & histología , Plexo Hipogástrico/lesiones , Plexo Hipogástrico/cirugía , Endometriosis/cirugía , Pelvis/inervación , Pelvis/patología , Pelvis/cirugía , Útero , CadáverRESUMEN
Controversial surgical anatomical landmarks in the deep pelvis can be visualized and identified using current technologies. Performing the gate approach technique during deep lateral dissection for total mesorectal excision facilitates visualization of the pelvic neurovascular structures following simple dissection steps to preserve the pelvic autonomic nerves and avoid accidental vascular injuries. Here, we discuss laparoscopic exposure of an infrequent disposition of the middle rectal artery anterior to the lateral ligament of the rectum while performing the gate approach.
Asunto(s)
Ligamentos Colaterales , Laparoscopía , Neoplasias del Recto , Arterias/cirugía , Humanos , Laparoscopía/métodos , Pelvis/inervación , Pelvis/cirugía , Neoplasias del Recto/cirugía , Recto/cirugíaAsunto(s)
Neoplasias del Recto , Recto , Vías Autónomas , Humanos , Pelvis/inervación , Pelvis/cirugía , Neoplasias del Recto/cirugía , Recto/inervación , Recto/cirugíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this video is to demonstrate different clinical presentations of peritoneal defects (peritoneal retraction pockets) and their anatomic relationships with the pelvic innervation, justifying the occurrence of some neurologic symptoms in association with these diseases. DESIGN: Surgical demonstration of complete excision of different types of peritoneal retraction pockets and a comparison with a laparoscopic retroperitoneal cadaveric dissection of the pelvic innervation. SETTING: Private hospital in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. INTERVENTIONS: A pelvic peritoneal pocket is a retraction defect in the surface of the peritoneum of variable size and shapes [1]. The origin of defects in the pelvic peritoneum is still unknown [2]. It has been postulated that it is the result of peritoneal irritation or invasion by endometriosis, with resultant scarring and retraction of the peritoneum [3,4]. It has also been suggested that a retraction pocket may be a cause of endometriosis, where the disease presumably settles in a previously altered peritoneal surface [5]. These defects are shown in many studies to be associated with pelvic pain, dyspareunia, and secondary dysmenorrhea [1-4]. Some studies have shown that the excision of these peritoneal defect improves pain symptoms and quality of life [5]. It is important to recognize peritoneal pockets as a potential manifestation of endometriosis because in some cases, the only evidence of endometriosis may be the presence of these peritoneal defects [6]. In this video, we demonstrate different types of peritoneal pockets and their close relationship with pelvic anatomic structures. Case 1 is a 29-year-old woman, gravida 0, with severe dysmenorrhea and catamenial bowel symptoms (bowel distension and diarrhea/constipation) that were unresponsive to medical treatment. Imaging studies were reported as normal, and a laparoscopy showed a posterior cul-de-sac peritoneal pocket infiltrating the pararectal fossa, with extension to the lateral border of the rectum. Case 2 is a cadaveric dissection of a posterior cul-de-sac peritoneal pocket infiltrating the pararectal fossa, with extension to the pelvic sidewall. After dissection of the obturator fossa, we can observe that the pocket is close to the sacrospinous ligament, pudendal nerve, and some sacral roots. Case 3 is a 31-year-old woman, gravida 1, para 1, with severe dysmenorrhea that was unresponsive to medical treatment and catamenial bowel symptoms (catamenial bowel distention and diarrhea). Imaging studies were reported as normal and a laparoscopy showed left uterosacral peritoneal pocket infiltrating the pararectal fossa in close proximity to the rectal wall. Case 4 is a cadaveric dissection of the ovarian fossa and the obturator fossa showing the proximity between these structures. Case 5 is a 35-year-old woman, gravida 0, with severe dysmenorrhea that was unresponsive to medical treatment, referring difficulty, and pain when walking only during menstruation. A neurologic physical examination revealed weakness in thigh adduction, and the magnetic resonance imaging showed no signs of endometriosis. During laparoscopy, we found a peritoneal pocket infiltrating the ovarian fossa, with involvement in the area between the umbilical ligament and the uterine artery. This type of pocket can easily reach the obturator nerve. Because the obturator nerve and its branches supply the muscle and skin of the medial thigh [7,8], patients may present with thigh adduction weakness or difficulty ambulating [9,10]. Case 6 is a cadaveric dissection of the sacrospinous ligament and the pudendal nerve from a medial approach, between the umbilical artery and the iliac vessels. Case 7 is a 34-year-old woman, gravida 1, para 1, with severe dysmenorrhea and catamenial bowel symptoms as well as deep dyspareunia. The transvaginal ultrasound showed focal adenomyosis and a 2-cm nodule, 9-cm apart from the anal verge, affecting 30% of the bowel circumference. In the laparoscopy, we found a posterior cul-de-sac retraction pocket associated with a large deep endometriosis nodule affecting the vagina and the rectum. In all cases, endometriosis was confirmed by histopathology, and in a 6-month follow-up, all patients showed improvement of bowel, pain, and neurologic symptoms. CONCLUSION: Peritoneal pockets can have different clinical presentations. Depending on the topography and deepness of infiltration, they can be the cause of some neurologic symptoms associated with endometriosis pain. With this video, we try to encourage surgeons to totally excise these lesions and raise awareness about the adjacent key anatomic structures that can be affected.
Asunto(s)
Endometriosis/complicaciones , Dolor Pélvico/etiología , Enfermedades Peritoneales/etiología , Peritoneo/patología , Adulto , Autopsia , Brasil , Disección/métodos , Dismenorrea/etiología , Dismenorrea/patología , Dismenorrea/cirugía , Dispareunia/etiología , Dispareunia/patología , Dispareunia/cirugía , Endometriosis/cirugía , Femenino , Humanos , Laparoscopía/métodos , Nervio Obturador/patología , Nervio Obturador/cirugía , Dolor Pélvico/patología , Dolor Pélvico/cirugía , Pelvis/inervación , Pelvis/patología , Pelvis/cirugía , Enfermedades Peritoneales/patología , Enfermedades Peritoneales/cirugía , Peritoneo/inervación , Peritoneo/cirugía , Calidad de VidaRESUMEN
RESUMEN: El pudú (Pudu puda) pertenece a la familia Cervidae y se estima que su población actual total es menor a 10.000 ejemplares, razón por la cual se encuentra en la categoría de "Casi Amenazado" y dentro de la lista roja de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (IUCN). La causa de la reducción de su población, es la pérdida y la fragmentación de los bosques del sur de Chile, caza, depredación, atropellos, entre otros. En las últimas situaciones mencionadas, es frecuente observar lesiones en la zona corporal caudal y miembros pélvicos del animal. Debido a lo anterior, se considera importante generar estudios morfológicos en el pudú que puedan ser un aporte en el conocimiento de ésta especie en particular. El presente trabajo corresponde a un estudio descriptivo anatómico del miembro pélvico de un ejemplar de pudú hembra. Se describió la musculatura y sus principales relaciones con vasos sanguíneos y nervios desde proximal hacia distal, dividiendo al miembro pélvico en cuatro regiones topográficas: cintura pélvica, femoral, crural y del pie. Además, se realizó de forma complementaria un estudio morfométrico de cada región topográfica y cada músculo que la compone. Los resultados fueron comparados con rumiantes domésticos, en relación a lo descrito en la bibliografía anatómica clásica, observando que el ejemplar analizado posee características anatómicas similares a lo descrito para pequeños rumiantes, sin embargo, existen diferencias importantes de tomar en consideración, tales como: el m. de la fascia lata presenta dos porciones sobrepuestas; el m. sóleo presenta un mayor desarrollo; el paquete vasculo nervioso femoral se observa atravesando la porción craneal del m. sartorio y el m. gracilis forma parte del tendón calcáneo común. La información entregada en este estudio corresponde a un aporte anatómico que permite ampliar el conocimiento científico de ésta especie poco estudiada, protegida y vulnerable.
SUMMARY: The Pudu (Pudu puda) belongs to the family Cervidae and it is estimated that its total current population is less than 10,000 specimen, which is why it is part of the "Near Threatened" category and on the red list of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The cause of the reduction of its population is the loss and the fragmentation of the forests of the south of Chile, hunting, predation, crashes, among others. In the latter situations, it is common to observe injuries in the caudal area and pelvic limbs of the animal. Due to the above, it is considered important to generate morphological studies in the Pudú that can be a contribution in the knowledge of this particular species. The present study corresponds to an anatomical descriptive study of the pelvic limb of a female Pudú. Musculature and its main relationships with blood vessels and nerves were described from proximal to distal, dividing the pelvic limb into four topographic regions: pelvic waist, femoral, crural and foot. In addition, a morphometric study of each topographic region and each muscle was performed as complementary analysis. The results were compared to domestic ruminants, in relation to those described in the classic anatomical bibliography, observing that the analyzed specimen has anatomical characteristics similar to that described for small ruminants, however, several important differences were observed and should be taken into consideration: the M. tensor fascia latae presents two overlapping portions; the M. soleus is more developed; the vasculature of the femoral nerve is observed through the cranial portion of the M. sartorius and M. gracilis is part of the common calcaneus tendon. The information provided in this study corresponds to an anatomical contribution that allows furthering scientific knowledge of this protected and vulnerable species.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Ciervos/anatomía & histología , Músculo Esquelético/anatomía & histología , Pelvis/anatomía & histología , Anatomía Comparada , Músculo Esquelético/irrigación sanguínea , Músculo Esquelético/inervación , Pelvis/irrigación sanguínea , Pelvis/inervaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The exact paths of periprostatic nerves have been under debate over the last decades. In the present study, the topographic distribution of nerves around the prostate and their relative distances from the prostatic capsule were analyzed in male cadaver visceral blocs. METHODS: The pelvic organs from ten fresh male cadavers were removed and serial sectioned en bloc for histological investigation. The macroslices was divided into four sectors. Each sector was centrally covered with a raster dividing each sector in three subsectors numbered clockwise. The prostatic capsule was identified, and distances of 2.5 and 5 mm from the prostate were demarked with lines. We quantified the number of nerve fibers present in each subsector of each slide and recorded their position relative to the prostatic capsule. RESULTS: In general, the topographic analysis revealed that the majority of nerves were identified in sectors 4 through 9, corresponding to the posterolateral and posterior surfaces of the prostate gland. At the prostate base, the majority of nerves were found at the posterolateral and posterior surfaces of the gland. Within the mid-region of the prostate, the same topographic distribution pattern was observed, but the nerve fibers were closer to the prostatic capsule. At the apical region, the percentage of nerve fibers identified in the anterior region was higher, despite their major concetration in the posterior surface. The nerves identified at the apex were mainly located up to 2.5 mm from the prostate. This proximity to the prostate was specifically observed in the anterolateral and anterior sectors. In the craniocaudal sense, the percentage of nerves identified between 2.5 and 5 mm from the prostatic capsule remained constant. CONCLUSIONS: A significant number of nerve fibers were present in the anterior and anterolateral positions, especially at the apex. The anterior nerves were closer to the prostate. This proximity suggests that the anterior nerves may participate in local physiology and that the cavernous nerves are probably formed by the posterior nerve fibers. It is likely that the safe distance of 2.5 mm from all surfaces of the prostate may be related to cavernous fiber preservation.
Asunto(s)
Pelvis/inervación , Próstata/inervación , Neoplasias de la Próstata , Anciano , Variación Anatómica , Cadáver , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos Anatómicos , Prostatectomía/métodos , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Neoplasias de la Próstata/cirugíaRESUMEN
Using immunohistochemical techniques, we characterized changes in the expression of several neurochemical markers in lumbar 4-sacral 2 (L4-S2) dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron profiles (NPs) and the spinal cord of BALB/c mice after axotomy of the L6 and S1 spinal nerves, major tributaries of the pelvic (targeting pelvic visceral organs) and pudendal (targeting perineum and genitalia) nerves. Sham animals were included. Expression of cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor 3 (ATF3), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V, member 1 (TRPV1), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT) types 1 and -2 was analysed seven days after injury. L6-S1 axotomy induced dramatic de novo expression of ATF3 in many L6-S1 DRG NPs, and parallel significant downregulations in the percentage of CGRP-, TRPV1-, TH- and VGLUT2-immunoreactive (IR) DRG NPs, as compared to their expression in uninjured DRGs (contralateral L6-S1-AXO; sham mice); VGLUT1 expression remained unaltered. Sham L6-S1 DRGs only showed a small ipsilateral increase in ATF3-IR NPs (other markers were unchanged). L6-S1-AXO induced de novo expression of ATF3 in several lumbosacral spinal cord motoneurons and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons; in sham mice the effect was limited to a few motoneurons. Finally, a moderate decrease in CGRP- and TRPV1-like-immunoreactivities was observed in the ipsilateral superficial dorsal horn neuropil. In conclusion, injury of a mixed visceral/non-visceral nerve leads to considerable neurochemical alterations in DRGs matched, to some extent, in the spinal cord. Changes in these and potentially other nociception-related molecules could contribute to pain due to injury of nerves in the abdominopelvic cavity.
Asunto(s)
Ganglios Espinales/metabolismo , Neuronas/metabolismo , Nervio Pudendo/metabolismo , Médula Espinal/metabolismo , Factor de Transcripción Activador 3/metabolismo , Animales , Axotomía , Péptido Relacionado con Gen de Calcitonina/metabolismo , Regulación hacia Abajo , Genitales/inervación , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Neuronas Motoras/metabolismo , Pelvis/inervación , Perineo/inervación , Canales Catiónicos TRPV/metabolismo , Tirosina 3-Monooxigenasa/metabolismo , Regulación hacia Arriba , Proteína 1 de Transporte Vesicular de Glutamato/metabolismo , Proteína 2 de Transporte Vesicular de Glutamato/metabolismoRESUMEN
Bearded capuchins (Sapajus sp), unexpectedly, share with chimpanzees behavioral features such as high cognitive ability, good memory, tool use with intermittent bipedalism, and social tolerance; although its anatomy is still little studied. To test the hypothesis that bearded capuchins might share similar anatomical features with chimpanzees, we investigated the pelvic nerves of the bearded capuchin and compared them with the data in the previous literature for modern humans, chimpanzee, and baboons in terms of origin, trajectory and innervated structures, when the data are available. Variation is very common in the primates because of, inter alia, 1) the problem of the anatomical position, i.e., some primatologists used the human anatomical position to describe those in non-human primates, while others used the non-human anatomical position, and the definition of anatomical position (human or non-human position) is not clear; 2) the lateralized and semi-bend pelvis limbs in non-humans primates compared with modern humans; 3) the absence of the some muscles (e.g., scansorius and ilioschiofemoralis) in modern humans in the thigh; and 4) the difference in the numbers of vertebrae among the authors, even in the same species, such as chimpanzees and bearded capuchins.
Macacos-prego (Sapajus sp), inesperadamente, compartilham com chimpanzés comportamentos como alta cognição e memória, uso de ferramentas com o bipedalismo intermitente, tolerância social. No entanto, sua anatomia ainda é pouco estudada. Para verificar a hipótese com qual espécie e/ou grupo de primatas os macacos-prego compartilham mais características, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os nervos pélvicos do Sapajus e compará-los com dados da literatura anatômica sobre os seres humanos, chimpanzés e babuínos, considerando aspectos como origem, trajetória e estruturas inervadas. Foi observado que existem grandes variações nos nervos pélvicos entre os primatas estudados aqui, quais sejam, 1) o problema da posição anatômica, i.e., alguns primatologistas consideram a posição anatômica humana para os primatas, outros consideram a posição anatômica animal, e a opção por um ou outro não é clara nos textos; 2) o problema dos membros pélvicos em primatas não humanos serem lateralizados e semi-fletidos em relação aos seres humanos modernos; 3) o problema da ausência, nos seres humanos modernos, de alguns músculos da coxa em relação aos outros primatas como o escansório e o iliosquiofemoral; e 4) o problema da diferença do número de vértebras nos primatas estudados aqui, inclusive com diferenças para a mesma espécie citadas por diferentes autores tanto para chimpanzés como para macacos-prego.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Cebus/anatomía & histología , Pelvis/anatomía & histología , Pelvis/inervación , Constitución CorporalRESUMEN
Bearded capuchins (Sapajus sp), unexpectedly, share with chimpanzees behavioral features such as high cognitive ability, good memory, tool use with intermittent bipedalism, and social tolerance; although its anatomy is still little studied. To test the hypothesis that bearded capuchins might share similar anatomical features with chimpanzees, we investigated the pelvic nerves of the bearded capuchin and compared them with the data in the previous literature for modern humans, chimpanzee, and baboons in terms of origin, trajectory and innervated structures, when the data are available. Variation is very common in the primates because of, inter alia, 1) the problem of the anatomical position, i.e., some primatologists used the human anatomical position to describe those in non-human primates, while others used the non-human anatomical position, and the definition of anatomical position (human or non-human position) is not clear; 2) the lateralized and semi-bend pelvis limbs in non-humans primates compared with modern humans; 3) the absence of the some muscles (e.g., scansorius and ilioschiofemoralis) in modern humans in the thigh; and 4) the difference in the numbers of vertebrae among the authors, even in the same species, such as chimpanzees and bearded capuchins.(AU)
Macacos-prego (Sapajus sp), inesperadamente, compartilham com chimpanzés comportamentos como alta cognição e memória, uso de ferramentas com o bipedalismo intermitente, tolerância social. No entanto, sua anatomia ainda é pouco estudada. Para verificar a hipótese com qual espécie e/ou grupo de primatas os macacos-prego compartilham mais características, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os nervos pélvicos do Sapajus e compará-los com dados da literatura anatômica sobre os seres humanos, chimpanzés e babuínos, considerando aspectos como origem, trajetória e estruturas inervadas. Foi observado que existem grandes variações nos nervos pélvicos entre os primatas estudados aqui, quais sejam, 1) o problema da posição anatômica, i.e., alguns primatologistas consideram a posição anatômica humana para os primatas, outros consideram a posição anatômica animal, e a opção por um ou outro não é clara nos textos; 2) o problema dos membros pélvicos em primatas não humanos serem lateralizados e semi-fletidos em relação aos seres humanos modernos; 3) o problema da ausência, nos seres humanos modernos, de alguns músculos da coxa em relação aos outros primatas como o escansório e o iliosquiofemoral; e 4) o problema da diferença do número de vértebras nos primatas estudados aqui, inclusive com diferenças para a mesma espécie citadas por diferentes autores tanto para chimpanzés como para macacos-prego.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Cebus/anatomía & histología , Pelvis/anatomía & histología , Pelvis/inervación , Constitución CorporalRESUMEN
Bearded capuchins (Sapajus sp), unexpectedly, share with chimpanzees behavioral features such as high cognitive ability, good memory, tool use with intermittent bipedalism, and social tolerance; although its anatomy is still little studied. To test the hypothesis that bearded capuchins might share similar anatomical features with chimpanzees, we investigated the pelvic nerves of the bearded capuchin and compared them with the data in the previous literature for modern humans, chimpanzee, and baboons in terms of origin, trajectory and innervated structures, when the data are available. Variation is very common in the primates because of, inter alia, 1) the problem of the anatomical position, i.e., some primatologists used the human anatomical position to describe those in non-human primates, while others used the non-human anatomical position, and the definition of anatomical position (human or non-human position) is not clear; 2) the lateralized and semi-bend pelvis limbs in non-humans primates compared with modern humans; 3) the absence of the some muscles (e.g., scansorius and ilioschiofemoralis) in modern humans in the thigh; and 4) the difference in the numbers of vertebrae among the authors, even in the same species, such as chimpanzees and bearded capuchins.(AU)
Macacos-prego (Sapajus sp), inesperadamente, compartilham com chimpanzés comportamentos como alta cognição e memória, uso de ferramentas com o bipedalismo intermitente, tolerância social. No entanto, sua anatomia ainda é pouco estudada. Para verificar a hipótese com qual espécie e/ou grupo de primatas os macacos-prego compartilham mais características, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os nervos pélvicos do Sapajus e compará-los com dados da literatura anatômica sobre os seres humanos, chimpanzés e babuínos, considerando aspectos como origem, trajetória e estruturas inervadas. Foi observado que existem grandes variações nos nervos pélvicos entre os primatas estudados aqui, quais sejam, 1) o problema da posição anatômica, i.e., alguns primatologistas consideram a posição anatômica humana para os primatas, outros consideram a posição anatômica animal, e a opção por um ou outro não é clara nos textos; 2) o problema dos membros pélvicos em primatas não humanos serem lateralizados e semi-fletidos em relação aos seres humanos modernos; 3) o problema da ausência, nos seres humanos modernos, de alguns músculos da coxa em relação aos outros primatas como o escansório e o iliosquiofemoral; e 4) o problema da diferença do número de vértebras nos primatas estudados aqui, inclusive com diferenças para a mesma espécie citadas por diferentes autores tanto para chimpanzés como para macacos-prego.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Cebus/anatomía & histología , Pelvis/anatomía & histología , Pelvis/inervación , Constitución CorporalRESUMEN
El león africano (Panthera leo) pertenece a la familia felidae del orden carnívora, corresponde a un depredador de gran tamaño, en Chile se encuentra únicamente en estado de cautiverio, sin embargo está presente en numerosos zoológicos. La preocupación e interés por el bienestar de estos animales ha aumentado, por lo cual, cada vez se realizan procedimientos médicos de mayor complejidad. Lo expuesto anteriormente genera la necesidad de profundizar los conocimientos anatómicos que existen de esta especie. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar un estudio anatómico detallado de la inervación del miembro pélvico del león y describir sus relaciones topográficas con el sistema músculo esquelético y vascular. Se disecó un cadáver de león hembra, adulta, presentando la descripción según las regiones topográficas: región del cíngulo miembro pélvico, región femoral, región crural y región del pie. Se realizó un registro fotográfico de las disecciones, el cual fue complementada con ilustraciones anatómicas representativas de cada región. Acorde a lo observado, podemos indicar que existe una gran similitud con lo descrito en el gato, destacando el gran desarrollo de los nervios y ramos musculares del león. La presente descripción, permite, ampliar el conocimiento de la anatomía del miembro pélvico del león africano, específicamente su inervación y relaciones musculares y vasculares.
The African Lion (Panthera leo) belongs to the felidae family of the order carnivore, corresponding to large predators. In Chile it is found only in a state of captivity and is present in many zoos. As the concern and interest in these animals has increased, more complex procedures are performed each day. This generates the need for anatomical knowledge of this specie. This anatomical study was performed in order to describe the innervation of the pelvic limb of an African lion and topographical relationship with skeletal muscles and vascular structures. A corpse of an adult female lion, 130 kg, was dissected and described by topographical regions. Proximal to distal: cingulum pelvic limb region, femoral region, crural region and foot region. Descriptions of each region were complemented by photographs and drawings. According to the descriptive study of the innervation of the pelvic limb, it was observed that there is a great similarity with that described in the domestic cat, excepting the great development of their nerves and muscular branches. This study provides information about the innervation of the pelvic limb of the African lion, showing the relation with muscular and vascular structures. The anatomical information provided in this study can be useful for medical procedures in this species and other big cats.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Pelvis/inervación , Nervio Ciático/anatomía & histología , Leones/anatomía & histología , CadáverRESUMEN
The superior hypogastric plexus (SHP) is the part of the autonomic nervous system, which is responsible for the sympathetic innervation of pelvic organs and extrapelvic genitals in humans of both sexes. The SHP also functions as the anatomic pathway for the major part of visceral sensitive fibers originating from pelvic viscera. In this study, the morphology of the SHP was analyzed through anatomical dissections performed both in human adult and fetal cadavers. A computerized morphometrical investigation of the SHP was also performed and the resulting quantitative data statistically assessed. The comparison between fetal and adult SHP revealed that in the male group there was a developmental increase of six times (in height) and of about five times (in width); while in the female group, there was a developmental increase of 3.5 times both in height and width values. In addition, the distance from the superior border of the SHP to the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries presented a developmental increase of about six times in the male group, and about four times in the female group. We propose an original morphological classification with six types, based upon the anatomical arrangement of the nervous fibers in this autonomic plexus.
Asunto(s)
Feto/inervación , Plexo Hipogástrico/anatomía & histología , Plexo Hipogástrico/embriología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Cadáver , Femenino , Genitales Femeninos/inervación , Genitales Masculinos/inervación , Humanos , Arteria Ilíaca/anatomía & histología , Arteria Ilíaca/embriología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pelvis/inervación , Caracteres SexualesRESUMEN
O nervo isquiático é o maior de todos os nervos do organismo. Ele emerge da cavidade pélvica pelo foram e isquiático maior como um cordão amplo, plano e acinzentado. Dirige-se caudal e ventralmente sobre a parte distal e lateral do ligamento largo da pelve. Há muitas evidências clínicas e experimentais de que a maior parte das injúrias que acometem o nervo isquiático, em bovinos, envolve a contribuição do 6º nervo lombar para o referido nervo. Neste estudo foram analisados por meio de dissecção, a origem e sintopia do nervo isquiático, em 33 fetos de bovinos azebuados. O nervo isquiático mostra sua origem a partir dos ramos ventrais do 5º e 6º nervos lombares e do 1º, 2º e 3° nervos sacrais. A origem mais freqüente parao nervo isquiático é representada pelo ramo ventral do 6º nervo lombar e 1º e 2º nervos sacrais (100%). Em 39,4% desses casos, o nervo recebe contribuição do 5º nervo lombar e, em 12,1% dos casos, também do 3º nervo sacral. A participação mais conspícua na formação do nervo isquiático é a do 6º nervo lombar e 1º nervo sacral (39,4%), seguida somente do 1º nervo sacral em 33,33% e da associação do 1º e 2º nervos sacrais em 18,18%. O nervo isquiático revela íntima aposição na face ventral do sacro e em relação às raízes ventrais do 5º e 6º nervos lombares. De modo geral, os resultados obtidos em relação à origem do nervo e sua sintopia, não mostram discordância com os correspondentes dados obtidos na literatura referente a bovinos de origem européia.
The sciatic nerve is the largest of all nerves of the body. It emerges from the pelvic cavity through the major sciatic for a men as a wide, flat and brownish cord. It extends caudally and ventrally over the distaland lateral part of the pelvic broad ligament. There are several experimental and clinical evidences supporting that the majority of injuries affecting the sciatic nerve in bovines are associated with its 6th lumbar nerve. This study analyzed the sciatic nerve origin and topography by means of dissection in 33 crossbred zebu fetuses. The sciatic nerve originates from the ventral branches of the 5th and 6th lumbar nerves and 1st, 2nd and 3rd sacral nerves. The most frequent origin of the sciatic nerve is represented by the ventral branch of the 6th lumbar nerve and 1st and 2nd sacral nerves (100%). The most conspicuous participation in the sciatic nerve formation is from the 6th lumbar nerve and 1st sacral nerve (39.4%), followed only by the 1st sacral nerve in 33% and from the association of the 1st and 2nd sacral nerves in 18.18%. The sciatic nerve shows close apposition in the sacral ventral face and as to the 5th and 6th lumbar nerve ventral roots. In general, the obtained results concerning the nerve origin and its topography do not demonstrate any discrepancy when compared todata from the literature regarding European cattle.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Masculino , Femenino , Bovinos , Pelvis/anatomía & histología , Pelvis/inervación , Plexo Lumbosacro/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
O nervo isquiático é o maior de todos os nervos do organismo. Ele emerge da cavidade pélvica pelo foram e isquiático maior como um cordão amplo, plano e acinzentado. Dirige-se caudal e ventralmente sobre a parte distal e lateral do ligamento largo da pelve. Há muitas evidências clínicas e experimentais de que a maior parte das injúrias que acometem o nervo isquiático, em bovinos, envolve a contribuição do 6º nervo lombar para o referido nervo. Neste estudo foram analisados por meio de dissecção, a origem e sintopia do nervo isquiático, em 33 fetos de bovinos azebuados. O nervo isquiático mostra sua origem a partir dos ramos ventrais do 5º e 6º nervos lombares e do 1º, 2º e 3° nervos sacrais. A origem mais freqüente parao nervo isquiático é representada pelo ramo ventral do 6º nervo lombar e 1º e 2º nervos sacrais (100%). Em 39,4% desses casos, o nervo recebe contribuição do 5º nervo lombar e, em 12,1% dos casos, também do 3º nervo sacral. A participação mais conspícua na formação do nervo isquiático é a do 6º nervo lombar e 1º nervo sacral (39,4%), seguida somente do 1º nervo sacral em 33,33% e da associação do 1º e 2º nervos sacrais em 18,18%. O nervo isquiático revela íntima aposição na face ventral do sacro e em relação às raízes ventrais do 5º e 6º nervos lombares. De modo geral, os resultados obtidos em relação à origem do nervo e sua sintopia, não mostram discordância com os correspondentes dados obtidos na literatura referente a bovinos de origem européia.(AU)
The sciatic nerve is the largest of all nerves of the body. It emerges from the pelvic cavity through the major sciatic for a men as a wide, flat and brownish cord. It extends caudally and ventrally over the distaland lateral part of the pelvic broad ligament. There are several experimental and clinical evidences supporting that the majority of injuries affecting the sciatic nerve in bovines are associated with its 6th lumbar nerve. This study analyzed the sciatic nerve origin and topography by means of dissection in 33 crossbred zebu fetuses. The sciatic nerve originates from the ventral branches of the 5th and 6th lumbar nerves and 1st, 2nd and 3rd sacral nerves. The most frequent origin of the sciatic nerve is represented by the ventral branch of the 6th lumbar nerve and 1st and 2nd sacral nerves (100%). The most conspicuous participation in the sciatic nerve formation is from the 6th lumbar nerve and 1st sacral nerve (39.4%), followed only by the 1st sacral nerve in 33% and from the association of the 1st and 2nd sacral nerves in 18.18%. The sciatic nerve shows close apposition in the sacral ventral face and as to the 5th and 6th lumbar nerve ventral roots. In general, the obtained results concerning the nerve origin and its topography do not demonstrate any discrepancy when compared todata from the literature regarding European cattle.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Bovinos , Plexo Lumbosacro/anatomía & histología , Pelvis/anatomía & histología , Pelvis/inervación , BovinosRESUMEN
Axons from receptors in the cat vaginal wall run in the sensory pudendal nerve (SPN), and brief (<10 s) vaginal probing (VP) in the decerebrate cat produces a long-lasting (>1 min) contraction of the triceps surae (TS) muscles. The aim of the present project was to find out whether brief SPN stimulation also produces sustained TS response and, eventually, to study the mechanisms involved in it. Decerebrate female cats were used. In some cats, TS electromyography (EMG) and tension response were recorded; stimulation of left SPN with single or repetitive trains of shocks produced a bilateral TS response that outlasted the stimulus >1 min as VP did. In paralyzed cats (pancuronium; Panc), intracellular recordings were made from hind limb motoneurons (MNs). SPN stimulation produced a depolarization
Asunto(s)
Miembro Posterior/inervación , Neuronas Motoras/fisiología , Pelvis/inervación , Potenciales de Acción/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Gatos , Estado de Descerebración , Estimulación Eléctrica , Electromiografía , Electrofisiología , Femenino , Neuronas Motoras gamma/fisiología , Contracción Muscular/fisiología , Músculo Esquelético/fisiología , Fenómenos Fisiológicos del Sistema Nervioso , Fármacos Neuromusculares no Despolarizantes/farmacología , Pancuronio/farmacología , Parálisis/inducido químicamente , Parálisis/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
We examined the effects in male rats of bilateral transection of two nerves previously implicated in erectile function, the viscerocutaneous branch of the pelvic nerve (Vc) and the hypogastric nerve (HgN). In Experiment 1 (conducted in Storrs), males underwent simultaneous or successive section of Vc and HgN and were tested for copulation, reflexive erection, and noncontact erection (NCE), i.e. in response to remote cues from estrous females. NCE is considered to be analogous to 'psychogenic' erection in humans, for which the HgN has been ascribed a significant role. In all three types of test, males had a moderate to severe deficit in erectile function after Vc transection. Section of HgN alone had no apparent pro- or anti-erectile effect in any context, nor did it affect the decrement resulting from Vc surgery. Regardless of treatment, all groups retained some erectile potential in each type of test. The loss of bladder function after Vc surgery and of seminal plug deposition after HgN section gave evidence that the targeted nerves were in fact severed. In Experiment 2 (conducted in Xalapa), males were tested only for NCE, but (a) they were tested every 3 days beginning 3 days after each surgery, (b) the interval between the two surgeries was more than 2 weeks, rather than 1 week as in Experiment 1, to allow more time for recovery from general effects of surgery and for hypothetical plasticity of neural function. In the first test after the first surgery, all groups had a modest reduction in the proportion of males displaying NCE, relative to sham-operated males. However, this deficit did not extend to measures of NCE latency or number, and was absent after the second test. After the second surgery, when all males except those with sham operations had both nerves cut, none of the groups exhibited a significant deficit in NCE, and all groups had at least one test in which at least half the males responded. Thus, (a) HgN section did not significantly impair NCE, reflexive erection, or copulation; (b) Vc section impaired, but did not eliminate, erection in all three contexts, but even those effects may be transient; and (c) transection of both nerves, simultaneously or successively, did not cause a greater impairment in erection than did cutting just the Vc. We infer that the HgN may have no pro-erectile role in erection in rats, even in a model analogous to psychogenic erection. The Vc is probably the most important nerve mediating pro-erectile function in NCE, as in reflexive erection and copulation, but this nerve may not be essential for erection in rats in any context, at least in some males.
Asunto(s)
Erección Peniana/fisiología , Nervios Periféricos/fisiología , Animales , Copulación/fisiología , Desnervación , Femenino , Masculino , Pelvis/inervación , Ratas , Ratas Long-Evans , Reflejo/fisiología , Región Sacrococcígea/inervación , Piel/inervación , Vísceras/inervaciónRESUMEN
Habitualmente las cinturas se estudian en forma separada junto al miembro correspondiente. Los músculos asociados a ellas se reunen en base a un criterio exclusivamente topográfico, resultando los siguientes grupos; músculos del dorso, del cuello, del tórax y del miembro pelviano. Para el miembro torácico se los trata como músculos comunes del miembro, sin tener en cuenta su inserción ni su intervación. En este trabajo se establecen los criterios de homotipia entre ambas cinturas y se proponen pautas para homologar los músculos que unen los miembros torácicos y pelvianos con el esqueleto axial. Para ello, se recurre a su clasificación en extrínsecos e intrínsecos, en base a su origen embriológico, inserción e inervación