RESUMEN

A Paresia puerperal é uma enfermidade caracterizada pela deficiência aguda dos níveis de cálcio no sangue devido principalmente ao baixo consumo desse mineral associado ao aumento significativo da demanda do mesmo pelo organismo, em virtude principalmente do desenvolvimento do feto ser mais expressivo ao final da gestação e a produção de leite no início da lactação. A sintomatologia é caracterizada por fraqueza e tremores musculares generalizados, decúbito esternal, colapso circulatório e depressão da consciência. O tratamento consiste na administração endovenosa lenta de borogluconato de cálcio, sendo preceituado o monitoramento da frequência cardíaca através da auscultação. A doença causa prejuízos nas criações leiteiras de todo o mundo pelas complicações reprodutivas (retenção de placenta, prolapso uterino, partos complicados) e produtivas (reduções da produção de leite e do tempo de vida útil do animal, bem como mastite). Como prevenção indica-se a execução de medidas no pré-parto referentes ao manejo nutricional (recomenda-se dietas com baixos níveis de cálcio) e acompanhamento do escore de condição corporal. O objetivo do trabalho é descrever a paresia puerperal em búfalas leiteiras, detalhando os principais aspectos relacionados a sintomatologia e patologia clínica e tratamento, visto ser uma doença de grande interesse econômico.

Puerperal paresis is a disease characterized by acute deficiency of calcium levels in the blood due mainly to the low consumption of this mineral associated to the significant increase of the demand of the same by the organism, mainly because the development of the fetus is more expressive at the end of gestation and production of milk at the beginning of lactation. Symptomatology is characterized by weakness and generalized muscle tremors, sternal decubitus, circulatory collapse and depression of consciousness. Treatment consists of slow intravenous administration of calcium borogluconate, with monitoring of heart rate through auscultation. The disease causes losses in dairy farms around the world due to reproductive complications (placenta retention, uterine prolapse, complicated deliveries) and productive (reductions in milk production and animal shelf life as well as mastitis). Preventive measures related to nutritional management are recommended as prevention (diets with low calcium levels are recommended) and follow-up of the body condition score. The objective of this study is to describe the puerperal paresis in milk buffaloes, detailing the main aspects related to symptomatology and clinical pathology and treatment, since it is a disease of great economic interest.

La Paresia puerperal es una enfermedad caracterizada por la deficiencia aguda de los niveles de calcio en la sangre debido principalmente al bajo consumo de ese mineral asociado al aumento significativo de la demanda del mismo por el organismo, en virtud principalmente del desarrollo del feto ser más expresivo al final de la gestación y la producción de leche al inicio de la lactancia. La sintomatología se caracteriza por debilidad y temblores musculares generalizados, decúbito esternal, colapso circulatorio y depresión de la conciencia. El tratamiento consiste en la administración endovenosa lenta de borogluconato de calcio, siendo preceptuado el monitoreo de la frecuencia cardíaca através de la auscultation. La enfermedad causa daños en las creaciones lecheras de todo el mundo por las complicaciones reproductivas (retención de placenta, prolapso uterino, partos complicados) y productivas (reducciones de la producción de leche y de la vida útil del animal, así como mastitis). Como prevención se indica la ejecución de medidas en el pre-parto referentes al manejo nutricional (se recomiendan dietas con bajos niveles de calcio) y seguimiento del score de condición corporal. El objetivo del trabajo es describir la paresia puerperal en búfalas lecheras, detallando los principales aspectos relacionados a la sintomatología y patología clínica y tratamiento, ya que es una enfermedad de gran interés económico.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

A Paresia puerperal é uma enfermidade caracterizada pela deficiência aguda dos níveis de cálcio no sangue devido principalmente ao baixo consumo desse mineral associado ao aumento significativo da demanda do mesmo pelo organismo, em virtude principalmente do desenvolvimento do feto ser mais expressivo ao final da gestação e a produção de leite no início da lactação. A sintomatologia é caracterizada por fraqueza e tremores musculares generalizados, decúbito esternal, colapso circulatório e depressão da consciência. O tratamento consiste na administração endovenosa lenta de borogluconato de cálcio, sendo preceituado o monitoramento da frequência cardíaca através da auscultação. A doença causa prejuízos nas criações leiteiras de todo o mundo pelas complicações reprodutivas (retenção de placenta, prolapso uterino, partos complicados) e produtivas (reduções da produção de leite e do tempo de vida útil do animal, bem como mastite). Como prevenção indica-se a execução de medidas no pré-parto referentes ao manejo nutricional (recomenda-se dietas com baixos níveis de cálcio) e acompanhamento do escore de condição corporal. O objetivo do trabalho é descrever a paresia puerperal em búfalas leiteiras, detalhando os principais aspectos relacionados a sintomatologia e patologia clínica e tratamento, visto ser uma doença de grande interesse econômico.(AU)

Puerperal paresis is a disease characterized by acute deficiency of calcium levels in the blood due mainly to the low consumption of this mineral associated to the significant increase of the demand of the same by the organism, mainly because the development of the fetus is more expressive at the end of gestation and production of milk at the beginning of lactation. Symptomatology is characterized by weakness and generalized muscle tremors, sternal decubitus, circulatory collapse and depression of consciousness. Treatment consists of slow intravenous administration of calcium borogluconate, with monitoring of heart rate through auscultation. The disease causes losses in dairy farms around the world due to reproductive complications (placenta retention, uterine prolapse, complicated deliveries) and productive (reductions in milk production and animal shelf life as well as mastitis). Preventive measures related to nutritional management are recommended as prevention (diets with low calcium levels are recommended) and follow-up of the body condition score. The objective of this study is to describe the puerperal paresis in milk buffaloes, detailing the main aspects related to symptomatology and clinical pathology and treatment, since it is a disease of great economic interest.(AU)

La Paresia puerperal es una enfermedad caracterizada por la deficiencia aguda de los niveles de calcio en la sangre debido principalmente al bajo consumo de ese mineral asociado al aumento significativo de la demanda del mismo por el organismo, en virtud principalmente del desarrollo del feto ser más expresivo al final de la gestación y la producción de leche al inicio de la lactancia. La sintomatología se caracteriza por debilidad y temblores musculares generalizados, decúbito esternal, colapso circulatorio y depresión de la conciencia. El tratamiento consiste en la administración endovenosa lenta de borogluconato de calcio, siendo preceptuado el monitoreo de la frecuencia cardíaca através de la auscultation. La enfermedad causa daños en las creaciones lecheras de todo el mundo por las complicaciones reproductivas (retención de placenta, prolapso uterino, partos complicados) y productivas (reducciones de la producción de leche y de la vida útil del animal, así como mastitis). Como prevención se indica la ejecución de medidas en el pre-parto referentes al manejo nutricional (se recomiendan dietas con bajos niveles de calcio) y seguimiento del score de condición corporal. El objetivo del trabajo es describir la paresia puerperal en búfalas lecheras, detallando los principales aspectos relacionados a la sintomatología y patología clínica y tratamiento, ya que es una enfermedad de gran interés económico.(AU)

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The aim of this study was to determine risk factors associated with milk fever (MF) occurrence in Costa Rican grazing dairy cattle. A total of 69,870 cows from 126 dairy herds were included in the study. Data were collected in the Veterinary Automated Management and Production Control Program software by the Population Medicine Research Program of the Veterinary Medicine School, National University of Costa Rica, from 1985 to 2014. To determine the risk factors for MF, 2 logistic regression mixed models were evaluated. The first model used breed, month of calving, ecological life zone, herd nested within ecological life zone, and parity as fixed effects. The second model excluded first-lactation animals and cows without production information, had the same fixed effects of the first model, and added previous MF case, previous lactation length, previous dry period length, previous corrected 305-d milk yield, and calving interval length as fixed effects. Both models used animal and year as random effects. Of the 235,971 recorded lactations, 4,312 (1.83%) reported MF event. The significantly associated risk factors for MF occurrence, ranked by their highest odds ratio (OR), were parity (OR = 52.59), previous dry period length (OR = 4.21), ecological life zone (OR = 3.20), breed (OR = 3.04), previous corrected 305-d milk yield (OR = 2.39), previous MF case (OR = 2.35), and month of calving (OR = 1.36). The findings of this study are the first data reported using an epidemiological approach to study risk factors for MF in Costa Rican dairy cattle. Some of these results might be used to improve preventive management practices at the farms to reduce the incidence of this metabolic disease in grazing dairy herds.

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O cruzamento com a raça Jersey vem sendo utilizado principalmente como alternativa para o aumento da concentração de sólidos do leite em rebanhos puros Holandês, sendo a capacidade de produção desses animais conhecida em diversos estudos. Entretanto, ainda existem limitadas informações sobre diversos fatores relevantes para a tomada de decisão e para o manejo de rebanhos cruzados, tais como resistência a doenças e facilidade de parto, sendo esta a motivação do presente trabalho, o qual objetivou avaliar a sanidade, a imunidade e a facilidade de parto de vacas mestiças Holandês x Jersey em relação a vacas puras Holandês. Foram analisados dados de dificuldade de parto, duração da gestação, retenção de placenta, indicadores sanguíneos para doenças metabólicas pós-parto (cetose e paresia puerperal hipocalcêmica) e de imunidade obtidos em vacas mestiças Holandês x Jersey e puras Holandês durante o período de um ano. O grupamento genético não afetou a facilidade de parto (P=0,4376), a retenção de placenta (P=0,7074) e a duração da gestação (P=0,2812). Vacas mestiças apresentaram maiores concentrações de gamaglobulinas (1,776 contra 1,456g/dL) e de proteína total (7,019 contra 6,525g/dL). Quanto à concentração de ß-hidroxibutirato (BHBA), ocorreu diferença somente no dia do parto, com valores mais altos para as vacas mestiças (0,580 contra 0,427mmol/L). Observou-se diferença entre grupamentos genéticos para concentração de cálcio iônico (P=0,082), com vacas mestiças apresentando concentração mais baixa (3,92 contra 4,3 mg/dL). Conclui-se que vacas mestiças apresentam melhor performance em indicadores de imunidade e pior nos indicadores de cetose e paresia puerperal hipocalcêmica no pós-parto em relação às puras Holandês. O cruzamento não aumenta o risco de distocia em vacas inseminadas com touros Holandês.(AU)

The crossbreed with the Jersey breed has been used mainly as an alternative to increasing the concentration of milk solids in Holstein herds, the production capacity of these animals having become the focus of several studies. However, there is still limited information on many relevant factors for decision-making and management of crossbreed herds, such as disease resistance and ease of calving, and this is the motivation for this work, which aimed to evaluate the health, immunity and calving difficulty in Holstein x Jersey crossbred cows compared to pure Holstein cows. Data from calving difficulty, retained placenta, gestation length, blood indicators for postpartum metabolic diseases (ketosis and hypocalcemic puerperal paresis) and immunity in a herd composed by crossbreeds and Holstein cows during one year was analyzed. The genetic groups did not affect ease of calving (P = 0.4376), retained placenta (P = 0.7074) and gestation length (P=0.2812). Crossbred cows had higher concentrations of gammaglobulins (1.776 versus 1.456g/dL) and total protein (7.019 versus 6.525g/dL). For the concentration of BHBA, differences occurred only at calving, with higher values for crossbred cows (0.580 versus 0.427mmol/L). Difference was observed between genetic groups for concentration of ionized calcium (P = 0.082), with crossbred cows presenting lower concentrations (3.92 versus 4.3mg/dL). In conclusion, crossbred cows have superior performance compared to Holstein cows for immunity indicators and lower for hypocalcemic puerperal paresis and ketosis indicators on the day of calving. Crossbred cows do not have an increased risk of dystocia in relation to pure Holstein cows when mated with Holstein bulls.(AU)

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The transition period is often a great challenge for dairy cows and mineral imbalances are frequent. With the aim to better understand the mineral profile of F1 Holstein x Gyr dairy cows and their performances under the different conditions of summer and winter, we collected blood samples to measure calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. Samplings were performed during summer and winter, on 15 and 13 pluriparous F1 Holstein x Gyr dairy cows, respectively. Blood sampling started 4 weeks prior to the expected calving date until 30 days postpartum. The mean concentrations of all three minerals had a different pattern during the transition period in each season, representing the interaction time x season. Calcium concentration was lower in winter and more animals suffered from subclinical hypocalcemia (100%) then in summer (38.46%). Magnesium concentration was also lower in winter and 46.67% of animals had hypomagnesemia, contributing for the higher hypocalcemia frequency observed in the same season. A high proportion of animals had hyperphosphatemia what can represent an environmental problem and more attention should be given to it. The high frequency of animals with subclinical hypocalcemia is alarming once that can lead to greater consequences.(AU)

O período de transição é uma fase de grandes desafios para vacas leiteiras, e desequilíbrios minerais são frequentes. O objetivo ao desenvolver este trabalho foi de entender melhor o perfil mineral de vacas leiteiras F1 Holandês x Gir e suas performances sob as diferentes condições de verão e inverno. Para isso, foram mensurados cálcio, magnésio e fósforo sanguíneo. As coletas de sangue foram realizadas durante os períodos de verão e inverno, e utilizaram-se, respectivamente, 15 e 13 vacas leiteiras pluríparas, todas F1 Holandês x Gir. As coletas de sangue começaram quatro semanas antes da data prevista do parto até 30 dias pós-parto. As concentrações médias e o padrão de variação dos três minerais foram distintos em cada estação do ano, representando a interação tempo de coleta x estação do ano. A concentração de cálcio foi menor no inverno, período em que todos os animais apresentaram hipocalcemia subclínica, enquanto no verão 38,46% apresentaram essa condição. A concentração de magnésio foi maior no verão e nenhum animal teve hipomagnesemia, enquanto no inverno 46,67% dos animais apresentaram hipomagnesemia subclínica, contribuindo para a maior frequência de hipocalcemia observada no inverno. Uma alta proporção de animais teve hiperfosfatemia, o que pode representar um problema ambiental. A alta frequência de animais com hipocalcemia subclínica é alarmante principalmente devido às consequências geradas por essa condição.(AU)

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RESUMEN

O cruzamento com a raça Jersey vem sendo utilizado principalmente como alternativa para o aumento da concentração de sólidos do leite em rebanhos puros Holandês, sendo a capacidade de produção desses animais conhecida em diversos estudos. Entretanto, ainda existem limitadas informações sobre diversos fatores relevantes para a tomada de decisão e para o manejo de rebanhos cruzados, tais como resistência a doenças e facilidade de parto, sendo esta a motivação do presente trabalho, o qual objetivou avaliar a sanidade, a imunidade e a facilidade de parto de vacas mestiças Holandês x Jersey em relação a vacas puras Holandês. Foram analisados dados de dificuldade de parto, duração da gestação, retenção de placenta, indicadores sanguíneos para doenças metabólicas pós-parto (cetose e paresia puerperal hipocalcêmica) e de imunidade obtidos em vacas mestiças Holandês x Jersey e puras Holandês durante o período de um ano. O grupamento genético não afetou a facilidade de parto (P=0,4376), a retenção de placenta (P=0,7074) e a duração da gestação (P=0,2812). Vacas mestiças apresentaram maiores concentrações de gamaglobulinas (1,776 contra 1,456g/dL) e de proteína total (7,019 contra 6,525g/dL). Quanto à concentração de ß-hidroxibutirato (BHBA), ocorreu diferença somente no dia do parto, com valores mais altos para as vacas mestiças (0,580 contra 0,427mmol/L). Observou-se diferença entre grupamentos genéticos para concentração de cálcio iônico (P=0,082), com vacas mestiças apresentando concentração mais baixa (3,92 contra 4,3 mg/dL). Conclui-se que vacas mestiças apresentam melhor performance em indicadores de imunidade e pior nos indicadores de cetose e paresia puerperal hipocalcêmica no pós-parto em relação às puras Holandês. O cruzamento não aumenta o risco de distocia em vacas inseminadas com touros Holandês.(AU)

The crossbreed with the Jersey breed has been used mainly as an alternative to increasing the concentration of milk solids in Holstein herds, the production capacity of these animals having become the focus of several studies. However, there is still limited information on many relevant factors for decision-making and management of crossbreed herds, such as disease resistance and ease of calving, and this is the motivation for this work, which aimed to evaluate the health, immunity and calving difficulty in Holstein x Jersey crossbred cows compared to pure Holstein cows. Data from calving difficulty, retained placenta, gestation length, blood indicators for postpartum metabolic diseases (ketosis and hypocalcemic puerperal paresis) and immunity in a herd composed by crossbreeds and Holstein cows during one year was analyzed. The genetic groups did not affect ease of calving (P = 0.4376), retained placenta (P = 0.7074) and gestation length (P=0.2812). Crossbred cows had higher concentrations of gammaglobulins (1.776 versus 1.456g/dL) and total protein (7.019 versus 6.525g/dL). For the concentration of BHBA, differences occurred only at calving, with higher values for crossbred cows (0.580 versus 0.427mmol/L). Difference was observed between genetic groups for concentration of ionized calcium (P = 0.082), with crossbred cows presenting lower concentrations (3.92 versus 4.3mg/dL). In conclusion, crossbred cows have superior performance compared to Holstein cows for immunity indicators and lower for hypocalcemic puerperal paresis and ketosis indicators on the day of calving. Crossbred cows do not have an increased risk of dystocia in relation to pure Holstein cows when mated with Holstein bulls.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The transition period is often a great challenge for dairy cows and mineral imbalances are frequent. With the aim to better understand the mineral profile of F1 Holstein x Gyr dairy cows and their performances under the different conditions of summer and winter, we collected blood samples to measure calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. Samplings were performed during summer and winter, on 15 and 13 pluriparous F1 Holstein x Gyr dairy cows, respectively. Blood sampling started 4 weeks prior to the expected calving date until 30 days postpartum. The mean concentrations of all three minerals had a different pattern during the transition period in each season, representing the interaction time x season. Calcium concentration was lower in winter and more animals suffered from subclinical hypocalcemia (100%) then in summer (38.46%). Magnesium concentration was also lower in winter and 46.67% of animals had hypomagnesemia, contributing for the higher hypocalcemia frequency observed in the same season. A high proportion of animals had hyperphosphatemia what can represent an environmental problem and more attention should be given to it. The high frequency of animals with subclinical hypocalcemia is alarming once that can lead to greater consequences.(AU)

O período de transição é uma fase de grandes desafios para vacas leiteiras, e desequilíbrios minerais são frequentes. O objetivo ao desenvolver este trabalho foi de entender melhor o perfil mineral de vacas leiteiras F1 Holandês x Gir e suas performances sob as diferentes condições de verão e inverno. Para isso, foram mensurados cálcio, magnésio e fósforo sanguíneo. As coletas de sangue foram realizadas durante os períodos de verão e inverno, e utilizaram-se, respectivamente, 15 e 13 vacas leiteiras pluríparas, todas F1 Holandês x Gir. As coletas de sangue começaram quatro semanas antes da data prevista do parto até 30 dias pós-parto. As concentrações médias e o padrão de variação dos três minerais foram distintos em cada estação do ano, representando a interação tempo de coleta x estação do ano. A concentração de cálcio foi menor no inverno, período em que todos os animais apresentaram hipocalcemia subclínica, enquanto no verão 38,46% apresentaram essa condição. A concentração de magnésio foi maior no verão e nenhum animal teve hipomagnesemia, enquanto no inverno 46,67% dos animais apresentaram hipomagnesemia subclínica, contribuindo para a maior frequência de hipocalcemia observada no inverno. Uma alta proporção de animais teve hiperfosfatemia, o que pode representar um problema ambiental. A alta frequência de animais com hipocalcemia subclínica é alarmante principalmente devido às consequências geradas por essa condição.(AU)

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Background: The animal is tremendously challenged to maintain calcium homeostasis. Those that fail can develop milk fever, a clinical disorder that is life threatening to the cow and predisposes the animal to a variety of other disorders. Calcium defi ciency disease is often accompanied with a defi ciency in phosphorus in clinical cases. Blood phosphorus status has also been researched because of the prominent interaction between calcium and phosphorus at the onset of lactation. Calcium chloride can be used to treat milk fever but it has some inadequacies such as it is soluble in water and may cause gastrointestinal irritation. To help prevent milk fever in dairy cows, we studied a calcium-phosphor-plural gel based on calcium chloride. Meanwhile, calcium chloride polymer compound added to gel, forming calcium-phosphor-plural gel, would greatly reduce the irritation. Materials, Methods & Results: Preparation of calcium-phosphor-plural gel: calcium chloride gel and calcium acid phosphate gel were mixed and grinded in a colloid burnisher (pH 7.0-7.4) and contained 21.5 mg/mL calcium and 16.4 mg/mL phosphorus. The results of the hot storage stability test, cold storage stability test, illumination test and acceleration test showed that the calcium-phosphor-plural gel did not change compared with before the tests. In safety testing, mice administered with calcium-phosphor-plural gel (less than 0.8 mL/20 g bodyweight) for 7 days did not show signs of toxicosis and pathological changes in tissues. The effect of the calcium-phosphor-plural gel on milk fever was also tested in dairy cows. The incidence rates of the calcium-phosphor-plural gel group were not signifi cantly different compared with the calcium chloride group (P > 0.05). Moreover, the calcium and phosphorus concentrations of the calcium-phosphor-plural gel group were signifi cantly higher than those in the calcium chloride group at 0, 2, 6, 24 and 72 h after calving (P < 0.05). After 72 h, the level of the phosphorus in serum in the test cows and in the control cows gradually returned to normal. The results showed that the calcium-phosphor-plural gel affected the calcium and phosphorus levels in serum and prevented milk fever in dairy cows after calving. Discussion: We used the calcium-phosphor-plural gel to prevent milk fever in dairy cows. If the calcium chloride was used to prevent milk fever in dairy cows, an intravenous injection of 5% calcium chloride after calving could increase the content of calcium in blood, and could prevent the paralysis of production due to pure hypocalcaemia. However, because of hypocalcaemia associated with hypophosphatemia, an intravenous injection of 5% calcium chloride after calving might not achieve the desired effect. To achieve a desired effect, multiple treatments may be necessary in clinical situations. This would not only increase the cost of treatment, but also increase the possibility of side effects with the use of large doses of calcium. The use of large doses of calcium would dramatically increase the concentration of calcium in blood and cause neurological disorders, or would strongly stimulate heart and cause cardiac failure or other adverse consequences, especially with rapid intravenous injection. However, the calcium- phosphor-plural gel avoids the inadequacies of calcium chloride in prevention of milk fever in dairy cows. Importantly, the calciumphosphor-plural gel could increase the content of phosphorus in the serum and adjust the balance of calcium and phosphorus in the body.

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The objective was to describe the relationship between concentration of serum nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) at calving and the incidence of periparturient disorders in Chilean Holstein dairy cows (Bos taurus). The study was conducted at two dairies (central Chile) with 700 milking cows each and similar management. Between July 2006 and March 2007, 350 cows were selected, and concentrations of serum NEFAs were determined at calving. The incidence of milk fever (MF), retained fetal membranes (RFMs), metritis, and clinical mastitis from calving to 100 d in lactation were consistently recorded. The relationship between concentration of serum NEFAs at calving and the incidence of periparturient diseases was determined using logistic regression. The main explanatory variable was concentration of serum NEFAs at calving. The incidence of MF, RFM, metritis, and mastitis was 5.4%, 15.6%, 10.8%, and 14.4%, respectively. There was no association between concentration of NEFAs at calving and the incidence of these conditions when the median value of NEFAs (0.9 mEq/L) was used as a cutoff. However, when the 75th percentile (1.2 mEq/L) was used as the cutoff, cows with values <1.2 mEq/L were 0.45 and 0.32 times as likely to develop clinical mastitis and MF, respectively, compared with cows with values >or=1.2 mEq/L. When the 90th percentile (1.6 mEq/L) was used as a cutoff, cows with values <1.6 mEq/L were 0.25 times as likely to develop clinical mastitis compared with cows with values >or=1.6 mEq/L. As a continuous variable, for every 0.1 mEq/L increment in NEFAs at calving, cows were 1.11 times more likely to experience clinical mastitis. In conclusion, cows with NEFA concentrations >or=1.2 mEq/L had a higher incidence of clinical mastitis and MF than that of cows with values <1.2 mEq/L.

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No decorrer de 1987 e 1988 acompanhou-se o aparecimento de casos clínicos de hipocalcemia, durante o puerpério, em vacas leiteiras da raça Holandesa ou mestiças Gir-Holando, de uma propriedade do Vale do Paraíba, Estado de Säo Paulo. A incidência de hipocalcemia foi de 4,25 por cento. Näo se observou influência do grupo genético e da época do ano (seca ou chuva) no aparecimento da afecçäo. Quanto maior a ordem de lactaçäo maior a incidência de hipocalcemia, näo ocorrendo a enfermidade em vacas com menos de três lactaçöes. A hipocalcemia foi mais frequente no decorrer do primeiro dia pós-parto, 64,10 por cento, que no segundo 30,80 por cento, e após, 5,10 por cento. A maioria dos casos, 84,10 por cento, foi detectada em animais que apresentavam o segundo estádio clínico da afecçäo (depressäo, paralisia flácida etc.), mais do que no terceiro (comatose, depressäo da consciência etc) ou no primeiro (tetanias, hiperexcitabilidade etc) estádios. Todas as vacas acometidas foram tratadas com doses crescentes de cálcio injetável, num máximo de nove gramas, até a recuperaçäo do animal. Quanto maior a dose de cálcio empregada maior o sucesso acumulado no tratamento. O exame laboratorial do soro sanguíneo revelou que vacas com afecçäo apresentaram hipocalcemia, hipofosfatemia e hipermagnesemia quando comparadas com vacas parturientes hígidas

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Four hundred and forty-two parturients were investigated for Group B streptococcal (GBS) vaginal colonization and transmission to their newborn infants at the University Hospital of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica during 1989; 69(17 percent) parturients were positive for GBS at the time of delivery. Of these, 29 (42 percent) newborns were shown to be colonized by GBS at one or more sites; 41 percent (12/29) of neonates developed GBS disease, 31 percent early onset disease (EOD) and 10 percent late onset disease (LOD). The overall attack rate of neonatal GBS disease was 2.9 per 1000 live births (EOD 2.3 per 1,000 and LOD 0.6 per 1,000 live births). The case fatality rate was 17 percent. The perinatal risk factors significantly associated with neonatal GBS coloni were history of vaginitis/syphilis during pregnancy, rupture of membranes greater than 24 hrs, coitus less than 24hrs before delivery and number of vaginal examinations (>3) during delivery (p<0.001). The most common clinical manifestation seen in neonatal GBS infection in this study was respiratory distress. Selective maternal screening of high-risk women for GBS and intrapartum chemoprophylaxis may reduce neonatal mortality and morbidity due to GBS infection in Jamaica (AU)

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