RESUMEN
Among several factors known to modulate embryo implantation and survival, uterine quiescence and neovascularization, maternal immunotolerance through the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance towards a Th2 profile, local regulatory T-cell (Treg) activation, and high levels of progesterone were assigned a prominent role. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuroimmunopeptide that has anti-inflammatory effects, promotes Th2 cytokines and CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) Treg activation, and stimulates exocrine secretion, smooth muscle relaxation, and vasodilatation favoring uterus quiescence. The goal of the present work was to explore the participation of VIP in the implantation sites of normal and pregnant prediabetic nonobese diabetic (NOD) females, a mouse strain that spontaneously develops an autoimmune exocrinopathy similar to Sjögren's syndrome. Our results indicate a reduction in litter size from the third parturition onwards in the NOD female lifespan with increased resorption rates. Progesterone systemic levels were significantly decreased in pregnant NOD mice compared with BALB/c mice, although the allogeneic response to progesterone by spleen cells was not impaired. VIP receptors, Vipr1 and Vipr2 (Vpac1 and Vpac2), were expressed at the implantation sites and VIP induced leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and Treg marker expression in both strains; however, a reduced Vip expression was found in NOD implantation sites. We conclude that the reduced birth rate at 16-week-old NOD mice with a Th1 systemic cytokine profile involves resorption processes with a lower expression of VIP at the sites of implantation, which acts as a local inducer of pro-implantatory LIF and Treg activation.
Asunto(s)
Implantación del Embrión/inmunología , Factores Inmunológicos/fisiología , Estado Prediabético , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/fisiología , Animales , Diabetes Gestacional/genética , Diabetes Gestacional/inmunología , Diabetes Gestacional/metabolismo , Diabetes Gestacional/patología , Implantación del Embrión/efectos de los fármacos , Implantación del Embrión/genética , Pérdida del Embrión/genética , Pérdida del Embrión/inmunología , Pérdida del Embrión/metabolismo , Pérdida del Embrión/patología , Femenino , Factores Inmunológicos/farmacología , Tamaño de la Camada , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Endogámicos NOD , Estado Prediabético/genética , Estado Prediabético/metabolismo , Estado Prediabético/patología , Embarazo , Receptores de Tipo II del Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/genética , Receptores de Tipo II del Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/metabolismo , Receptores de Tipo II del Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/fisiología , Receptores de Tipo I del Polipéptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/genética , Receptores de Tipo I del Polipéptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/metabolismo , Linfocitos T Reguladores/inmunología , Linfocitos T Reguladores/metabolismo , Linfocitos T Reguladores/patología , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/genética , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/metabolismo , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Dental pulp is a soft mesenchymal tissue densely innervated by afferent (sensory) fibers, sympathetic fibers, and parasympathetic fibers. This complexity in pulp innervation has motivated numerous investigations regarding how these 3 major neuronal systems regulate pulp physiology and pathology. Most of this research is focused on neuropeptides and their role in regulating pulpal blood flow and the development of neurogenic inflammation. These neuropeptides include substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, neurokinin A, neuropeptide Y, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide among others. The purpose of this article is to review recent advances in neuropeptide research on dental pulp, including their role in pulp physiology, their release in response to common dental procedures, and their plasticity in response to extensive pulp and dentin injuries. Special attention will be given to neuropeptide interactions with pulp and immune cells via receptors, including studies regarding receptor identification, characterization, mechanisms of action, and their effects in the development of neurogenic inflammation leading to pulp necrosis. Their role in the growth and expansion of periapical lesions will also be discussed. Because centrally released neuropeptides are involved in the development of dental pain, the pain mechanisms of the pulpodentin complex and the effectiveness of present and future pharmacologic therapies for the control of dental pain will be reviewed, including receptor antagonists currently under research. Finally, potential clinical therapies will be proposed, particularly aimed to manipulate neuropeptide expression or blocking their receptors, to modulate a variety of biologic mechanisms, which preliminary results have shown optimistic results.
Asunto(s)
Pulpa Dental/inervación , Pulpa Dental/metabolismo , Inflamación Neurogénica , Neuropéptidos/fisiología , Odontalgia/fisiopatología , Pérdida de Hueso Alveolar/fisiopatología , Animales , Péptido Relacionado con Gen de Calcitonina/biosíntesis , Péptido Relacionado con Gen de Calcitonina/fisiología , Pulpa Dental/irrigación sanguínea , Humanos , Neuroquinina A/biosíntesis , Neuroquinina A/fisiología , Neuronas Aferentes/fisiología , Neuropéptido Y/biosíntesis , Neuropéptido Y/fisiología , Neuropéptidos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Neuropéptidos/biosíntesis , Pulpitis/fisiopatología , Sustancia P/biosíntesis , Sustancia P/fisiología , Odontalgia/tratamiento farmacológico , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/biosíntesis , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/fisiologíaRESUMEN
We previously reported that C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) increases amylase release in isolated pancreatic acini through natriuretic peptide receptor C activation and enhances pancreatic exocrine secretion via vagal pathways when applied to the brain. In the present study we sought to establish whether CNP was involved in the peripheral regulation of pancreatic secretion. Anesthetized rats were prepared with pancreatic duct cannulation, pyloric ligation and bile diversion into the duodenum. CNP dose-dependently enhanced pancreatic flow, chloride and protein excretion but did not modify bicarbonate output. A selective natriuretic peptide receptor C agonist enhanced pancreatic flow and mimicked CNP-evoked protein output but failed to modify chloride secretion. Truncal vagotomy, perivagal application of capsaicin and hexamethonium reduced CNP-evoked pancreatic flow and abolished chloride excretion but did not affect protein output. Furthermore, pre-treatment with atropine reduced both CNP-stimulated pancreatic flow and chloride excretion but failed to modify protein excretion. Partial muscarinic blockade of CNP-evoked chloride output suggested that mediators other than acetylcholine were involved. However, CNP response was unaltered by cholecystokinin and vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor blockade or by nitric oxide synthase inhibition. In conclusion, CNP-stimulated pancreatic flow through the activation of the natriuretic peptide receptor C and the vago-vagal reflex but it increased protein output only by natriuretic peptide receptor C activation and chloride excretion by vago-vagal reflexes. Present results suggest that CNP may play a role as a local regulator of the exocrine pancreas.
Asunto(s)
Péptido Natriurético Tipo-C/farmacología , Páncreas Exocrino/inervación , Páncreas Exocrino/metabolismo , Nervio Vago/fisiología , Vías Aferentes/efectos de los fármacos , Vías Aferentes/fisiología , Animales , Sistema Nervioso Autónomo/efectos de los fármacos , Sistema Nervioso Autónomo/fisiología , Bicarbonatos/metabolismo , Cloruros/metabolismo , Colecistoquinina/fisiología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Vías Eferentes/efectos de los fármacos , Vías Eferentes/fisiología , Óxido Nítrico/fisiología , Páncreas Exocrino/efectos de los fármacos , Proteinuria/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptores del Factor Natriurético Atrial/agonistas , Estimulación Química , Nervio Vago/efectos de los fármacos , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Background: The presence of food in the intestinal lumen increases absorption from an isolated intestinal loop, the mechanisms involved are unknown. Casein, and its respective hydrolysate, increased D-xylose absorption in both normal volunteers and experimental animals; this effect was associated with prolonged small intestinal transit time and a decrease of motor activity. Aims: To separate from casein hydrolysate, groups of peptides and to investigate their effects on both D-xylose absorption and small intestinal motility. Material and methods: Studies were performed on five dogs with a surgically implanted duodenal cannula. Three groups of peptides were separated by means of a Silica Gel 60 column and were continously infused through the duodenal cannula. After 15 min, 5 g of D-xylose were injected in the duodenum, plasma levels were measured, and the area under the curve was estimated. Motility was recorded by means of infused catheters and external transducers. Results: Plasma levels of D-xylose were significantly increased during the infusion of one group of peptides compared to the others. In addition, the area under the curve: 3366 ñ 885 mg x min-1 observed with this group was significantly greater than the other two groups: 1432 ñ 183 mg x min-1 and 1137 ñ 280 mg x min-1 respectively. No statistically significant differences in motor activity were observed between the different groups of peptides. Conclusions: A group of peptides derived from casein was characterized by increasing D-xylose absorption. The presence of beta casomorphines might be the possible mechanism involved
Asunto(s)
Animales , Perros , Xilosa/farmacocinética , Perros/fisiología , Motilidad Gastrointestinal/fisiología , Caseínas/farmacocinética , Absorción Intestinal/fisiología , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/fisiologíaRESUMEN
We have previously demonstrated that 5-HT stimulates not only basal but also thyrotropin-releasing-hormone (TRH)-induced prolactin (PRL) release by acting directly at the pituitary gland level. In the present report, the participation of an autoparacrine action of VIP in the stimulatory effects of 5-HT and the involvement of the 5-HT2 receptor type in mediating serotonin-induced PRL release have been examined. Cultured anterior pituitary cells from ovariectomized adult rats were incubated for 1 h in 1 ml of T3-supplemented medium with or without the test substances. The results obtained in the presence of T3 confirm our previous observations, since treatment of the cells with 5-HT caused dose-dependent increases in basal PRL release, with an approximate EC50 of 3.68 x 10(-8) M, and led to a significant potentiation (1.3-fold) of the TRH-induced PRL release. In order to evaluate the possible participation of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) as mediator of the effects of 5-HT on PRL release, cells were incubated in the presence of 5-HT alone (3-1,000 nM) or 100 nM 5-HT plus 30 nM TRH, with or without 200 nM VIP antagonist (VIP-At): [D,4-Cl-Ph6,Leu17]VIP. VIP-At partially inhibited the release of PRL induced by 5-HT, both basal and TRH-stimulated release. The stimulatory effect of 5-HT, however, was not eliminated by VIP-At, since the PRL released in response to 5-HT was still over the respective control ones. These results further support the findings suggesting that 5-HT acts directly at pituitary level by stimulating PRL release. Addition of the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, ketanserin (1 microM) into the incubation medium resulted in the loss of cellular responsiveness to 5-HT, preventing not only the stimulatory effect of 5-HT on the basal but also on the TRH-induced PRL release. In conclusion, the results further strengthen the possibility that 5-HT increases the basal PRL release and potentiates the stimulatory effect of TRH by acting directly at the level of the lactotropes. These effects are not simply a consequence of autoparacrine action of VIP. In addition, it was shown that ketanserin completely antagonizes PRL response to 5-HT, indicating the involvement of the 5-HT2 receptor type in mediating PRL release.
Asunto(s)
Hipófisis/metabolismo , Prolactina/metabolismo , Receptores de Serotonina/fisiología , Serotonina/farmacología , Hormona Liberadora de Tirotropina/farmacología , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/fisiología , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Femenino , Ketanserina/farmacología , Hipófisis/efectos de los fármacos , Radioinmunoensayo , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Antagonistas de la Serotonina/farmacología , Estimulación QuímicaRESUMEN
The role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the regulation of dopamine (DA) concentration in mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), posterior and anterior pituitary of ovariectomized (OVX) estrogenized rats was studied using passive immunization against VIP with a specific antiserum (a-VIP). Chronic estradiol administration decreased DA concentration in MBH, and in posterior and anterior pituitary, compared to OVX control rats. DA tissue concentration increased following a-VIP administration to control and estrogenized OVX rats. In vitro study of VIP and a-VIP on DA release from MBH in chronically estrogenized OVX rats showed that estrogens decreased DA evoked-release from MBH;a-VIP increased DA evoked-release from MBH of control OVX and estrogenized rats. VIP decreased DA evoked-release from MBH of OVX rats, but had no effect on estrogenized rats. VIP decreased DA tissue concentration in MBH of OVX control but not of estrogenized rats. It is suggested that VIP decreases DA synthesis and release from hypothalamic neurons in female rats, and that VIP partially mediates the inhibitory effect of long-term estrogen administration on DA release from MBH.
Asunto(s)
Dopamina/metabolismo , Estrógenos/fisiología , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisario/metabolismo , Ovariectomía , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/fisiología , Animales , Femenino , Hipotálamo Medio/metabolismo , Inmunización Pasiva , Adenohipófisis/metabolismo , Neurohipófisis/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on the expression and activity of receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (Fc gamma R) in human neutrophils. Cells were assayed under basal conditions and following in vitro stimulation with interferon gamma (IFN gamma). Antibody dependent-cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was chosen as a means of evaluating Fc gamma R activity. The results indicated that incubation with VIP (10(-6) M) during 18 h slightly diminished cytotoxicity of non stimulated neutrophils. In contrast, VIP exerted a marked inhibitory effect on neutrophils activated with IFN gamma. Similar results were obtained with forskolin, another agent that increases intracellular cAMP. Finally, using monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry analysis, we found decreased membrane expression of Fc gamma R after VIP incubation. Taken together, these results show that VIP is able to act on human neutrophils, partially blocking IFN gamma-activation of Fc gamma R mediated functions. Modulation of neutrophil cytotoxic response by VIP may have an important role in limiting tissue injury during inflammation.
Asunto(s)
Citotoxicidad Celular Dependiente de Anticuerpos , Interferón gamma/fisiología , Neutrófilos/inmunología , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/fisiología , Citotoxicidad Celular Dependiente de Anticuerpos/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Colforsina/farmacología , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Citometría de Flujo , Humanos , Receptores de IgG/metabolismo , Receptores de IgG/fisiología , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Accumulating evidence shows the involvement of neuropeptides in cardiovascular control in mammals as well as non-mammalian species. Our own immunohistochemical studies indicate a sparse innervation only in cyclostomes, holostean fish and lungfish, a more extensive variation and distribution in elasmobranchs and teleosts, and a rich and varied innervation of the cardiovascular system in crocodiles and lizards. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) and tachykinins are present in most vertebrate groups. VIP is vasodilatory in the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) as in most mammalian species, but increases gut vascular resistance in the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias). NPY potentiates the effect of noradrenaline on skate (Raja rhina) coronary vessels, suggesting an interaction between adrenergic mechanisms and NPY early in evolution, but studies in the spiny dogfish and the crocodile also demonstrate different mechanisms for the action of NPY and adrenaline in some species. Bombesin/GRP increases flow to the gut in the spiny dogfish by an increase in somatic vascular resistance, while visceral resistance remains unchanged. In the caiman (Caiman crocodylus crocodylus) bombesin causes a shunting of blood from the lung to the gut. Substance P and other tachykinins in general increase flow to the gut, and on some occasions also increase somatic blood flow. Flow in the anastomosis of the crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) gut is increased by substance P. The results presented here are a review of several published and unpublished studies.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Sistema Cardiovascular/fisiología , Neuropéptidos/fisiología , Bombesina/metabolismo , Bombesina/fisiología , Sistema Cardiovascular/metabolismo , Peces/fisiología , Caimanes y Cocodrilos/fisiología , Neuropéptido Y/metabolismo , Neuropéptido Y/fisiología , Neuropéptidos/metabolismo , Sustancia P/fisiología , Sustancia P/metabolismo , Taquicininas/metabolismo , Taquicininas/fisiología , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/metabolismo , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Accumulating evidence shows the involvement of neuropeptides in cardiovascular control in mammals as well as non-mammalian species. Our own immunohistochemical studies indicate a sparse innervation only in cyclostomes, holostean fish and lungfish, a more extensive variation and distribution in elasmobranchs and teleosts, and a rich and varied innervation of the cardiovascular system in crocodiles and lizards. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptie Y (NPY), gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) and tachykinins are present in most vertebrate groups. VIP is vasodilatory in the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) as in most mammalian species, but increases gut vascular resistance in the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias). NPY potentiates the effect of noradrenaline on skate (Raja rhina) coronary vessels, suggesting an interaction between adrenergic mechanisms and NPY early in evolution, but studies in the spiny dogfish and the crocodile also demonstrate different mechanisms for the action of NPY and adrenaline in some species. Bombesin/GRP increases flow to the gut in the spiny dogfish by an increase in somatic vascular resistance, while visceral resistance remains unchanged. In the caiman (Caiman crocodylus crocodylus) bombesin causes a shunting of blood from the lung to the gut. Substance P and other tachykinins in general increase flow to the gut, and on some occasions also increase somatic blood flow. Flow in the anastomosis of the crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) gut is increased by substance P. The results presented here are a review of several published and unpublished studies.
Asunto(s)
Fenómenos Fisiológicos Cardiovasculares , Neuropéptidos/fisiología , Caimanes y Cocodrilos/fisiología , Animales , Bombesina/metabolismo , Bombesina/fisiología , Sistema Cardiovascular/metabolismo , Peces/fisiología , Neuropéptido Y/metabolismo , Neuropéptido Y/fisiología , Neuropéptidos/metabolismo , Sustancia P/metabolismo , Sustancia P/fisiología , Taquicininas/metabolismo , Taquicininas/fisiología , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/metabolismo , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/fisiologíaAsunto(s)
Humanos , Hormona Liberadora de Gonadotropina/metabolismo , Gonadotropinas/metabolismo , Ácido Araquidónico/fisiología , Hormona Adrenocorticotrópica/fisiología , Retroalimentación , Hormona Liberadora de Corticotropina/fisiología , Melatonina/fisiología , Neuropéptido Y/fisiología , Neurotransmisores/fisiología , Nucleótidos Cíclicos/fisiología , Óxido Nítrico/fisiología , Oxitocina/fisiología , Péptidos/fisiología , Prolactina/fisiología , Sustancia P/fisiología , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/fisiologíaRESUMEN
This article review the effects of neuropeptides in the pathogenesis of Asthma. It is a review of literature and show most important neuropeptides, physical and chemical characteristics effects and some clinical studies about them.
Asunto(s)
Asma/etiología , Asma/fisiopatología , Neuropéptidos/fisiología , Sistema Nervioso Autónomo/fisiopatología , Péptido Relacionado con Gen de Calcitonina/fisiología , Humanos , Neuropéptido Y/fisiología , Péptido PHI/fisiología , Sustancia P/fisiología , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The effect of the blockade of endogenous VIP by injecting a specific rabbit anti-VIP serum (A-VIP) was studied in rats receiving an acute injection of ethanol. A-VIP administration decreased serum prolactin levels and reduced the hyperprolactinemia induced by ethanol. We also investigated the effect of the acute administration of ethanol on the concentration and release of VIP from the mediobasal hypothalamus. Ethanol decreased VIP concentration in the mediobasal hypothalamus, whereas it stimulated the in vitro K(+)-evoked release of VIP from this tissue. Conversely, ethanol increased VIP concentration in the anterior pituitary gland. The data indicate that VIP may be involved in the pituitary response to ethanol. The increased anterior pituitary VIP after ethanol may be due to an augmented release from the mediobasal hypothalamus.
Asunto(s)
Etanol/toxicidad , Hiperprolactinemia/metabolismo , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/fisiología , Animales , Hiperprolactinemia/inducido químicamente , Hiperprolactinemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipotálamo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Adenohipófisis/efectos de los fármacos , Adenohipófisis/metabolismo , Prolactina/sangre , Ratas , Ratas EndogámicasRESUMEN
The effect of a specific antiserum against vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on GABA in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis was studied. The administration of anti-VIP serum (A-VIP) increased anterior pituitary GABA concentration in control rats, but decreased this neurotransmitter in rats with hyperprolactinemia induced by acute or chronic treatments with estrogens, or by the implanting of anterior pituitary glands under the kidney capsule. Besides, the injection of the A-VIP serum in the morning in proestrous rats causes a decrease in anterior pituitary GABA concentration, measured in the afternoon of the same day. The in vitro effect of A-VIP and VIP on endogenous GABA release from hypothalamic fragments and on anterior pituitary GABA concentration was studied. A-VIP increased both basal and high K(+)-evoked GABA effluxes whereas VIP produced a decrease in evoked GABA efflux from hypothalamic fragments. Furthermore, A-VIP inhibited the normal degradation of GABA that occurs in the isolated gland whereas VIP increased it. These results suggest that VIP modifies hypothalamic GABA release and anterior pituitary GABA concentration.
Asunto(s)
Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisario/fisiología , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/fisiología , Ácido gamma-Aminobutírico/fisiología , Animales , Implantes de Medicamentos , Estradiol/farmacología , Femenino , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisario/efectos de los fármacos , Hipotálamo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipotálamo/fisiología , Sueros Inmunes/administración & dosificación , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Ovariectomía , Adenohipófisis/efectos de los fármacos , Adenohipófisis/fisiología , Proestro , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/inmunología , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/farmacología , Ácido gamma-Aminobutírico/metabolismoAsunto(s)
Masculino , Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Recién Nacido , Niño , Adulto , Hormonas/fisiología , Andrógenos/biosíntesis , Andrógenos/fisiología , Bombesina/biosíntesis , Calcitonina/biosíntesis , Calcitonina/fisiología , Calcitriol/biosíntesis , Calcitriol/fisiología , Ciclo Menstrual , Colecistoquinina/biosíntesis , Colecistoquinina/fisiología , Trastornos de la Menstruación/clasificación , Trastornos de la Menstruación/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Metabolismo del Calcio/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Metabolismo del Calcio/etiología , Trastornos del Metabolismo del Fósforo/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Metabolismo del Fósforo/etiología , Encefalinas/biosíntesis , Encefalinas/fisiología , Endorfinas/biosíntesis , Endorfinas/fisiología , Estrógenos/biosíntesis , Estrógenos/fisiología , Gastrinas/biosíntesis , Gastrinas/fisiología , Glucagón/antagonistas & inhibidores , Glucagón/biosíntesis , Glucagón/fisiología , Glucagonoma/diagnóstico , Glucagonoma/etiología , Glucocorticoides/biosíntesis , Glándula Tiroides , Glándula Tiroides/anatomía & histología , Glándulas Paratiroides , Glándulas Suprarrenales , Glándulas Suprarrenales/fisiología , Gonadotropinas/biosíntesis , Gonadotropinas/fisiología , Embarazo/fisiología , Hipotálamo , Hipotálamo/anatomía & histología , Hipófisis , Hipófisis/anatomía & histología , Hormona Adrenocorticotrópica/biosíntesis , Hormona Adrenocorticotrópica/fisiología , Hormona Paratiroidea , Hormona del Crecimiento/biosíntesis , Hormona del Crecimiento/fisiología , Hormonas Gastrointestinales/biosíntesis , Hormonas Gastrointestinales/fisiología , Hormonas Hipotalámicas/biosíntesis , Hormonas Hipotalámicas/fisiología , Hormonas Inhibidoras de la Liberación de Hormona Hipofisaria/fisiología , Hormonas Liberadoras de Hormona Hipofisaria/fisiología , Insulina/biosíntesis , Insulina/fisiología , Insulinoma/diagnóstico , Insulinoma/etiología , Yodo/deficiencia , Yodo/fisiología , Yodo/metabolismo , Lactógeno Placentario/biosíntesis , Lactógeno Placentario/fisiología , Menopausia/fisiología , Menstruación , Motilina/biosíntesis , Motilina/fisiología , Oxitocina/biosíntesis , Oxitocina/fisiología , Ovario , Ovario/anatomía & histología , Ovario/fisiología , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/biosíntesis , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/fisiología , Péptidos Similares al Glucagón/biosíntesis , Péptidos Similares al Glucagón/fisiología , Polipéptido Pancreático/biosíntesis , Polipéptido Pancreático/fisiología , Progesterona/biosíntesis , Progesterona/fisiología , Prolactina/biosíntesis , Prolactina/fisiología , Páncreas/anatomía & histología , Páncreas/embriología , Relaxina/biosíntesis , Relaxina/fisiología , Secretina/biosíntesis , Secretina/fisiología , Somatostatina/biosíntesis , Somatostatina/fisiología , Testosterona/biosíntesis , Testosterona/fisiología , Testículo/anatomía & histología , Testículo/citología , Testículo/fisiología , Tiroglobulina/biosíntesis , Tiroglobulina/fisiología , Tiroglobulina/metabolismo , Valores de Referencia , Vasopresinas/biosíntesis , Vasopresinas/fisiología , beta-Lipotropina/biosíntesisAsunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Embarazo , Recién Nacido , Niño , Adulto , Hormonas/fisiología , Hormonas Hipotalámicas/biosíntesis , Hormonas Hipotalámicas/fisiología , Hipotálamo/anatomía & histología , Hipotálamo , Hormonas Liberadoras de Hormona Hipofisaria/fisiología , Hormonas Inhibidoras de la Liberación de Hormona Hipofisaria/fisiología , Hormona del Crecimiento/biosíntesis , Hormona del Crecimiento/fisiología , Prolactina/biosíntesis , Prolactina/fisiología , Lactógeno Placentario/biosíntesis , Lactógeno Placentario/fisiología , Hormona Adrenocorticotrópica/biosíntesis , Hormona Adrenocorticotrópica/fisiología , beta-Lipotropina/biosíntesis , Endorfinas/biosíntesis , Endorfinas/fisiología , Vasopresinas/biosíntesis , Vasopresinas/fisiología , Oxitocina/biosíntesis , Oxitocina/fisiología , Hipófisis/anatomía & histología , Hipófisis , Glándula Tiroides/anatomía & histología , Glándula Tiroides , Tiroglobulina/biosíntesis , Tiroglobulina/fisiología , Tiroglobulina/metabolismo , Yodo/deficiencia , Yodo/fisiología , Yodo/metabolismo , Glándulas Suprarrenales/fisiología , Glándulas Suprarrenales , Glucocorticoides/biosíntesis , Glándulas Paratiroides , Hormona Paratiroidea , Calcitonina/biosíntesis , Calcitonina/fisiología , Calcitriol/biosíntesis , Calcitriol/fisiología , Trastornos del Metabolismo del Calcio/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Metabolismo del Calcio/etiología , Trastornos del Metabolismo del Fósforo/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Metabolismo del Fósforo/etiología , Ovario/anatomía & histología , Ovario/fisiología , Ovario , Estrógenos/biosíntesis , Estrógenos/fisiología , Progesterona/biosíntesis , Progesterona/fisiología , Relaxina/biosíntesis , Relaxina/fisiología , Gonadotropinas/biosíntesis , Gonadotropinas/fisiología , Ciclo Menstrual , Menstruación , Trastornos de la Menstruación/clasificación , Trastornos de la Menstruación/diagnóstico , Menopausia/fisiología , Embarazo/fisiología , Testículo/anatomía & histología , Testículo/citología , Testículo/fisiología , Andrógenos/biosíntesis , Andrógenos/fisiología , Testosterona/biosíntesis , Testosterona/fisiología , Páncreas/anatomía & histología , Páncreas/embriología , Glucagón/antagonistas & inhibidores , Glucagón/biosíntesis , Glucagón/fisiología , Insulina/biosíntesis , Insulina/fisiología , Polipéptido Pancreático/biosíntesis , Polipéptido Pancreático/fisiología , Insulinoma/diagnóstico , Insulinoma/etiología , Glucagonoma/diagnóstico , Glucagonoma/etiología , Somatostatina/biosíntesis , Somatostatina/fisiología , Hormonas Gastrointestinales/biosíntesis , Hormonas Gastrointestinales/fisiología , Secretina/biosíntesis , Secretina/fisiología , Colecistoquinina/biosíntesis , Colecistoquinina/fisiología , Gastrinas/biosíntesis , Gastrinas/fisiología , Péptidos Similares al Glucagón/biosíntesis , Péptidos Similares al Glucagón/fisiología , Encefalinas/biosíntesis , Encefalinas/fisiología , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/biosíntesis , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/fisiología , Motilina/biosíntesis , Motilina/fisiología , Bombesina/biosíntesis , Valores de ReferenciaRESUMEN
Procedeu-se a uma revisäo bibliográfica sobre a distribuiçäo, origem e possíveis papéis fisiológicos do neurotransmissor polipeptídeo vasoactivo intestinal (VIP), no útero. O VIP está presente no útero de mamíferos em geral, localizando-se em fibras nervosas, cujo número é maior na cervice uterina em comparaçäo com o restante do órgäo. As fibras nervosas vipérgicas orientam-se ao longo de células musculares lisas e ao redor de glândulas e vasos sanguíneos, e originam-se dos gânglios nervosos paracervicais, situados na junçäo cérvice uterina-vagina. Os efeitos do VIP no útero, encontrados até o momento, säo os seguintes: 1) relaxamento da musculatura lisa uterina; 2) vasodilataçäo; 3) possível participaçäo em processos secretores.
Asunto(s)
Útero/inervación , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/fisiología , Fibras NerviosasRESUMEN
Recent findings suggest that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) may be a physiological regulator of prolactin secretion and may also be involved in the control of LH secretion. In the present work we have studied the effect of the blockade of endogenous VIP by means of the injection of a specific rabbit anti-VIP serum, in male and female rats with hyperprolactinemia. The administration of 0.5 ml of the VIP antiserum in ovariectomized rats given an acute or chronic treatment with 17 beta-estradiol induced a significant decrease in serum prolactin and LH levels as compared with estrogenized-control rats injected with normal rabbit serum. Anti-VIP serum also reduced serum LH levels in ovariectomized rats not treated with estrogens. The administration of the same antiserum decreased serum prolactin levels in male rats implanted with 2 anterior pituitary glands under the kidney capsule. On the other hand, the injection of the anti-VIP serum in the morning in proestrus rats brought about an increase in serum prolactin and LH levels in the afternoon of the same day. These results confirm previous data showing that VIP is a stimulator of prolactin release, and may also participate in the control of LH secretion in ovariectomized rats acting as a facilitatory factor. During proestrus however, VIP may act in an opposite way, inhibiting, rather than stimulating, prolactin and LH release.