RESUMEN
Through the analysis of human skeletal remains and mortuary practice in Yinxu, this study investigates the impact of early urbanization on the commoners during the Late Shang dynasty (ca. 1250-1046 B.C.). A total of 347 individuals examined in this study represent non-elites who were recovered from two different burial contexts (formally buried in lineage cemeteries and randomly scattered in refuse pits). Frequencies of enamel hypoplasia (childhood stress), cribra orbitalia (childhood stress and frailty) and osteoperiostitis (adult stress) were examined to assess systemic stress exposure. Our results reveal that there was no significant difference in the frequency of enamel hypoplasia between two burial groups and between sexes, suggesting these urban commoners experienced similar stresses during childhood, but significantly elevated levels of cribra orbitalia and osteoperiostitis were observed in the refuse pit female cohort. Theoretically, urbanization would have resulted in increased population density in the urban centre, declining sanitary conditions, and increased risk of resource shortage. Biologically, children would be more vulnerable to such physiological disturbance; as a result, high percentages of enamel hypoplasia (80.9% overall) and cribra orbitalia (30.3% overall) are observed in Yin commoners. Adults continued to suffer from stress, resulting in high frequencies of osteoperiostitis (40.0% total adults); in particular, in the refuse pit females who may also reflect a compound impact of gender inequality. Our data show that the non-elite urban population in the capital city of Late Shang Dynasty had experienced extensive stress exposure due to early urbanization with further social stratification only worsening the situation, and eventually contributing to collapse of the Shang Dynasty.
Asunto(s)
Entierro/historia , Hipoplasia del Esmalte Dental/historia , Trastornos Nutricionales/historia , Osteítis/historia , Periostitis/historia , Clase Social , Urbanización , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Preescolar , China , Femenino , Historia Medieval , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Paleopatología , Factores Sexuales , Estrés Fisiológico , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
AIM: To compare periapical health using samples from prehistoric and historic periods until the present day, and to emphasize the major risk indicators for apical periodontitis (AP). METHODOLOGY: A comparative survey to assess periapical health was performed on five samples (525 individuals) drawn from different periods of history within the time frame 2000 BC to 2000 AD. Twenty-one binary risk indicators for AP were retained for a logistic regression model. The probability of a diseased tooth was defined from a two-level response variable based on the periapical index (PAI). An individual regression model was computed with partial least squares (PLS) regression model, based on the individual mean values of the nine retained risk indicators. RESULTS: Condensing osteitis, tooth wear, caries, root fillings and the presence of inadequate root fillings were associated with the PAI levels. The maxillary molars and recent time periods (contemporaneous and seventeenth century) were also risk indicators for the pathological condition. The PLS regression for individuals demonstrated correlations between risk factors. This multidimensional analysis indicated that the mean PAI was correlated mainly with caries and condensing osteitis. Condensing osteitis was more frequent in the mandibular than in the maxillary bone (P=0.001), and correlated with tooth wear in ancient periods. CONCLUSIONS: This comparative analysis demonstrated a significantly higher prevalence of AP in the contemporary period. The most important risk indicators for that period were the presence of inadequate root fillings, carious lesions and condensing osteitis.
Asunto(s)
Periodontitis Periapical/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Caries Dental/epidemiología , Caries Dental/historia , Restauración Dental Permanente/historia , Restauración Dental Permanente/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Historia del Siglo XVI , Historia del Siglo XVII , Historia del Siglo XXI , Historia Antigua , Historia Medieval , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Enfermedades Mandibulares/epidemiología , Enfermedades Mandibulares/historia , Enfermedades Maxilares/epidemiología , Enfermedades Maxilares/historia , Diente Molar/patología , Osteítis/epidemiología , Osteítis/historia , Paleopatología , Periodontitis Periapical/historia , Factores de Riesgo , Abrasión de los Dientes/epidemiología , Abrasión de los Dientes/historia , Raíz del Diente/patologíaRESUMEN
In former times treatment of osteomyelitis was based on very few surgical principles such as incision of the infected region, debridement with sequestrectomy, and continuous drainage to prevent superficial closing of the wound. There were no rules for asepsis, anesthesia, and microbiology in the treatment of bone infection. Therapy improved dramatically when J. Lister introduced and performed antisepsis. With the beginning of the twentieth century it became much more standardized and differentiated. In the 4th decade of the twentieth century, the development of antibiotics changed the regime of osteomyelitis therapy again. Especially systemic intravenous antibiotic therapy was very successful in the treatment of the hematogeneous osteomyelitis. Treatment failed in post-traumatic and postoperative osteitis. Local antibiotic therapy on a delivery system was the breakthrough for these cases. The application of PMMA cement as an antibiotic delivery system led to this new possibility for treating bone infections and is still in use nowadays.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/historia , Huesos/lesiones , Osteítis/historia , Infección de la Herida Quirúrgica/historia , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Osteítis/etiología , Osteítis/terapia , Infección de la Herida Quirúrgica/terapiaAsunto(s)
Pérdida de Hueso Alveolar/epidemiología , Pérdida de Hueso Alveolar/historia , Enfermedades Periapicales/epidemiología , Enfermedades Periapicales/historia , Proceso Alveolar , Francia/epidemiología , Historia del Siglo XV , Historia del Siglo XVI , Historia del Siglo XVII , Historia Antigua , Historia Medieval , Humanos , Osteítis/epidemiología , Osteítis/historia , Osteosclerosis/epidemiología , Osteosclerosis/historia , PrevalenciaAsunto(s)
Países en Desarrollo/historia , Enfermedades Endémicas/historia , Exostosis Múltiple Hereditaria/historia , Osteítis/historia , Periostitis/historia , Buba/historia , Exostosis Múltiple Hereditaria/patología , Huesos Faciales/patología , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Osteítis/patología , Periostitis/patología , Buba/patologíaRESUMEN
A modern case of complicated sinusitis, with osteitis of the cranium and intraorbital-intracranial empyema, closely corresponds to descriptions reported in the Hippocratic treatise Diseases II. The therapeutic measures suggested in that work can be regarded as suitable according to modern practice. An ancient physician who followed the Hippocratic doctrine probably would have been able to recognize this complicated disease and possibly save the patient.
Asunto(s)
Craneotomía/historia , Empiema Subdural/microbiología , Osteítis/microbiología , Cráneo/microbiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas , Adulto , Craneotomía/métodos , Empiema Subdural/historia , Empiema Subdural/cirugía , Mundo Griego , Historia Antigua , Humanos , Masculino , Osteítis/historia , Osteítis/cirugía , Sinusitis/microbiología , Cráneo/cirugía , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiologíaAsunto(s)
Enfermedad , Historia Antigua , Escritura/historia , Humanos , Irak , Absceso Hepático/historia , Osteítis/historia , Tuberculosis/historiaRESUMEN
Congenital syphilis has been diagnosed very seldom in ancient populations. The case that we examined comes from San Jeronimo's Church (17th and 18th centuries AD; Mexico City). Coffin 43 contained an incomplete skeleton of an approximately 2-year-old infant. The pathological lesions of this skeleton include bilateral osteochondritis, diaphyseal osteomyelitis, and osteitis and/or periostitis on the long bones. The radiographic appearance depicts symmetrical osteomyelitic foci, particularly at the proximal extremity of both tibiae (Wimberger's sign). The skull exhibits hydrocephaly and periosteal changes on the vault, and the unerupted upper incisors evince dental hypoplasia and other pathological alterations reminiscent of Hutchinson's incisors. All these features strongly suggest a case of early congenital syphilis.
PIP: Debate continues over whether venereal syphilis originated in Europe or the New World. Evidence from skeletal remains suggests the occurrence of treponemal infections in both the New World and Europe before 1492, but the specimens interpreted as suggestive of venereal syphilis await a possible immunological test which could confirm the diagnosis. Venereal syphilis is the only kind of treponematosis which can easily be transmitted within the uterus, leading to congenital syphilis. Congenital syphilis is a very severe disease with a mortality rate of almost 50%. The authors examined the partial skeleton in coffin 43 exhumed in 1976 from the site of San Jeronimo's Church in the center of Mexico City. The skeleton dates from the colonial period of the 17th and 18th centuries, and belonged to a human of approximately two years old. Pathological lesions include bilateral osteochondritis, diaphyseal osteomyelitis, and osteitis and/or periostitis on the long bones. The radiographic appearance depicts symmetrical osteomyelitic foci, particularly at the proximal extremity of both tibiae, while the skull exhibits hydrocephaly and periosteal changes on the vault. The unerupted upper incisors show dental hypoplasia and other pathological alterations reminiscent of Hutchinson's incisors. These features strongly suggest a case of early congenital syphilis. The characteristics of congenital syphilis are described.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Óseas/historia , Sífilis Congénita/historia , Treponema pallidum , Preescolar , Historia del Siglo XVII , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Humanos , Masculino , México , Osteítis/historia , Osteocondritis/historia , Osteomielitis/historia , Periostitis/historiaRESUMEN
The skeleton of an adult female exhibiting evidence of treponemal infection was recently recovered from the Hardin site in the piedmont region of North Carolina. Archaeological indicators suggest a late prehistoric affiliation. The skeleton is affected by a diffuse process resulting in surface changes, both destructive and appositional, node formation and shaft expansion, medullary encroachment and filling, cortical thickening, and fracture. There is both cranial and postcranial involvement. While treponemal infection is indicated, the atypical nature of the total pattern raises the possibility of multiple pathological processes operating simultaneously. The significance of this case is threefold. It provides information on the ability of prehistoric peoples to cope with disease. It reminds the paleopathologist of the dangers inherent in attempts at singular and specific diagnoses. It sheds new light on the epidemiology of the treponemal diseases.