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The literature on male reproductive medicine is continually expanding, especially regarding the diagnosis and treatment of infertility due to non-obstructive azoospermia. The advent of in vitro fertilization with intracytoplasmic sperm injection has dramatically improved the treatment of male infertility due to nonobstructive azoospermia. Assisted reproduction using testicular spermatozoa has become a treatment of hope for men previously thought to be incapable of fathering a child due to testicular failure. In addition, numerous studies on non-obstructive azoospermia have reported that varicocelectomy not only can induce spermatogenesis but can also increase the sperm retrieval rate; however, the value of varicocelectomy in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia still remains controversial. The purpose of this review is to present an overview of the current status of varicocele repair in men with non-obstructive azoospermia.

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The literature on male reproductive medicine is continually expanding, especially regarding the diagnosis and treatment of infertility due to non-obstructive azoospermia. The advent of in vitro fertilization with intracytoplasmic sperm injection has dramatically improved the treatment of male infertility due to nonobstructive azoospermia. Assisted reproduction using testicular spermatozoa has become a treatment of hope for men previously thought to be incapable of fathering a child due to testicular failure. In addition, numerous studies on non-obstructive azoospermia have reported that varicocelectomy not only can induce spermatogenesis but can also increase the sperm retrieval rate; however, the value of varicocelectomy in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia still remains controversial. The purpose of this review is to present an overview of the current status of varicocele repair in men with non-obstructive azoospermia.

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OBJECTIVE: Analyze whether testicular histologic patterns from a group of azoospermic men with varicocele is predictive of treatment outcome after subinguinal microsurgical varicocele repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventeen azoospermic men underwent bilateral open single testis biopsy and microsurgical subinguinal repair of clinical varicoceles. RESULTS: Histopathology of testicular biopsies revealed hypospermatogenesis (HYPO) in 6 men, maturation arrest (MA) in 5, and Sertoli cell-only (SCO) in 6. Overall, presence of spermatozoa in the ejaculates was achieved in 47 percent (8/17) of men after varicocele repair, but only 35 percent (6/17) of them had motile sperm in their ejaculates. Only men with testicular histology revealing HYPO (5/6) or maturation arrest (3/5) had improvement after surgery. Median (25 percent - 75 percent percentile) postoperative motile sperm count for both groups were 0.9 X 106/mL (0.1-1.8 X 106/mL) and 0.7 X 106/mL (0.1-1.1), respectively (p = 0.87). The mean time for appearance of spermatozoa in the ejaculates was 5 months (3 to 9 months). One (HYPO) of 8 (12.5 percent) men who improved after surgery contributed to an unassisted pregnancy. Postoperative testicular biopsies obtained from patients who had no improvement after surgery revealed that testicular histology diagnosis remained unchanged. Successful testicular sperm retrieval for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was achieved in 4 of 9 (44.4 percent) individuals who did not improve after surgery, including 1 man with testicular histology exhibiting SCO. CONCLUSION: Microsurgical varicocele repair in nonobstructive azoospermic men with clinical varicoceles can result in sperm appearance in the ejaculate when hypospermatogenesis or maturation arrest is found on testicular histology diagnosis.

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OBJECTIVE: Analyze whether testicular histologic patterns from a group of azoospermic men with varicocele is predictive of treatment outcome after subinguinal microsurgical varicocele repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventeen azoospermic men underwent bilateral open single testis biopsy and microsurgical subinguinal repair of clinical varicoceles. RESULTS: Histopathology of testicular biopsies revealed hypospermatogenesis (HYPO) in 6 men, maturation arrest (MA) in 5, and Sertoli cell-only (SCO) in 6. Overall, presence of spermatozoa in the ejaculates was achieved in 47% (8/17) of men after varicocele repair, but only 35% (6/17) of them had motile sperm in their ejaculates. Only men with testicular histology revealing HYPO (5/6) or maturation arrest (3/5) had improvement after surgery. Median (25%-75% percentile) postoperative motile sperm count for both groups were 0.9 x 10(6)/mL (0.1-1.8 x 10(6)/mL) and 0.7 x 10(6)/mL (0.1-1.1), respectively (p = 0.87). The mean time for appearance of spermatozoa in the ejaculates was 5 months (3 to 9 months). One (HYPO) of 8 (12.5%) men who improved after surgery contributed to an unassisted pregnancy. Postoperative testicular biopsies obtained from patients who had no improvement after surgery revealed that testicular histology diagnosis remained unchanged. Successful testicular sperm retrieval for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was achieved in 4 of 9 (44.4%) individuals who did not improve after surgery, including 1 man with testicular histology exhibiting SCO. CONCLUSIONS: Microsurgical varicocele repair in nonobstructive azoospermic men with clinical varicoceles can result in sperm appearance in the ejaculate when hypospermatogenesis or maturation arrest is found on testicular histology diagnosis.

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Introducción: el proceso de atención de la vasectomía sin bisturí, además de la consejería y la cirugía, incluye el seguimiento para corroborar la azoospermia; sin embargo más de 50 por ciento de pacientes no lo concluye.Objetivo: evaluar el seguimiento posvasectomía y los criterios del personal médico.Material y métodos: en un estudio observacional se entrevistaron pacientes vasectomizados y médicos de 36 clínicas del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. De los vasectomizados se registró información sobre el seguimiento, aparición de complicaciones, cumplimiento de las citas para revisión posquirúrgica, espermatobioscopia y revisión de resultados. De los médicos se registraron criterios de revisión posquirúrgica para solicitar espermatobioscopia y de evaluación de resultados (alta o fracaso.)Resultados: se entrevistaron 2063 pacientes; 94 por ciento había recibido información, sin embargo, sólo 3.5 por ciento completó el seguimiento. Los pacientes no finalizaron el seguimiento por falta de tiempo, olvido, incompatibilidad con el horario de trabajo y desinformación. También se entrevistaron 62 médicos, la mayoría de los cuales conocía las normas. Su criterio para solicitar espermatobioscopia fue practicarla cumplidas 20 o más eyaculaciones posvasectomía. En caso de espermatobioscopia positiva, solicitaron nuevo examen. Consideraron fracaso una segunda espermatobioscopia positiva. Su criterio de alta fue la azoospermia.Conclusiones: la falta de información y motivación en los pacientes y las barreras organizacionales impiden un seguimiento apropiado. El criterio médico coincide con los establecidos institucionalmente

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The records of 325 azoospermic patients were reviewed. A total of 109 patients (33.5%) had obstructive azoospermia and 48 of them underwent surgical treatment. Three patients had vas deferens agenesia and underwent artificial spermatocele; 14 with epididymal obstruction were treated by an end-to-end microsurgical vasoepididymostomy; and 31 vasectomized patients were submitted to microsurgical reversal. There was no pregnancy in the spermatocele patients. In the vasoepididymostomy patients 60% became patent and 30% achieved pregnancy. In the reversal group 90% of patency and pregnancy rate of 80% were observed, in a mean follow-up of 21 months. The last 8 cases were treated with a biological glue and 7 showed patency and one pregnancy in a 3-month follow-up period. One was lost to follow-up.

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Duzentos e dezessete pacientes portadores de azoospermia foram estudados. Vinte e três indivíduos com agenesia bilateral do deferente, 20 com azoospermia pós-vasectomia e 23 com obstruçäo ao nível do epidídimo, constituem o motivo desta apresentaçäo. Em três pacientes com agenesia bilateral do deferente, realizou-se espermatocele artificial; nos vasectomizados procedeu-se à vaso-vasostomia microcirúrgica em dois planos e no 3ª grupo à anastomose epidídimo-deferencial término-terminal. Nos casos de espermatocele, um demonstrou a presença de espermatozóides no pós-operatório, porém näo houve gravidez, e os demais continuaram azoospérmicos. Com a vaso-vasostomia obteve-se 100% de permeabilidade canalicular e 72,7% de gravidez. Nos pacientes submetidos à vaso-epidídimo-anastomose verificou-se 50% de permeabilidade e 25% de gravidez

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Os índices de sucesso na reconstruçäo do trato seminal eram bastante modestos quando se empregavam as técnicas de cirurgia convencional e melhoraram de forma significativa com a introduçäo em clínica dos procedimentos microcirúrgicos. Foram analisados os aspectos clínicos e os resultados do tratamento de 47 casos de azoospermia obstrutiva submetidos à reconstruçäo microcirúrgica do trato seminal. Após período de seguimento que variou entre 1 e 79 meses, reaparecimento de espermatozóides no esperma ocorreu em 27 de 30 pacientes (90%) submetidos à vasoanastomose e em 2 de 7 pacientes (27%) submetidos à vasoepididimoanastomose ipsilateral. Nesse mesmo período, os índices de gravidez foram respectivamente de 63% e de 14%. A ausência de complicaçöes cirúrgicas e os índices satisfatórios de repermeabilizaçäo da via seminal observados, justificam o emprego da microcirurgia como método preferencial de tratamento dos quadros de azoospermia obstrutiva

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Duzentos e dezessete pacientes portadores de azoospermia foram estudados. Vinte e três indivíduos apresentaram agenesia bilateral do deferente, vinte pacientes com azoospermia pós-vasectomia e vinte e três pacientes com obstruçäo ao nível do epidídimo constituem o motivo desta apresentaçäo. Em três pacientes com agenesia bilateral do deferente, realizou-se espermatocele artificial; nos vasectomizados procedeu-se à vaso-vasostomia microcirúrgica em dois planos e no 3§ grupo à anastomose epidídimo-deferencial término-terminal. Nos casos de espermatocele, um demonstrou a presença de espermatozóides no pós-operatório, porém näo houve gravidez, e os demais continuaram azoospérmicos. Com a vaso-vasostomia obteve-se 100% de permeabilidade canalicular e 54,5% de gravidez. Nos pacientes submetidos à vaso-epidídimo anastomose verificou-se 50% de permeabilidade e 16,6% de gravidez

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