RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to verify the accumulation of trace metals in eggs and hatchlings of Chelonia mydas, evaluating if metal accumulation is originated from maternal transfer and/or from the incubation environment. Other assessments were also performed, as metal distribution in different tissues (blood, kidney, liver, muscle, and turtle shells) of newly hatched turtles, and genotoxic analysis, to verify possible damages caused by the presence of metals. METHODS: The assessments were carried out by quantifying Cd, Ni, Pb, Mn and Fe in egg sample collected during laying time (eggshells (ELT) and egg content (EC)), eggshells from newly hatched turtles (ENH), hatchlings tissues (H - blood, kidney, liver, muscle, and shell)) (n = 18 for each biological sample - 3 of each nest) and nest sediments (n = 6, one of each nest). Comparative analysis were made between ELT and ENH, as well as between egg content (EC) and the sum of tissue samples from hatchlings, using Mann-Whitney hypothesis test (p < 0,05). The amount of metals in different hatchling was quantified and followed by the Dunn post-test. A principal component analysis (PCA) was also employed. RESULTS: Metals studied were found in all investigated samples. The concentration of a great amount of investigated metals was significantly higher (P=<0.001) in eggshells from ENH than in ELT. An increase in Cd (2.16-fold), Pb (3.47-fold), Fe (6.83-fold) and Mn (195.57-fold) concentration was noticed in ENH. We also observed an increase in Fe (1.59-fold), Mn (1.74-fold) and Ni (1.59-fold) concentration in hatchling, when compared with EC, due to transfer from nest sediments. In relation to the hatchling's tissues, blood was shown to accumulate higher concentrations of Ni and Pb, while shells accumulated more Cd and Fe, and Mn is more associated with liver and kidney. Fe was the highest accumulated metal in both tissues, and muscles presented discrete concentrations of Ni, Mn, and Pb. A mean concentration of 1.25 MN was obtained in C. mydas hatchlings, indicating that the accumulation of metals in hatchlings didn't cause toxicology effects. CONCLUSION: Hatchlings accumulate metals through the maternal and sediment transfer, although the levels of metal accumulation were not enough to cause genotoxic damage.
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Metales/farmacocinética , Óvulo/metabolismo , Oligoelementos/farmacocinética , Tortugas/metabolismo , Animales , Cáscara de Huevo/química , Contaminantes Ambientales/análisis , Contaminantes Ambientales/sangre , Contaminantes Ambientales/farmacocinética , Femenino , Sedimentos Geológicos , Metales/análisis , Metales/sangre , Óvulo/química , Distribución Tisular , Oligoelementos/análisis , Oligoelementos/sangre , Trinidad y Tobago , Tortugas/sangreRESUMEN
Worldwide, environmental tragedies involving mining dam ruptures have become more frequent. As occurred a few years ago in Brazil (on 5 November 2015, in Minas Gerais state) the Fundão Dam rupture released 60 million m3 of tailings into terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Since then, little information on the ecotoxicity of these tailings has been disclosed. In the laboratory, the acute, chronic and bioaccumulation effects of increased Fundão tailing concentrations on oribatid mites (Scheloribates praeincisus) were assessed. Additionally, the bioaccumulation of 11 trace metals (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) and the total density of oribatid mites found in the areas contaminated by the Fundão tailings were determined. The percentages of mite survival and reproductive inhibition were higher than 60% and 80%, respectively, in all contaminated areas with the highest concentration (100% mine tailings). Field studies showed an expressive reduction in the total density of oribatids per m-2 (up to 54 times) in the contaminated areas compared with the reference area. Metal accumulations in the field were 5.4 and 3.2 higher (for Ni and Hg, respectively) and up to two times higher (for most metals) than those in the laboratory for 42 days. The mite responses to the Fundão tailings found in this study suggest long-term interference in their biological development. In this sense, we can conclude that the introduction of mine tailings onto soils tended to compromise the functionality of the mites in the ecosystem, which causes imbalances to cascade other organisms of the trophic web.
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Ácaros , Contaminantes del Suelo/toxicidad , Oligoelementos/toxicidad , Animales , Bioacumulación , Brasil , Ecosistema , Ecotoxicología/métodos , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Metales/farmacocinética , Metales/toxicidad , Minería , Ácaros/efectos de los fármacos , Ácaros/fisiología , Densidad de Población , Suelo , Contaminantes del Suelo/análisis , Contaminantes del Suelo/farmacocinética , Colapso de la Estructura , Oligoelementos/farmacocinéticaRESUMEN
Trace elements are chemical contaminants that can be present almost anywhere on the planet. The study of trace elements in biotic matrices is a topic of great relevance for the implications that it can have on wildlife and human health. Penguins are very useful, since they live exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere and represent about 90% of the biomass of birds of the Southern Ocean. The levels of trace elements (dry weight) in different biotic matrices of penguins were reviewed here. Maps of trace element records in penguins were included. Data on exposure and effects of trace elements in penguins were collected from the literature. The most reported trace elements in penguins are aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, copper, zinc, and manganese. Trace elements have been measured in 11 of the 18 species of penguins. The most studied biotic matrices are feathers and excreta. Most of the studies have been performed in Antarctica and subantarctic Islands. Little is known about the interaction among metals, which could provide better knowledge about certain mechanisms of detoxification in penguins. Future studies of trace elements in penguins must incorporate other metals such as vanadium, cobalt, nickel, and chromium. Data of metals in the species such as Eudyptes pachyrhynchus, Eudyptes moseleyi, Eudyptes sclateri, Eudyptes robustus, Eudyptes schlegeli, Spheniscus demersus, Spheniscus mendiculus, and Megadyptes antipodes are urged. It is important to correlate levels of metals in different biotic matrices with the effects on different species and in different geographic locations.
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Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/análisis , Metales Pesados/análisis , Spheniscidae/metabolismo , Oligoelementos/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Animales , Plumas/química , Metales Pesados/farmacocinética , Metales Pesados/toxicidad , Especificidad de Órganos , Especificidad de la Especie , Toxicocinética , Oligoelementos/farmacocinética , Oligoelementos/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/farmacocinética , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidadRESUMEN
Over 50 million cubic meters of mining tailings were released in the Rio Doce basin after the collapse of the Fundão dam (Samarco) in November 2015. Predicting significant impacts on the Rio Doce estuary, we sampled sediments to investigate short-term impacts on the benthic assemblages and trace metal accumulation on estuarine sediments. With the arrival of the tailing plumes in the estuary, we detected a predominance of clay particles and increased trace metal concentrations of up to 5 times in some areas. The rapid sedimentation after the impact also impacted estuarine macrofaunal assemblages through loss surface-dwelling taxa. As expected, the impacts on benthic assemblages observed up to 3days after the arrival of tailings were not clearly associated with trace metal concentrations, but long-term effects need to be studied. We recommend that the high spatial variability within the estuary be considered in future impact assessment studies.
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Estuarios , Minería , Oligoelementos/farmacocinética , Animales , Organismos Acuáticos , Brasil , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Sedimentos GeológicosRESUMEN
This study was carried out to evaluate the concentration of trace elements (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in the muscle of carnivorous fish species from three different areas of Todos os Santos Bay (BTS), Bahia State, Brazil. Trace elements were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and consumption rates advisory for minimizing chronic systemic effects in children and adults were estimated. As concentrations in fish samples from Jiribatuba were higher than legal limits set by FAO, and Cd concentrations in fish from Iguape Bay were high in comparison with FAO and EC. This study provides information about the fish consumption limits, considering the elements concentrations observed in the analyses, in particular As and Cd, necessary for minimizing potential health risks.
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Bahías/química , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Peces/metabolismo , Metales Pesados/análisis , Oligoelementos/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Adulto , Animales , Brasil , Niño , Ingestión de Alimentos , Humanos , Metales Pesados/farmacocinética , Músculos/química , Medición de Riesgo , Oligoelementos/farmacocinética , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/farmacocinéticaRESUMEN
Polydextrose (PDX) is a non-digestible oligosaccharide used widely across most sectors of the food industry. It is a randomly linked glucose oligomer containing small amounts of sorbitol and citric acid. The random bonds in PDX prevent mammalian digestive enzymes from readily hydrolyzing the molecule and it has a reported energy value of 1 kcal/g. These properties have led to the acceptance in many countries that PDX provides similar physiological effects as other dietary fibers and has shown prebiotic potential. Dietary intervention with prebiotics has been shown to selectively stimulate the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of intestinal bacteria associated with several physiological benefits on health. Therefore, the objective of this review was a survey of the literature on the effect of supplementation with PDX in health, and to list the benefits for maintaining health and/or reducing the development of diseases.
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Aditivos Alimentarios/farmacología , Glucanos/farmacología , Animales , Glucemia/metabolismo , Fibras de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Ingestión de Energía , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Intestinos/efectos de los fármacos , Intestinos/microbiología , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales , Oligosacáridos/farmacología , Prebióticos/administración & dosificación , Oligoelementos/sangre , Oligoelementos/farmacocinéticaRESUMEN
The mangrove crab Ucides cordatus is widespread in the Brazilian coast, which has an important role in nutrient cycling. This species reproduces in summer and females carry eggs about a month, when they maintain contact with water and sediments. It remains unclear if trace metals can be absorbed or adsorbed by the eggs during development. The present study aims to investigate, for the first time, trace metal concentrations in ovigerous female tissues and eggs of U. cordatus in two areas with different metal pollution levels in the Southeastern Brazil. Samples were collected in two different mangroves, Guanabara Bay (GB) highly polluted environment and Paraíba do Sul River (PSR). In both populations, we observed significant increase of V, Cr, and Mn concentrations along eggs maturation. The higher metals averages were found in PSR population. This trend was reported since the 1990s and lower concentrations in GB marine organisms were attributed to reducing conditions, high organic load, and the presence of sulfide ions. These conditions restrict the bioavailability of metals in the bay, with exception of Mn. No significant differences were observed in gills and muscles. In both populations of the present study, V, Zn, As, and Pb were higher in eggs of initial stage, whereas Mn, Ni, Cu, and Cd were higher in hepatopancreas. Beside this, V, Cr, Mn, As, and Pb showed an increase concerning egg development. Thus, V, As, and Pb in eggs come from two sources previous discussed: females and environment. Zinc came mainly from females due to essential function. Those new information should be considered as one of the mechanisms of trace metal transfer to the trophic chain, between benthonic and pelagic environment.
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Braquiuros/química , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Metales Pesados/análisis , Óvulo/química , Oligoelementos/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Animales , Braquiuros/metabolismo , Brasil , Femenino , Branquias/química , Branquias/metabolismo , Hepatopáncreas/química , Hepatopáncreas/metabolismo , Metales Pesados/farmacocinética , Óvulo/metabolismo , Ríos/química , Distribución Tisular , Oligoelementos/farmacocinética , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/farmacocinéticaRESUMEN
In the present study, the concentration of trace elements, total mercury (Hg) and selenium (Se) and mercury forms (MeHg, Hginorg and HgSe) in the vulnerable coastal dolphins Pontoporia blainvillei and Sotalia guianensis were appraised and compared, using metallothioneins (MT) and glutathione (GSH) as biomarkers for trace element exposure. The trace element concentrations varied between muscle and liver tissues, with liver of all dolphin specimens showing higher Hg and Se concentrations than those found in muscle. Hg, MeHg and Hginorg molar concentrations showed a clear increase with Se molar concentrations in the liver of both dolphins, and Se concentrations were higher than those of Hg on a molar basis. Se plays a relevant role in the detoxification of MeHg in the hepatic tissue of both dolphins, forming Hg-Se amorphous crystals in liver. In contrast, MT were involved in the detoxification process of Hginorg in liver. GSH levels in P. blainvillei and S. guianensis muscle tissue suggest that these dolphins have different diving capacities. Muscle Hg concentrations were associated to this tripeptide, which protects dolphin cells against Hg stress.
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Buceo/fisiología , Delfines/metabolismo , Glutatión/metabolismo , Mercurio/análisis , Metalotioneína/metabolismo , Selenio/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Animales , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Brasil , Femenino , Inactivación Metabólica , Hígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Mercurio/farmacocinética , Compuestos de Mercurio/análisis , Compuestos de Mercurio/farmacocinética , Compuestos de Metilmercurio/análisis , Compuestos de Metilmercurio/farmacocinética , Músculos/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Selenio/farmacocinética , Compuestos de Selenio/análisis , Compuestos de Selenio/farmacocinética , Oligoelementos/análisis , Oligoelementos/farmacocinética , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/farmacocinéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Fortification of milk formulas with iron is a strategy widely used, but the absorption of non-heme iron is low. The purpose of this study was to measure the bioavailability of two iron fortified milk formulas designed to cover toddlers´ nutritional needs. These milks were fortified with iron sulfate stabilized with maltodextrin and citric acid. METHODS: 15 women (33-47 years old) participated in study. They received on different days, after an overnight fast, 200 mL of Formula A; 200 mL of Formula B; 30 mL of a solution of iron and ascorbic acid as reference dose and 200 mL of full fat cow's milk fortified with iron as ferrous sulfate. Milk formulas and reference dose were labeled with radioisotopes (59)Fe or (55)Fe, and the absorption of iron measured by erythrocyte incorporation of radioactive Fe. RESULTS: The geometric mean iron absorption corrected to 40% of the reference dose was 20.6% for Formula A and 20.7% for Formula B, versus 7.5% of iron fortified cow's milk (p < 0.001). The post hoc Sheffé indeed differences between the milk formulas and the cow's milk (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Formulas A and B contain highly bioavailable iron, which contributes to covering toddlers´ requirements of this micronutrient.
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Ácido Cítrico , Compuestos Ferrosos/farmacocinética , Fórmulas Infantiles/química , Absorción Intestinal , Hierro/farmacocinética , Leche , Polisacáridos , Adulto , Animales , Disponibilidad Biológica , Preescolar , Dieta , Femenino , Compuestos Ferrosos/sangre , Alimentos Fortificados , Humanos , Lactante , Hierro/sangre , Isótopos de Hierro/metabolismo , Hierro de la Dieta/sangre , Hierro de la Dieta/farmacocinética , Persona de Mediana Edad , Oligoelementos/sangre , Oligoelementos/farmacocinéticaRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: Mushrooms have effective mechanisms to absorb and accumulate trace elements from substrates and, therefore could be used as a strategy to produce mineral-enriched food and nutritional supplements. This study aimed to enrich shiitake mushrooms with selenium (Se), an important dietary element in human health. Strains of Lentinula edodes (Berk.) were grown on artificial logs composed of eucalyptus sawdust, and were subjected to cold shock in water containing sodium selenite (Na(2)SeO(3) ) at concentrations of up to 1.28 mM. The content of Se in the mushrooms increased linearly with increasing amounts of Na(2)SeO(3) added to the cold water although above 0.96 mM, mushroom formation was inhibited. Concentrations greater than 17 mg Se 100/g of dried mushrooms were observed after treatment with 0.64 mM Na(2)SeO(3). Shiitake mushroom had a demonstrate potential to offer an effective and economical way to produce Se-enriched products and, the strategy of adding selenite in cold water, used in this study, showed promising once it does not interfere with mycelial growth. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Selenium is an essential trace element for both human and animals and is required for the 21st amino acid, selenocysteine, which is used for the synthesis of about a dozen selenoenzymes. In this study, it is demonstrated that shiitake mushroom is a good Se accumulator and only one step during fructification was necessary to obtained enriched mushroom. Se enriched shiitake mushroom can be considered to be an excellent source of this element and used to consumption in different ways.
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Selenio/análisis , Selenio/farmacocinética , Hongos Shiitake/química , Oligoelementos/análisis , Oligoelementos/farmacocinética , Alimentos Fortificados , Hongos Shiitake/crecimiento & desarrollo , Selenito de Sodio/análisis , AguaRESUMEN
Multimixtures (MMs) are dietary supplements prepared with low-cost ingredients and food by-products that are widely used in various countries to counteract malnutrition. Although MMs have a high content of minerals, they also contain high levels of dietary fiber and associated compounds, which might bind minerals and impair their absorption. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that the increased dietary fiber content of MMs would impair gastrointestinal mineral absorption due to the metal-binding capacity of dietary fiber. Thus, the objective of the present study was to feed growing rats with a basal diet, representative of a nutritionally deficient diet, alone or supplemented with a low dietary fiber level MM, intermediate dietary fiber level MM, or high dietary fiber level MM (HF) to evaluate the apparent absorption of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and copper. The relative apparent calcium absorption was slightly decreased by the HF addition, with no change in the absolute apparent absorption. The absolute apparent absorption of phosphorus and magnesium was increased by the intermediate dietary fiber level MM and HF additions, whereas the manganese absorption was increased only by the HF addition. The apparent absorption of copper was not affected by the MM supplementation. The increased apparent absorption of minerals was always related to the increase in the mineral dietary concentration triggered by the MM. Thus, we concluded that the increased dietary fiber levels in the MMs increased the mineral levels, and MMs with intermediate and high fiber levels may be used to improve the mineral balance of poor diets.
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Fibras de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Suplementos Dietéticos , Desnutrición/prevención & control , Minerales/farmacocinética , Oligoelementos/farmacocinética , Animales , Fibras de la Dieta/efectos adversos , Suplementos Dietéticos/efectos adversos , Absorción Intestinal , Masculino , Desnutrición/metabolismo , Minerales/administración & dosificación , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Oligoelementos/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between Lolium perenne L. uptake of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in sludge amended soils and soil availability of these elements assessed by soil sequential extraction. A greenhouse experiment was set with three representative soils of the Pampas Region, Argentina, amended with sewage sludge and sewage sludge enriched with its own incinerated ash. After the stabilization period of 60 days, half of the pots were sampled for soil analysis; the rest of the pots were sown with L. perenne and harvested 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks after sowing, by cutting just above the soil surface. Cadmium and Pb concentrations in aerial tissues of L. perenne were below detection limits, in good agreement with the soil fractionation study. Copper and Zn concentration in the first harvest were significantly higher in the coarse textured soil compared to the fine textured soil, in contrast with soil chemical speciation. In the third harvest, there was a positive correlation between Cu and Zn concentration in aerial biomass and soil fractions usually considered of low availability. We conclude that the most available fractions obtained by soil sequential extraction did not provide the best indicator of Cu and Zn availability to L. perenne.
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Lolium/metabolismo , Metales Pesados/farmacocinética , Aguas del Alcantarillado/química , Suelo , Oligoelementos/farmacocinética , Biodegradación Ambiental , Cadmio/análisis , Cadmio/farmacocinética , Carbono , Ceniza del Carbón , Cobre/análisis , Cobre/farmacocinética , Plomo/análisis , Plomo/farmacocinética , Metales Pesados/análisis , Material Particulado , Proyectos Piloto , Plantas/metabolismo , Oligoelementos/análisis , Zinc/análisis , Zinc/farmacocinéticaRESUMEN
The present work tested whether ecological and biological variables have an influence on the assimilation of trace elements by the tissues of a cetacean from the Western South Atlantic Ocean. No significant differences were observed in the concentrations for both sexes. As individuals from the two sampling areas belong to distinct genetic and morphological populations, animals of similar body length were older on the southeastern than on the southern coast. The liver showed the highest concentrations of mercury, whereas the highest levels of cadmium were found in the kidney. Hepatic mercury, cadmium and selenium in individuals from the south coast were about four times as high as those from the southeast coast. However, arsenic in the liver and kidney were similar in both coastal areas. Hepatic mercury, cadmium and selenium concentrations increased with body length in individuals from the southeastern coast, although no significant correlations (P>0.05) were observed between body length from either area and the renal and hepatic As concentrations. A significant positive linear relationship was observed between molar concentrations of Hg and Se in the liver of all individuals from both areas (r2=0.93; P<0.001), presenting Se:Hg ratios close to 4. Differences found among the concentrations of Hg, Cd and Se in dolphins from both areas were probably due to the preferred prey, bioavailability of elements in each marine environment, and environment variables (water temperature, net primary production). As a consequence, concentrations of trace elements in the tissues of this species can be considered to be a result of the surrounding environment.
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Envejecimiento/metabolismo , Delfines/metabolismo , Riñón/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Oligoelementos/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Animales , Océano Atlántico , Disponibilidad Biológica , Femenino , Masculino , Distribución Tisular , Oligoelementos/farmacocinética , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/farmacocinéticaRESUMEN
The uptake of Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in soft tissue of Perna perna mussels and their shells has been studied in aquarium experiments in which mussels were exposed for 30 or 60 days to seawater spiked with different concentrations of these contaminants (125 and 500 microg L(-1)). Tissue samples were analyzed after acid digestion by conventional solution nebulization ICP-MS. Laser ablation ICP-MS was used for the quantitative determination of trace elements in different areas of the corresponding shells. With the exception of Mn and Zn, all other elements studied showed a significant concentration enhancements in soft tissue, with the magnitude of this enhancement following the order: Cr > Ni > Cd > Cu > Pb. A corresponding increase in most contaminants, although less pronounced, was also observed in the newly formed growth rings of mussel shells, contributing to the validation of Perna perna mussel shell as a bioindicator of toxic elements.
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Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Perna , Oligoelementos/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Animales , Biomarcadores , Perna/química , Perna/fisiología , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Medición de Riesgo , Distribución Tisular , Oligoelementos/farmacocinética , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/farmacocinéticaRESUMEN
Zinc (Zn) nutrition is of special practical importance in infants and young children, however relatively little is known about maturation and comparative aspects of Zn absorption. The principal objective of this paper is to compare Zn absorption of term infants, preterm infants, and adults on low phytate diets. Existing data derived from using Zn stable isotopes as extrinsic labels for an entire day were modeled with saturation kinetic analysis (saturable response model). When adjusted for differences in length of small intestine, the efficiency of Zn absorption for both term (4 months) and preterm (33 weeks post-conception) infants was comparable with that for adults, suggesting early maturation of mechanisms that regulate absorption. However, infant intestinal lengths were shorter, and Zn absorptive capacity was proportionately less. Reduced capacity was matched by lower Zn requirements for normal term infants. This favorable match, however, did not occur in the preterm infant because of relatively high Zn requirements. Although intestinal conservation of endogenous Zn in these preterm infants was appropriate in relation to the quantity of Zn absorbed, it was not optimal for achieving the retention required. Normal homeostatic mechanisms in the premature infant prevented efficient absorption of the quantity of Zn required or/and optimal conservation of endogenous Zn.
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Absorción Intestinal , Oligoelementos/farmacocinética , Zinc/farmacocinética , Adulto , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Recien Nacido Prematuro , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Intestinos/anatomía & histología , Masculino , Modelos Biológicos , Análisis de Regresión , Zinc/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the influence of intestinal malabsorption on iodine status in patients who had short gut syndrome and received total parenteral nutrition (group I) compared with control subjects who had eutrophia (group II) and patients who had other illnesses but normal digestive tracts (group III). METHODS: Twenty-seven subjects were studied. Iodine intake was determined by the measurement of iodine in ingested food and in parenteral nutrition solutions. Urinary iodine excretion was measured by the Sandell-Kalthoff reaction. Urinary creatinine, anthropometric, and thyroid hormone functions were also determined. RESULTS: Daily iodine intakes were 658 +/- 125 (mean +/- standard deviation), 573 +/- 204, and 629 +/- 208 microg for groups I, II, and III, respectively. Daily urinary iodine excretion levels were 399 +/- 308, 439 +/- 192, and 370 +/- 268 microg and ratios of urinary iodine (micrograms) to creatinine (grams) were 614 +/- 349, 354 +/- 142, and 483 +/- 292, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences across groups. CONCLUSION: In Brazil the iodine provided by food, including iodized salt, has been sufficient to maintain iodine status in patients with short gut syndrome.
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Yodo/administración & dosificación , Yodo/farmacocinética , Síndromes de Malabsorción/metabolismo , Oligoelementos/farmacocinética , Adulto , Creatinina/orina , Femenino , Humanos , Absorción Intestinal , Yodo/deficiencia , Yodo/metabolismo , Yodo/orina , Síndromes de Malabsorción/terapia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nutrición Parenteral Total , Cloruro de Sodio Dietético/administración & dosificación , Cloruro de Sodio Dietético/metabolismo , Cloruro de Sodio Dietético/farmacocinética , Cloruro de Sodio Dietético/orina , Tirotropina/sangre , Oligoelementos/administración & dosificación , Oligoelementos/deficiencia , Oligoelementos/orinaRESUMEN
Concentrations of trace elements (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Cs, Ba, T-Hg, Org-Hg, Tl and Pb) were determined in liver samples of estuarine dolphin (Sotalia guianensis; n = 20), Franciscana dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei; n = 23), Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis; n = 2), common dolphin (Delphinus capensis; n = 1) and striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba; n = 1) incidentally caught along the coast of Sao Paulo State and Parana State, Brazil, from 1997 to 1999. The hepatic concentrations of trace elements in the Brazilian cetaceans were comparable to the data available in literature on marine mammals from Northern Hemisphere. Concentrations of V, Se, Mo, Cd, T-Hg and Org-Hg increased with increasing age in liver of both estuarine and Franciscana dolphins. Very high concentrations of Cu (range, 262-1970 microg/g dry wt.) and Zn (range, 242-369 microg/g dry wt.) were observed in liver of sucklings of estuarine dolphin. Hepatic concentrations of V, Se, T-Hg, Org-Hg and Pb were significantly higher in estuarine dolphin, whereas Franciscana dolphin showed higher concentrations of Mn, Co, As and Rb. Ratio of Org-Hg to T-Hg in liver was significantly higher in Franciscana dolphin than estuarine dolphin, suggesting that demethylation ability of methyl Hg might be lower in liver of Franciscana than estuarine dolphins. High hepatic concentrations of Ag were found in some specimens of Franciscana dolphin (maximum, 20 microg/g dry wt.), and 17% of Franciscana showed higher concentrations of Ag than Hg. These samples with high Ag concentration also exhibited elevated hepatic Se concentration, implying that Ag might be detoxified by Se in the liver. Higher correlation coefficient between (Hg+0.5 Ag) and Se than between Hg and Se and the large distribution of Ag in non-soluble fraction in nuclear and mitochondrial fraction of the liver also suggests that Ag might be detoxified by Se via formation of Ag2Se in the liver of Franciscana dolphin.
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Cetáceos , Oligoelementos/análisis , Oligoelementos/farmacocinética , Animales , Brasil , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Femenino , Hígado/química , Masculino , Distribución TisularRESUMEN
Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in the soft tissue of Crassostrea iridescens and the associated surface sediments (bulk and bioavailable metal concentrations) from an area influenced by a sewage outfall in Mazatlán Bay (southeast Gulf of California), were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Significant spatial differences in metal concentrations in both the bulk and bioavailable forms in the sediments were identified. An enrichment of Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in sites located on a south-north transect was detected indicating a dominant influence of the sewage outfall toward the north. C. iridescens accumulated more Zn, Cu, Ni, Fe, Cd; and less Mn, Cr and Pb than were bioavailable in the sediments, as measured using conventional extraction analysis. The degree of enrichment and the bioavailable metal concentrations in the sediments of the south portion of Mazatlán Bay is discussed. The potential ability of C. iridescens as a biomonitor of metallic pollutants is postulated.