RESUMEN
The horned octopod Eledone cirrhosa, a medium-sized species found in Arabian Gulf off Saudi Arabia, was collected monthly from the Arabian Gulf off Dammam city during January to December 2022. Samples were dissected and prepared for examination using transmission electron microscopy. During genital maturation, seminiferous tubules are established in the testis, with active spermatogonia dividing. Spermatocytes 1 are observed in the tubule, followed by an increase in spermatogonia and spermatocytes in August. Spermiogenesis begins, with spherical spermatids evolving into elongated spermatids. In September, active spermatogonia, meiotic divisions, and increased spermiogenesis continue. Spermatozoa appear in Needham's pouch, indicating sexual maturity. The ovary undergoes various stages of development, with oocytes at stage I in June and July, followed by stage II in October and November. In stage III, follicular cords invade the oocyte's cytoplasm, forming numerous lipid inclusions and protein granules. The cytoplasm contains cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum and a poorly developed Golgi apparatus. Stage IV occurs in November, characterized by the maximum development of follicular cords and the beginning of vitellogenesis. The ooplasm contains numerous lipid inclusions, a syncytium, and secretory cells. From December, stage V oocytes are mainly present, indicating the activity phase of maximum secretion. Yolk platelets accumulate in the oocyte ooplasm, and chorion forms at the zona pellucida. In January, the first smooth eggs are found in some octopuses' ovary, with their proportion increasing steadily. This study aimed to investigate the mitogenic action of gonadotropin and identify the periods of intense cell multiplication during the sexual cycle using cytological methods.
Asunto(s)
Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión , Octopodiformes , Ovario , Maduración Sexual , Animales , Femenino , Masculino , Maduración Sexual/fisiología , Ovario/ultraestructura , Ovario/anatomía & histología , Ovario/citología , Octopodiformes/anatomía & histología , Estaciones del Año , Testículo/ultraestructura , Testículo/citología , Espermatogénesis/fisiología , Oocitos/ultraestructuraRESUMEN
This research aimed to chemically synthesize and evaluate the antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory potential of ozopromide (OPC), a novel compound recently isolated from O. vulgaris ink. After chemical synthesis, OPC structural characterization was confirmed by COSY2D, FTIR, and C-/H-NMR. OPC inhibited the growth of human breast (MDA-MB-231), prostate (22Rv1), cervix (HeLa), and lung (A549) cancerous cells, being the highest effect on the latter (IC50: 53.70 µM). As confirmed by flow cytometry, OPC induced typical apoptosis-derived morphological features on A549 cells, mostly at early and late apoptosis stages. OPC generated a dose-dependent effect inhibiting IL-6 and IL-8 on LPS-stimulated peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs). A major affinity of OPC to Akt-1 and Bcl-2 proteins in silico agreed with the observed pro-apoptotic mechanisms. Results suggested that OPC has the potential to alleviate inflammation and be further studied for anticancer activity. Marine-derived food products such as ink contains bioactive metabolites exhibiting potential health benefits.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias , Octopodiformes , Masculino , Femenino , Animales , Humanos , Antineoplásicos/química , Línea Celular Tumoral , Células A549 , Tinta , Apoptosis , Proliferación CelularRESUMEN
The Lesser Pacific Striped Octopus, Octopus chierchiae, is a small iteroparous octopus known to inhabit intertidal regions of the Pacific coast of Central America. Many details about its life history and ecology remain unknown. For apparently rare and delicate animals such as O. chierchiae, non-extractive sampling methods are necessary to study individuals and populations over time. After photographically documenting the physical development of 25 octopuses from hatching, we have concluded that O. chierchiae has individually unique stripe configurations that remain constant throughout their post-hatchling lifetimes. Furthermore, using photographs taken of animals in captivity on different dates over many months, we show that untrained volunteers can accurately identify whether or not a pair of images depicts the same individual octopus. These results demonstrate that laboratory-reared individuals could be identified via photographs taken at different points in their lifetimes, which suggests wild individuals can also be recognized and observed for longitudinal field studies. In addition, our results imply potential for photoidentification and community science to be used as non-extractive, non-intrusive sampling methods for future studies of wild O. chierchiae.
Asunto(s)
Octopodiformes , Animales , Femenino , Embarazo , Ecología , Parto , América CentralRESUMEN
No ecotoxicological information exists on phenanthrene (Phe) exposure in cephalopods, animals of commercial and ecological importance. This study investigated the effect of Phe on two B-esterases, Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Carboxylesterases (CbE), in Octopus maya embryos. Octopus embryos were exposed to different treatments: control (seawater), solvent control (seawater and DMSO 0.01%), 10 and 100 µg/L of Phe. AChE and CbE activities were measured at different developmental stages (blastula, organogenesis, and growth). B-esterase activities increased in control and solvent control as the embryos developed, showing no statistically significant differences between them. On the other hand, the embryos exposed to Phe had significant differences from controls, and between the high and low concentrations. Our results indicate that B-esterases are sensitive biomarkers of exposure to Phe in O. maya. Still, complementary studies are needed to unravel the toxicodynamics of Phe and the implications of the found inhibitory effect in hatched organisms.
Asunto(s)
Octopodiformes , Fenantrenos , Animales , Acetilcolinesterasa , Esterasas , Fenantrenos/toxicidad , SolventesRESUMEN
The Novel Object Recognition task (NOR) is widely used to study vertebrates' memory. It has been proposed as an adequate model for studying memory in different taxonomic groups, allowing similar and comparable results. Although in cephalopods, several research reports could indicate that they recognize objects in their environment, it has not been tested as an experimental paradigm that allows studying different memory phases. This study shows that two-month-old and older Octopus maya subjects can differentiate between a new object and a known one, but one-month-old subjects cannot. Furthermore, we observed that octopuses use vision and tactile exploration of new objects to achieve object recognition, while familiar objects only need to be explored visually. To our knowledge, this is the first time showing an invertebrate performing the NOR task similarly to how it is performed in vertebrates. These results establish a guide to studying object recognition memory in octopuses and the ontological development of that memory.
Asunto(s)
Octopodiformes , Reconocimiento en Psicología , Animales , Conducta Exploratoria , Percepción Visual , Reconocimiento Visual de ModelosRESUMEN
Cephalopods, in particular octopus (Octopus vulgaris), have the ability to alter their appearance or body pattern by showing a wide range of camouflage by virtue of their chromatophores, which contain nanostructured granules of ommochrome pigments. Recently, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ommochromes have become of great interest; therefore, in this study, the pH-dependent redox effect of the extraction solvent on the antioxidant potential and the structural characterization of the pigments were evaluated. Cell viability was determined by the microdilution method in broth by turbidity, MTT, resazurin, as well as fluorescence microscopy kit assays. A Live/Dead Double Staining Kit and an ROS Kit were used to elucidate the possible inhibitory mechanisms of ommochromes against bacterial and fungal strains. The results obtained revealed that the redox state alters the color changes of the ommochromes and is dependent on the pH in the extraction solvent. Natural phenoxazinone (ommochromes) is moderately toxic to the pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella Typhimurium and Candida albicans, while the species Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas fluorescens, and the filamentous fungi Aspergillus parasiticus, Alternaria spp. and Fusarium verticillioides, were tolerant to these pigments. UV/visible spectral scanning and Fourier- transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) suggest the presence of reduced ommatin in methanol/ HCl extract with high intrinsic fluorescence.
Asunto(s)
Octopodiformes , Animales , Antioxidantes , Bacterias , Candida albicans , Hongos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Oxazinas , Fenotiazinas , Extractos Vegetales , SolventesRESUMEN
Immature trematodes of Lecithochirium sp. are recorded for the first time as parasites of the California two-spot octopus Octopus bimaculatus from Bahía de los Ángeles, Baja California, Mexico. Thirty-nine O. bimaculatus were examined for trematodes and a total of 100 immature specimens of Lecithochirium sp. were recorded from the crop of seven infected octopuses. Based on these records, O. bimaculatus may act as a second intermediate or paratenic host for these parasites. Partial sequences of the 28S (region D1-D3) ribosomal gene corroborate the identifications based on morphological characters. DNA sequences of the 28S gene from GenBank were analyzed to include the immature samples of Lecithochirium sp. within a hemiurid phylogenetic framework. All immature specimens of Lecithochirium sp. were recovered as monophyletic and Pulmovermis cyanovitellosus was identified as the sister species of Lecithochirium sp. However, due to the lack of molecular data for species of the genus Lecithochirium, these phylogenetic inferences must be taken with caution. Therefore, the morphological and molecular data obtained here provide a foundation for future work to develop a systematic comparison among- and within-species of the genus Lecithochirium. Additionally, the present records of Lecithochirium in O. bimaculus add to the knowledge of the parasite fauna of cephalopods.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Peces , Octopodiformes , Trematodos , Infecciones por Trematodos , Animales , Enfermedades de los Peces/parasitología , México , Octopodiformes/genética , Filogenia , Infecciones por Trematodos/parasitología , Infecciones por Trematodos/veterinariaRESUMEN
Benthic octopuses have been widely documented in artificial shelters for decades, and this use is apparently increasing. Despite any possible positive effects, the use of litter as shelter could have negative implications. In this work, we aimed to elucidate the interactions of octopuses with marine litter, identifying types of interactions and affected species and regions. To achieve this, we obtained 261 underwater images from 'citizen science' records, and identified 8 genera and 24 species of benthic octopuses interacting with litter. Glass objects were present in 41.6% of interactions, and plastic in 24.7%. Asia presented the highest number of images, and most records were from 2018 to 2021. Citizen science provided important evidence on octopus/marine litter interactions, highlighting its value and the need for more investigations on the subject. This information is fundamental to help prevent and mitigate the impacts of litter on octopuses, and identify knowledge gaps that require attention.
Asunto(s)
Ciencia Ciudadana , Octopodiformes , Animales , Asia , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Plásticos , Alimentos Marinos , Residuos/análisisRESUMEN
The Apicomplexa Aggregata spp. are intracellular parasites of cephalopods that infect the intestinal tract of commercially important species such as Octopus bimaculatus, which sustains the octopus fishery in Baja California (B.C.), Mexico. In this study, Aggregata polibraxiona n. sp. was described from the cecum of O. bimaculatus collected from Bahia de Los Angeles, B. C. Light and electron microscopy revealed that oocysts and sporocysts were spherical to ovoid in shape. Sporulated oocysts (293-835 × 177-688 µm) contained 135-674 sporocysts (12-24 × 11-22 µm). The sporocyst wall was covered by tubular projections (0.55-2.19 µm in length) bifurcated in the top, unevenly distributed, covered by a thin membrane. Each sporocyst contains 11-13 sporozoites (16-26 × 1.20-3 µm). Three partial sequences of the 18S rDNA gene were obtained, and two phylogenetic approaches were performed according to Bayesian inference and Maximum Likelihood. In both phylogenetic reconstructions, the sequences of A. polibraxiona n. sp. were recovered as a monophyletic group within the genus Aggregata and placed as a sister group to Aggregata octopiana Lineage II. Aggregata polibraxiona n. sp. is the first Apicomplexa described from a cephalopod host from Mexico and extends the geographical range of Apicomplexa infecting cephalopods.
Asunto(s)
Apicomplexa , Octopodiformes , Animales , Apicomplexa/genética , Teorema de Bayes , México , FilogeniaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Octopus hubbsorum Berry, 1953 is the most important species for commercial fishing in the Mexican Pacific. However, there is a lack of information regarding population structure that could have important management implications. We tested 44 microsatellite loci in O. hubbsorum by cross-amplification from O. bimaculatus. METHODS AND RESULTS: Genetic diversity and structure was tested over 30 octopus sampled from Santa Cruz de Miramar (Nayarit, México). A total of 11 loci were successfully amplified. All loci were polymorphic with the number of effective alleles ranging from 2.13 to 23.14, while three loci significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. No significant LD was observed between pairs of loci (P ≥ 0.05). The application of the new markers in a O. hubbsorum population from Santa Cruz de Miramar Nayarit, México, did not showed Wahlund or isolate breaking effects due to the mixing of distinct populations. CONCLUSIONS: The loci were useful to estimate levels of pairwise relatedness and to discard the presence of recent demographic bottlenecks in the population. We consider that eight microsatellites are adequate from the 11 amplified loci.
Asunto(s)
Variación Genética , Repeticiones de Microsatélite/genética , Octopodiformes/genética , Animales , Geografía , MéxicoRESUMEN
Underutilized marine food products such as cephalopods' ink could be sources of bioactive compounds providing health benefits. This study aimed to assess the anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects from Octopus vulgaris ink extracts (hexane-, ethyl acetate-, dichloromethane- (DM), and water extracts) using human colorectal (HT-29/HCT116) and breast (MDA-MB-231) cancer cells, and LPS-challenged murine RAW 264.7 cells. Except by ethyl-acetate, all of the extracts exhibited anti-proliferative effects without being cytotoxic to ARPE-19 and RAW 264.7 cells. Among DM fractions (F1/F2/F3), DM-F2 showed the highest anti-proliferative effect (LC50 = 52.64 µg/mL), inducing pro-apoptotic morphological disruptions in HCT116 cells. On RAW 264.7 cells, DM-F2 displayed the lowest nitrites reduction and up-regulation of key-cytokines from the JAK-STAT, PI3K-Akt, and IL-17 pathways. Compared to control, DM-F2 increased IL-4 and decreased NF-κB fluorometric expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Metabolomic analysis of DM-F2 highlighted hexadecanoic acid and 1-(15-methyl-1-oxohexadecyl)-pyrrolidine as the most important metabolites. These compounds also exhibited high in silico binding affinity (-4.6 to -5.8 kcal/mol) to IL-1α, IL-1ß, and IL-2. Results suggested the joint immuno-modulatory and anti-proliferative effect derived from selected compounds of underutilized marine food products such as ink. This is the first report of such biological activities in extracts from O. vulgaris ink.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Octopodiformes/química , Animales , Citocinas/metabolismo , Células HCT116 , Humanos , Mediadores de Inflamación/metabolismo , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Metabolómica , Cloruro de Metileno/química , Ratones , Nitritos/metabolismo , Células RAW 264.7 , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
Using data related to thermal optimal and pejus of the embryos of Octopus americanus from Brazil and O. insularis and O. maya from Mexico, this study aimed to project the potential distribution areas in the Gulf of Mexico and predict distribution shifts under different Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios (RCP 6 and 8.5) for the years 2050 and 2100. The different thermal tolerances elicited different responses to current and future scenarios. In this sense, O. insularis and O. maya thermal niches stretch from the Caribbean to Florida. Nevertheless, O. insularis may inhabit warmer areas than O. maya. Surprisingly, no area was considered thermally habitable for O. americanus, which could have been associated with the use of data of populations thermally adapted to temperate conditions south of Brazil. According to models, a warming scenario would cause a restriction of the available thermal niche of O. maya, while O. insularis could expand under RCP 6 scenarios. This restriction was more substantial in the RCP 8.5 scenario. Nevertheless, under the RCP 8.5 scenario, the temperature in 2100 may negatively affect even O. insularis, the species most thermal tolerant. If our results are accurate, the fishing yield of O. insularis will increase in the future, replacing the heavily exploited O. maya in the coasts of the southern Gulf of Mexico. Regarding O. americanus, no inference might be made until thermal tolerances of locally adapted populations can be studied.
Asunto(s)
Cambio Climático , Octopodiformes/fisiología , Termotolerancia , Animales , Brasil , Femenino , Golfo de México , México , TemperaturaRESUMEN
The complete mitochondrial genomes of two important octopus species from the eastern Pacific were sequenced, obtaining their complete nucleotide sequences. Octopus mimus is the most important commercially catched species along the eastern Pacific, from Mexico to Chile, whereas 'Octopus' fitchi is a pigmy species with uncertain taxonomic genus. The mitogenomes of Octopus mimus and 'Octopus' fitchi were 15,696 and 15,780 base pairs (bp) in length with an A + T composition of 75.5% and 75.8%, respectively. Each genome contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and two rRNA genes, as well as a control region. Gene order is maintained as reported for other species of the Octopodidae. The phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated thirteen protein-coding genes confirms that O. mimus belongs to the genus Octopus, which is supported by the genetic distance (11-16%) whereas the position of 'O'. fitchi within this group it is not supported. The analysis also indicated that the phylogenetic position of 'O'. fitchi is closer to Callistoctopus than to the Cistopus or the Amphioctopus clades. Based on the tree topology and the high genetic distance observed (24-25%), we suggest that 'O'. fitchi might represent a different genus.
Asunto(s)
ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Genoma Mitocondrial/genética , Octopodiformes/genética , Animales , Composición de Base/genética , Secuencia de Bases/genética , Orden Génico , Mitocondrias/genética , Sistemas de Lectura Abierta , Océano Pacífico , Filogenia , ARN Ribosómico/genética , ARN de Transferencia/genéticaRESUMEN
Argonauta nouryi Lorois, 1852 is an octopod that inhabits the holopelagic zone, the objective of this study was to describe the occurrence of buoyant fibers adhering to the body and mantle cavity of A. nouryi females found in the stomach contents from Euthynnus lineatus (skipjack), Coryphaena hippurus (dolphinfish), and Istiophorus platypterus (sailfish). Stomach contents from 224 individuals were examined. All female evaluated presented fibers adhering to the mantle cavity; 92.6% of the fibers measured 0.25 to 5â¯mm in length and hyaline was the dominant color (72%). The amount of fibers in the fish stomach contents with A. nouryi was significantly greater than in stomachs without; this suggests that the fibers might be introduced via A. nouryi. Findings of this work could be related to the discharge of solid materials in the water column.
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Peces , Contenido Digestivo/química , Octopodiformes , Conducta Predatoria , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Animales , Ecotoxicología/métodos , Femenino , México , Océano Pacífico , Perciformes , Plásticos , TextilesRESUMEN
The cephalopod fauna of the southwestern Atlantic is especially poorly-known because sampling is mostly limited to commercial net-fishing operations that are relatively inefficient at obtaining cephalopods associated with complex benthic substrates. Cephalopods have been identified in the diets of many large marine species but, as few hard structures survive digestion in most cases, the identification of ingested specimens to species level is often impossible. Samples can be identified by molecular techniques like barcoding and for cephalopods, mitochondrial 16S and COI genes have proven to be useful diagnostic markers for this purpose. The Amazon River estuary and continental shelf are known to encompass a range of different substrates with recent mapping highlighting the existence of an extensive reef system, a type of habitat known to support cephalopod diversity. The present study identified samples of the cephalopod fauna of this region obtained from the stomachs of red snappers, Lutjanus purpureus, a large, commercially-important fish harvested by fisheries using traps and hook-and-line gear that are capable of sampling habitats inaccessible to nets. A total of 98 samples were identified using molecular tools, revealing the presence of three squid species and eight MOTUs within the Octopodidae, representing five major clades. These include four known genera, Macrotritopus, Octopus, Scaeurgus and Amphioctopus, and one basal group distinct from all known octopodid genera described here as Lepidoctopus joaquini Haimovici and Sales, new genus and species. Molecular analysis of large predatory fish stomach contents was found to be an incredibly effective extended sampling method for biodiversity surveys where direct sampling is very difficult.
Asunto(s)
Recolección de Datos/métodos , Contenido Digestivo/química , Modelos Biológicos , Octopodiformes/clasificación , Octopodiformes/genética , Filogenia , Animales , Biodiversidad , EcosistemaRESUMEN
Although octopuses are in high-demand globally and can bioaccumulate high concentrations of metals, the risk associated to its consumption is poorly understood. We compiled literature data from eight locations in Europe, North America and Northern Africa with different environmental levels of metals to evaluate: (1) the risk to human health through consumption of muscle tissues and digestive glands of Octopus hubbsorum, O. vulgaris and Eledone cirrhosa, and (2) the maximum allowable consumption rates (CRlim). The assessments were done according the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The results indicate the absence of health risk through consumption of muscle tissues, and high health risk through consumption of digestive glands (attributed to its high Cd levels), reflected in its 1ow CRlim values. In conclusion, even in contaminated sites the consumption of octopus muscle tissues is not an issue of concern, while the consumption of digestive glands should be more carefully monitored to avoid health problems.
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Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Metales/análisis , Octopodiformes , Alimentos Marinos/análisis , África del Norte , Animales , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Europa (Continente) , Humanos , América del Norte , Medición de Riesgo , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisisRESUMEN
The red octopus Octopus maya Voss et Solís-Ramírez, 1966 is an endemic species found exclusively off the coast of the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico; its fishery is one of the most important along the Atlantic coast of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. To date, the parasite fauna of Octopus spp. in southern Mexico remains unknown. In this study, we present the parasite fauna of O. maya from 8 localities along the Yucatán Peninsula. From August 2009 to June 2010, a total of 1202 specimens of O. maya were caught by artisanal fisheries and examined. Twenty parasite taxa were recorded from all octopus examined: 7 cestodes, 8 digeneans, 3 nematodes, 1 copepod and 1 coccidian. All taxa are new records for this host species, and the sampled locations represent new records of the geographic distribution of these parasite taxa. The gills and the intestine were the micro-habitats in which the highest number of taxa were found. More than half of the parasites (13 taxa) that we found infected O. maya via its feeding habits, although a high number of taxa (n = 9) colonized via active transmission. Cestoda and Digenea were the taxonomic groups with the highest number of taxa. Prochristianella sp. showed the highest prevalence and mean abundance values in the localities where it was present. This work represents the first study on the parasite fauna of any cephalopod species in Mexico.
Asunto(s)
Cestodos/fisiología , Octopodiformes/parasitología , Trematodos/fisiología , Animales , Branquias/parasitología , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos , Intestinos/parasitología , MéxicoRESUMEN
The red octopus Octopus maya Voss et Solís-Ramírez, 1966 is an endemic species and one of the most important fishery resources of the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. Due to its economic importance and the fact that in recent years interest in farming this species has increased, several initiatives have been implemented to study its biology and requirements for cultivation. Parasites represent an important component of the biology of the red octopus, as they can have an impact on both wild and cultivated populations. A total of 44 O. maya specimens were sampled from the fishing ports of Ría Lagartos and Dzilam de Bravo, Yucatán; specimens were measured and subsequently subjected to histological analysis of the buccal masses where cestode larvae (Prochristianella sp.) were found in the anterior salivary glands. Results of a chi-squared test showed that specimen size class and infestation levels (parasite abundance) were significantly correlated, with parasite damage levels more pronounced in larger animals. The damage caused to the anterior salivary glands by this parasite could have serious implications for feeding and reproductive success of O. maya.
Asunto(s)
Cestodos/fisiología , Octopodiformes/parasitología , Glándulas Salivales/parasitología , Animales , Branquias/parasitología , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos , Intestinos/parasitología , MéxicoRESUMEN
The octopus Octopus cf. vulgaris is a potential species to diversify aquaculture. Due to absence of balanced commercial diet, growth of the O. cf. vulgaris is based on natural diet with local and low-cost inputs. In Brazil, studies on experimental octopus ongrowing are recent and there is little available data. We evaluated the performance, survival and food consumption of O. vulgaris fed on mussel Perna perna for 20 days. Six octopuses with initial weight of 415±12.73g (mean±standard deviation) were divided into two groups (n=3 octopuses/group) according to the diet: MC Group (frozen mussels) and MV Group (live mussels). The Weight Gain of octopuses was 273.33±94.52g and 340.00±26.46g; the Absolute Growth Rate was 13.67±4.73 and 17.00±1.32g.dia-1 and the Specific Growth Rate of 2.95±0.58 and 2.64±0.37%.day-1 to MC and MV groups, respectively. There was no significant difference in performance between groups and the survival rate was 100%. Octopuses well accepted both diets and despite the amount of frozen mussels (129±31) was higher than in live mussels (100±19), there was no significant difference regarding the consumption between groups. Our results demonstrate that the mussel Perna perna can be used frozen or live as monodiet in O. cf. vulgaris ongrowing.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Dieta/veterinaria , Perna , Octopodiformes/crecimiento & desarrollo , Acuicultura/métodosRESUMEN
Octopus bimaculoides is an important commercially fished species in the California Peninsula with aquaculture potential; however, to date limited information is available regarding its digestive physiology. The objective of this study was focused on biochemically characterizing the main enzymes involved in the digestion of O. bimaculoides. Optimum pH, temperature and thermostability were determined for amylases, lipases, trypsin and chymotrypsin; optimum pH and protease inhibitor effect were assessed for acidic and alkaline proteases, and the effect of divalent ions on trypsin and chymotrypsin activity was evaluated in enzymatic extracts from the digestive (DG) and salivary glands (SG) and crop gastric juices (GJ). High amylase activity was detected in GD and GJ whereas this activity is very low in other cephalopods. Salivary glands had the greatest activity in most of the enzyme groups, showing the importance of this organ in digestion. Optimum pH was different depending on the organ and enzyme analyzed. The optimum pH in DG was 3 showing the predominance of acidic proteases in the digestion process. All enzymes were resistant and stable at high temperatures in contrast with other marine species. Trypsin and chymotrypsin activity were highly incremented with the presence of Mg2+, Co2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ in some tissues. The inhibitor assay showed the importance of serine proteases, metalloproteases and aspartic proteases in the digestive process of this species. This study is the first in assessing the main digestive enzymes of O. bimaculoides and in remarking the importance of other digestive enzyme groups besides proteases in octopuses.