RESUMEN
This article outlines the career of Dr. J. Douglas McDonald, professor of psychology at the University of North Dakota (UND) and the director of the UND Indians into Psychology Doctoral Education Program. During graduate school, McDonald grew determined to develop a program that would assist American Indian students with entering the field of psychology in order to serve native populations across the United States and build cross-cultural competency and allyship within the psychological community. Upon graduating with a PhD in clinical psychology from the University of South Dakota, he created the flagship Indians into Psychology Doctoral Education program at UND, which meets these objectives, and has directed it ever since. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Asunto(s)
Psicología , Humanos , Psicología/historia , Historia del Siglo XXI , Indígenas Norteamericanos , Historia del Siglo XX , Psicología Clínica/historia , Psicología Clínica/educación , Educación de Postgrado , Selección de Profesión , North Dakota , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
In November 2020, North Dakota reported a higher number of cases and deaths per capita from COVID-19 than any other state in the United States. Several months later, it reported one of the country's highest rates of vaccine hesitancy, leading to the development and implementation of the state-funded and physician-led "Vaccine Champion" ("VaxChamp") program. Glossing the primary problem as one of "provider confidence," the VaxChamp program emphasized a standardized, scalable intervention that targeted healthcare providers directly, and patients only indirectly. Although the program hit its quantitative benchmarks, a qualitative inquiry into the program's history and context reveals multiple crises of confidence, many beyond the bioscientific domain of the program's focus. Drawing from work in medical and linguistic anthropology, we describe and analyze the "multiple levers of vaccine confidence" at play in the intervention and its surrounding context, as well as how these crises of confidence emerged.
Asunto(s)
Antropología Médica , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Vacilación a la Vacunación , Humanos , North Dakota , COVID-19/prevención & control , Vacilación a la Vacunación/psicología , SARS-CoV-2 , Personal de Salud/psicologíaRESUMEN
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious prion disease that affects cervids in North America, Northern Europe, and South Korea. CWD is spread through direct and indirect horizontal transmission, with both clinical and preclinical animals shedding CWD prions in saliva, urine, and feces. CWD particles can persist in the environment for years, and soils may pose a risk for transmission to susceptible animals. Our study presents a sensitive method for detecting prions in the environmental samples of prairie soils. Soils were collected from CWD-endemic regions with high (Saskatchewan, Canada) and low (North Dakota, USA) CWD prevalence. Heat extraction with SDS-buffer, a serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification assay coupled with a real-time quaking-induced conversion assay was used to detect the presence of CWD prions in soils. In the prairie area of South Saskatchewan where the CWD prevalence rate in male mule deer is greater than 70%, 75% of the soil samples tested were positive, while in the low-prevalence prairie region of North Dakota (11% prevalence in male mule deer), none of the soils contained prion seeding activity. Soil-bound CWD prion detection has the potential to improve our understanding of the environmental spread of CWD, benefiting both surveillance and mitigation approaches.
Asunto(s)
Ciervos , Priones , Suelo , Enfermedad Debilitante Crónica , Enfermedad Debilitante Crónica/epidemiología , Animales , Suelo/química , North Dakota/epidemiología , Saskatchewan/epidemiología , Masculino , Enfermedades EndémicasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Vaccination is one of the greatest tools for individuals to stay healthy. Individuals are, however, often exposed to misinformation via digital and social media, and thus, may miss the opportunity to develop scientific knowledge about vaccines and trust in relevant stakeholders. This has a damaging impact on vaccine confidence. Understanding vaccine confidence is particularly important in North Dakota, where vaccination rates are lower than national averages. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this research are to examine the association between vaccine confidence and three potential sources of it, namely, trust, vaccine knowledge, and vaccine information sources and to investigate the relative strength of three vaccine confidence sources, while accounting for covariates. METHODS: Students (n = 517, 56.6%) and staff and faculty (n = 397, 43.4%) at the University of North Dakota (n = 914) completed an online survey. Logistic regressions estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations among trust in doctors, family/friends, government health agencies, charitable organizations, and religious organizations, vaccine knowledge, vaccine information sources as well as vaccine confidence, accounting for gender, race, marital status, age, religion, political ideology, education, and health status. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 29.43 years (SD = 13.48). Most were females (71.6%) and white (91.5%). Great trust in doctors (OR = 3.29, p < 0.001, 95%CI 1.89, 5.73) government health agencies (OR = 2.95, p < 0.001, 95%CI 2.13, 4.08) and vaccine knowledge (OR = 1.28, p < 0.001, 95%CI 1.18, 1.38) had higher odds of vaccine confidence. Using Internet Government source as the primary source of vaccine information (OR = 1.73, p < 0.05, 95%CI 1.22, 2.44) showed higher odds of vaccine confidence before all independent variables were introduced, but it became non-significant after they were introduced. Trust in government health agencies showed strongest associations with vaccine confidence. CONCLUSION: Multiple stakeholders are necessary to ensure verified, accessible, and accurate information in order to advance vaccine confidence in rural, conservative areas.
Asunto(s)
Docentes , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Estudiantes , Confianza , Humanos , North Dakota , Femenino , Masculino , Universidades , Adulto , Estudiantes/psicología , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto Joven , Docentes/psicología , Docentes/estadística & datos numéricos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Vacunación/psicología , Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricos , AdolescenteRESUMEN
Hemorrhagic disease (HD) of deer is caused by epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) or bluetongue virus (BTV) and is considered one of the most important viral diseases of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Despite evidence of changing patterns of HD in the northeastern and upper midwestern US, the historical and current patterns of HD in the Great Plains remain poorly described. We used results from an annual survey documenting HD mortality to characterize historic and current patterns of HD in the northern and central Great Plains (North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma), US, between 1982 and 2020. Further, we assessed temporal change using linear regression to determine change in annual reporting intensity (percentage of counties in a state with reported HD) and change in reporting frequency (the number of years a county or state reported HD) during each decade between 1982 and 2020. Across the 38-yr study period, HD reports expanded northeast across latitude and longitude. Intensity of HD reports significantly increased during this period for three (North Dakota, South Dakota, Kansas) of five states examined. Frequency of reports also increased for all five states. Such changes in northern latitudes might lead to increased deer mortality in regions where HD epizootics have been historically less frequent. Understanding how patterns of HD are changing on the landscape is important when considering future deer management in the face of other mortality factors.
Asunto(s)
Ciervos , Virus de la Enfermedad Hemorrágica Epizoótica , Infecciones por Reoviridae , Animales , Ciervos/virología , Infecciones por Reoviridae/veterinaria , Infecciones por Reoviridae/epidemiología , Infecciones por Reoviridae/mortalidad , North Dakota/epidemiología , South Dakota/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Feralization of genetically engineered (GE) crops increases the risk that transgenes will become integrated into natural and naturalizing plant populations. A key assumption of the management of GE crops is that populations of escaped plants are short-lived and therefore the risks they pose are limited. However, few populations of escaped crop plants have been tracked over the long term so our understanding of their persistence in ruderal or natural landscapes is limited. We repeated a large-scale road survey of feral GE canola populations in North Dakota, USA, initially conducted in 2010. Our objectives in 2021 were to determine the current distribution of feral canola populations, and to establish the relative frequency of GE and non-GE phenotypes in populations of canola throughout North Dakota. Our results indicate that, although the incidence of feral canola was less in 2021 than 2010, escaped canola populations remain common throughout the state. The prevalence of alternate forms of GE herbicide resistance changed between surveys, and we found an overabundance of non-GE plants compared to the frequency of non-transgenic forms in cultivation. Indirect evidence of persistence includes sampling plants with multiple transgenic traits, and finding populations far from transportation routes. We conclude that feral canola populations expressing transgenic herbicide resistance are established outside of cultivation, that they may be under selection for loss of the transgene, but that they nonetheless pose long-term risks by harboring transgenes in the unmanaged landscape.
Asunto(s)
Productos Agrícolas , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Transgenes , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/genética , Productos Agrícolas/genética , Brassica napus/genética , North Dakota , Resistencia a los Herbicidas/genética , Estados Unidos , Ingeniería Genética , FenotipoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Research demonstrates that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)-that is, experiences of abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction-are related to lower preventive dental care utilization in childhood and adolescence. However, limited research has explored the connection between ACEs and preventive dental care utilization in adulthood, and no research has examined this relationship during pregnancy. The current study extends existing research by investigating the relationship between ACEs and dental cleaning and dental care utilization during pregnancy among a sample of women who delivered live births in North Dakota and South Dakota. METHODS: Data are from the 2017 to 2021 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) in North Dakota and South Dakota (n = 7391). Multiple logistic regression is used to examine the relationship between the number of ACEs (0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 or more) and dental cleaning during pregnancy. RESULTS: Relative to respondents with 0 ACEs, those with 4 or more ACEs were significantly less likely to report having dental care during pregnancy (OR = 0.757, 95% CI = 0.638, 0.898). By racial and ethnic background, the results showed that the significant associations are concentrated among White and Native American respondents. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that exposure to 4 or more ACEs is associated with a significantly lower likelihood of dental cleaning during pregnancy among women who delivered a live birth in North Dakota and South Dakota. Further investigations are necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying the relationship between ACEs and dental cleaning during pregnancy and replicate the findings in other geographic contexts.
Asunto(s)
Experiencias Adversas de la Infancia , Atención Odontológica , Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , South Dakota , North Dakota , Adulto , Atención Odontológica/estadística & datos numéricos , Experiencias Adversas de la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto Joven , AdolescenteRESUMEN
Despite increased risk of morbidity and mortality among older adults due to preventable infectious diseases such as influenza, shingles, pneumonia, and COVID-19, many forego receiving some, if not all, of these vaccinations. This study examines vaccination motivators and deterrents for undervaccinated older adults in North Dakota (ND). Adults aged 65+ in ND were mailed a survey (n = 901) with questions gauging vaccination behaviors and perceptions, with 132 of these indicating not receiving certain vaccinations. Further questions assessed reasons they have not been vaccinated against the following diseases: influenza, shingles, pneumonia, and COVID-19 (e.g., "Concerned about side effects", "Vaccines are dangerous", "I'm healthy and I do not need it") and what would make it more likely to get a vaccine (e.g., "More information", "Doctor recommendation", "Easy access to vaccines"). Reasons for remaining unvaccinated varied by vaccine. For influenza and pneumococcal vaccines, respondents were more likely to indicate they are healthy and do not need the vaccine. For shingles and COVID-19, respondents were more likely to indicate concerns about side effects. Factors reported to motivate increasing the likelihood of getting a vaccine were receiving a doctor recommendation, receiving more information, and having a vaccine provided at no cost. These results contribute to our understanding of vaccination behaviors among older adults and underscore specific issues around which to frame interventions tailored to increase vaccine uptake for this population.
Asunto(s)
Motivación , Humanos , North Dakota , Anciano , Femenino , Masculino , Anciano de 80 o más Años , COVID-19/prevención & control , Vacunación/psicología , Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricos , Vacunas contra la Influenza/administración & dosificación , Vacilación a la Vacunación/psicología , Vacilación a la Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/administración & dosificación , Gripe Humana/prevención & control , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en SaludRESUMEN
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome remains an uncommon yet emerging viral zoonosis that causes respiratory failure and hemodynamic instability in children and adolescents. Due to its acutely progressive course and high mortality rate, clinicians treating hantavirus pulmonary syndrome should understand its epidemiologic risk factors, clinical syndrome and radiographic findings. We present a case of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in a 14-year-old female from North Dakota who survived the infection without sequelae.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome Pulmonar por Hantavirus , Adolescente , Humanos , Femenino , Síndrome Pulmonar por Hantavirus/diagnóstico , North Dakota , Orthohantavirus/aislamiento & purificación , AnimalesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to compare impact of COVID-19 on trauma volume and characteristics on a set of trauma centers with a rural catchment area. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected different parts of the country quite differently, both in case volume and in local responses. State-wide responses have varied considerably, including variations in local mask mandates, school closures, and social distancing measures. METHODS: This was a retrospective trauma registry review of patients who were admitted to three of the tertiary care trauma centers in North and South Dakota between 2014 through 2022. RESULTS: In the analysis of 36,397 patients, we found a significant increase in trauma patient volume during the COVID-19 pandemic, with an increased percentage of patients presenting with a mechanism of injury secondary to abuse or assault. This increase in patient volume continued to rise during 2021 and 2022. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted trauma center admissions in the rural and frontier Midwest differently from more urban areas, and the importance of including a variety of settings in trauma research.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Centros Traumatológicos , Heridas y Lesiones , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Estudios Retrospectivos , Heridas y Lesiones/epidemiología , Centros Traumatológicos/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , South Dakota/epidemiología , Sistema de Registros , North Dakota/epidemiología , Adolescente , Pandemias , Adulto Joven , Anciano , Población Rural/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of a pharmacy student delivered presentation on prospective rural high school students' interest toward the pharmacy profession and knowledge regarding a career in pharmacy. METHODS: Presentations about applying to pharmacy school, the Doctor of Pharmacy degree, and pharmacist careers were given at ten high schools across North Dakota and Minnesota by third year pharmacy students attending North Dakota State University. Each pharmacy student presenter received training to ensure that all high school students received clear and consistent information. A pre-post survey was used to understand the impact of the presentation on high school student interest and knowledge regarding a career in pharmacy. Data was analyzed using a chi-square test and McNemar's test. RESULTS: Five hundred and eight students consented to the study and completed the pre-post surveys. Of these students, the largest group was high school juniors (number (n) = 239, 47%), followed by sophomores (n = 161, 32%), seniors (n = 104, 20%) and freshmen (n = 3, 1%). The majority of students attended school in North Dakota (n = 469, 92%). Similarly, most students planned to attend a four-year college (n = 451, 89%) and were interested in a medical/healthcare related career (n = 310, 61%). All interest and knowledge questions showed a statistically significant increase in score pre-post. CONCLUSION: Presentations delivered by pharmacy students to prospective rural high school students improved overall interest and knowledge regarding pharmacy school and the profession. Presentations are a useful tool for pharmacy programs to help promote their school and the profession of pharmacy.
Asunto(s)
Selección de Profesión , Humanos , North Dakota , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Minnesota , Estudiantes de Farmacia/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudiantes de Farmacia/psicología , Farmacéuticos/estadística & datos numéricos , Farmacéuticos/psicología , Educación en Farmacia/métodos , Educación en Farmacia/estadística & datos numéricos , Educación en Farmacia/tendencias , Facultades de Farmacia/estadística & datos numéricos , Facultades de Farmacia/organización & administración , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en SaludRESUMEN
Objectives. To assess COVID-19 vaccination rates among North Dakota residents who gave birth. Methods. We used data from North Dakota Vital Records and the North Dakota Immunization Information System for North Dakota residents who gave birth between April 1, 2021, and July 15, 2022. We evaluated vaccination with 1 dose, primary series, and monovalent booster for timing before and during pregnancy and postpartum. Results. Among North Dakota residents who gave birth, 44% received at least 1 COVID-19 vaccine, 34% received a complete primary series, and 10% received a monovalent booster dose. Among those who received a COVID-19 vaccine, the majority was vaccinated during pregnancy. Obstetrics and gynecology providers administered just 9.2% of COVID-19 vaccine doses. Conclusions. Most persons who gave birth in North Dakota did not receive the primary series of the COVID-19 vaccine while pregnant. Providers have an opportunity to counsel their pregnant and recently pregnant patients on vaccine recommendations. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(2):237-240. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307500).
Asunto(s)
Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Femenino , Embarazo , Humanos , North Dakota/epidemiología , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Vacunación , InmunizaciónRESUMEN
Fusarium root rot is an important disease of field pea (Pisum sativum var. sativum L.) that occurs everywhere pea is grown, causing yield loss of up to 75%. Fusarium root rot is caused by a complex of Fusarium species, most notably Fusarium solani in the Pacific Northwest of the United States and F. avenaceum in the northern Great Plains of the United States and Canada. F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi (Fop) was frequently isolated from peas exhibiting root rot symptoms in North Dakota during recent surveys. Fop causes wilt (races 1, 5, and 6) and near wilt (race 2) on pea. However, its contribution to pea root rot remains unclear. Fop race was determined for isolates from North Dakota pea root rot surveys. ND Fop isolates were evaluated for root rot pathogenicity and aggressiveness at standard and elevated temperatures. Results from greenhouse wilt assays indicated that all Fop races exist in North Dakota, with race 2 most prevalent among the 25 North Dakota isolates evaluated. Root rot evaluations conducted at 21/18°C and 25/19°C day/night temperatures demonstrated that most Fop isolates were as aggressive or more aggressive than F. solani and F. avenaceum under both temperature regimes. Aggressiveness of Fop isolates tended to increase at elevated assay temperatures. Results from these experiments indicate that Fop may be an important contributor to the root rot complex of field pea in North Dakota and should be considered in integrated pest management strategies, including pea breeding efforts to improve resistance to Fusarium root rot.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Asunto(s)
Fusarium , Pisum sativum , Enfermedades de las Plantas , Estados Unidos , Temperatura , North Dakota , FitomejoramientoRESUMEN
Necrophagous insect species are widely used during death investigations primarily for the estimation of the minimum postmortem interval, since these species use decomposing organic matter for feeding, oviposition, and larval development. The development stages and successional colonization patterns provide important information for shorter or longer postmortem time intervals. Diptera species are the predominant taxa recovered from decomposed bodies. The temperature variance/seasonality is the main factor affecting the time presence and activity of these species. Other factors, such as geographical location, antemortem conditions, and cause of death, can influence the presence and succession of necrophagous entomofauna. Consequently, successional studies and information regarding species colonization patterns are needed for each geographical region to be used as reference data during death investigations. This study addressed the need to collect forensic entomological data for the State of North Dakota, within the first necrophagous entomofauna diversity report for the month of July 2022, using pig carcasses as human analogs. During the experimental period, 18 species of Diptera and Coleoptera were identified, with 10 new state records, while Calliphoridae was found to be the predominant family. The resulted data on necrophagous insect species diversity and dynamics from exposed pig carcasses will strengthen the current knowledge on forensic entomology in North Dakota and will serve as reference data to be used during death investigations in the Great Plains region.
Asunto(s)
Dípteros , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Porcinos , Humanos , Animales , North Dakota , Conducta Alimentaria , Insectos , Cadáver , Cambios Post Mortem , LarvaRESUMEN
In North Dakota (ND), American Indian women are more likely to be exposed to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and interpersonal violence, and receive late prenatal care (PNC) compared to other racial groups. In a sample of 1,849 (weighted n = 26,348) women from the 2017 to 2019 North Dakota Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, we performed a series of logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for AI and Other Racial Identity women compared to White women regarding risk of late PNC (initiated after week 13) and dissatisfaction of PNC timing. Models were adjusted for interpersonal violence (from husband/partner, family member, someone outside of family, ex-husband/partner, or any) to determine if violence accounts for racial/ethnic disparities in PNC. AI women experienced two-fold higher risk of late PNC (OR: 2.25, 95% CI: 1.55, 3.26) and dissatisfaction of PNC timing (OR: 2.34, 95% CI: 1.61, 3.40) than White women. In the analyses for the association between joint ACEs (Higher: ≥4; Lower: <4)/Race and PNC outcomes, odds of late PNC were two-fold among AI women with Higher ACEs (OR: 2.35, 95% CI: 1.41, 3.94) and Lower ACEs (OR: 2.73, 95% CI: 1.69, 4.41), compared to White women with Lower ACEs. Results were similar for dissatisfaction of PNC timing. Accounting for violence did not significantly change odds ratios in any analyses. Thus, interpersonal violence surrounding pregnancy does not explain racial disparities in PNC in ND. To understand disparities in PNC among AI women, risk factors like historic trauma and systemic oppression should be examined.
Asunto(s)
Experiencias Adversas de la Infancia , Atención Prenatal , Embarazo , Femenino , Humanos , Atención Prenatal/métodos , North Dakota , Grupos Raciales , ViolenciaRESUMEN
There is growing interest in better understanding the environmental impacts of landfills and optimizing their operation. Accordingly, we developed a holistic framework to calculate a landfill's Ecological Footprint (EF) and applied that to the Fargo, North Dakota, landfill. Parallelly, the carbon footprint and biocapacity of the landfill were calculated. We calculated the EF for six scenarios (i.e., cropland, grazing land, marine land, inland fishing ground, forest land, and built land as land types) and six operational strategies typical for landfills. Operational strategies were selected based on the variations of landfill equipment, the gas collection system, efficiency, the occurrence of fugitive emissions, and flaring. The annual EF values range from 124 to 213,717 global hectares depending on land type and operational strategy. Carbon footprints constituted 28.01-99.98% of total EF, mainly driven by fugitive emissions and landfill equipment. For example, each percent increase in Fargo landfill's fugitive emissions caused the carbon footprint to rise by 2130 global hectares (4460 tons CO2e). While the landfill has biocapacity as grazing grass in open spaces, it remains unused/inaccessible. By leveraging the EF framework for landfills, operators can identify the primary elements contributing to a landfill's environmental impact, thereby minimizing it.
Asunto(s)
Eliminación de Residuos , Trialato , North Dakota , Bosques , Instalaciones de Eliminación de Residuos , Huella de CarbonoRESUMEN
Grazing management is an important factor affecting the delivery of ecosystem services at the watershed scale. Moreover, characterizing the impacts of climate variation on water resources is essential in managing rangelands. In this study, the effects of alternative grazing management scenarios on provisioning, regulating, and supporting services were assessed in two watersheds with contrasting climates; the Lower Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River (LPDTFR) Watershed in North Texas and the Apple Watershed in South Dakota. The impacts of heavy stocking continuous grazing, light stocking continuous grazing, Adaptive Multi-Paddock (AMP) grazing, and an ungrazed exclosure were compared using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. Our results indicate that the quantity of snow and timing of snow melt substantially influenced grazing management effects on ecosystem services in the Apple Watershed. In contrast, precipitation was the main factor influencing these effects in the LPDTFR Watershed because it highly affected the variation in water cycling, streamflow, sediment, and nutrient controls. Simulated results indicated that AMP grazing was the optimal grazing management approach for enhancing water conservation and ecosystem services in both watersheds regardless of climatic conditions. The Apple Watershed, which is a snow-dominated watershed, exhibited greater ecosystem service improvements under AMP grazing (50.6%, 58.7%, 74.4%, 61.5% and 72.6% reduction in surface runoff, streamflow, and sediment, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) losses, respectively as compared to HC grazing) than the LPDTFR Watershed (46.0%, 22.8%, 34.1%, 18.9% and 38.4% reduction in surface runoff, streamflow, and sediment, TN and TP losses, respectively). Our results suggest that improved grazing management practices enhance ecosystem services and water catchment functions in rangeland-dominated areas, especially in colder climates.
Asunto(s)
Ecosistema , Suelo , North Dakota , Texas , AguaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: North Dakota (ND) had the highest coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case and mortality rate in the United States for nearly 2 mo. This study aims to compare 3 metrics ND used to guide public health action across its 53 counties. METHODS: Daily COVID-19 case and death totals in North Dakota were evaluated using data from the COVID-tracker website provided by the North Department of Health (NDDoH). It was reported as: active cases per 10,000, tests administered per 10,000, and test positivity rate (the North Dakota health metric). The COVID-19 Response press conferences provided data for the Governor's metric. The Harvard model used daily new cases per 100,000. A chi-squared test was used to compare differences in these 3 metrics on July 1, August 26, September 23, and November 13, 2020. RESULTS: On July 1, no significant difference between the metrics was found. By September 23, Harvard's health metric indicated critical risk while ND's health metric was moderate risk, and the Governor's metric was still low risk. CONCLUSIONS: ND's and the Governor's metric underrepresented the risk of the COVID-19 outbreak in North Dakota. The Harvard metric reflected North Dakota's increasing risk; it should be considered as a national standard in future pandemics. PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS: Model-based predictors could guide policy-makers to effectively control spread of infectious disease; proactive models could reduce risk of disease as it progresses in vulnerable communities.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Estados Unidos , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , North Dakota/epidemiología , Brotes de Enfermedades , Salud Pública , Pandemias/prevención & controlRESUMEN
The COVID-19 pandemic impacted different aspects of human lifestyle, including waste generation and management. The landfilled and recycled waste volume from the City of Fargo's annual solid waste report between 2019 and 2021 was critically analyzed to understand these impacts. The analysis showed a 4.5% increase in the residential waste volume in 2020 compared to 2019 and 2021, suggesting a pandemic-induced lockdown effect. The monthly residential waste volume was approximately 5-15% greater during the mandatory quarantine period (April - November 2020) than in 2019 and 2021. Commercial waste volume decreased by 12% during 2020 and then sharply increased in 2021 as commercial facilities reopened. The total recycling volume increased slightly by 2.5% in 2020 compared to 2019 and 2021. Cardboard recycling showed a 5.8% increase in 2020 from 2019 and a 13% increase in 2021 compared to 2020. This was presumably caused by the reliance on online shopping during the pandemic and becoming habituated to online shopping. The COVID-19 pandemic did not significantly impact other classes of recycled waste volumes. In summary, COVID-19 affected landfilling and recycling in different capacities in the City of Fargo. The data will contribute to the global understanding of the impact of COVID-19 on solid waste management practices.Implications: The COVID-19 pandemic impacted waste generation and management. In Fargo, USA, the monthly residential waste volume increased by up to 15% during the mandatory quarantine period in 2020 compared to the same period in 2019 and 2021. Conversely, the monthly commercial waste volume decreased during the mandatory quarantine period in 2020. The commercial waste volume increased in 2021 as commercial activities became normal. The cardboard recycling increased significantly because people became used to online shopping during the lockdown, and the practice continues. The findings will contribute to the global understanding of the impact of COVID-19 on solid waste management practices.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Eliminación de Residuos , Trialato , Administración de Residuos , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , Pandemias , North Dakota , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles , Residuos Sólidos/análisis , ReciclajeRESUMEN
Thirty-seven species and subspecies of mosquitoes were identified from 3,580,610 specimens collected in eastern (Cass, Nelson, and Richland counties) and western (Williams County) North Dakota in 2003-2006. Four species were new state records (Aedes schizopinax, Psorophora ciliata, Ps. ferox, and Ps. horrida). Aedes vexans was dominant (82.9%). Other relatively abundant species were Ae. trivittatus (7.7%), Ae. melanimon (2.7%), Culex tarsalis (2.6%), Ae. dorsalis (1.6%), Ae. sticticus (1.0), and Culiseta inornata (0.9%). The seasonality of the species is presented.