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RATIONALE: Radial nerve palsy in the newborn and congenital radial head dislocation (CRHD) are both rare disorders, and early diagnosis is challenging. We reported a case of an infant with concurrent presence of these 2 diseases and provide a comprehensive review of the relevant literature. The purpose of the study is to share diagnostic and treatment experiences and provide potentially valuable insights. PATIENT CONCERNS: A newborn has both radial nerve palsy and CRHD, characterized by limited wrist and fingers extension but normal flexion, normal shoulder and elbow movement on the affected side, characteristic skin lesions around the elbow, and an "audible click" at the radial head. The patient achieved significant improvement solely through physical therapy and observation. DIAGNOSES: The patient was diagnosed with radial nerve palsy in the newborn combined with CRHD. INTERVENTIONS: The patient received regular physical therapy including joint function training, low-frequency pulse electrical therapy, acupuncture, paraffin treatment, as well as overnight splint immobilization. OUTCOMES: The child could actively extend the wrist to a neutral position and extend all fingers. LESSONS: If a neonate exhibits limited extension in the wrist and fingers, but normal flexion, along with normal shoulder and elbow movement, and is accompanied by skin lesions around the elbow, there should be a high suspicion of radial nerve palsy in the newborn.

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Radial tunnel syndrome (RTS) is caused by compression of the posterior interosseous nerve and consists of a constellation of symptoms that have previously been characterized as aspects of other disease processes, as opposed to a distinct diagnosis. First described in the mid-20th century as "radial pronator syndrome," knowledge regarding the anatomy and presentation of RTS has advanced markedly over the past several decades. However, there remains notable controversy and ongoing research regarding diagnostic imaging, nonsurgical treatment options, and indications for surgical intervention. In this review, we will discuss the anatomic considerations of RTS, relevant physical examination findings, potential diagnostic modalities, and outcomes of several treatment options.

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INTRODUCTION: The radial tunnel syndrome (RTS) is an entrapment of the radial nerve in the forearm. It is characterized by pain focused on the trapping area in the proximal forearm as well as pain radiated down the forearm. The syndrome is more common in men and in our estimation, there is a circumstantial connection to the continuous use of the computer keyboard. Radial tunnel syndrome is a consequence of nerve entrapment in the tunnel, which is formed from a covering consisting of the supinator muscle and the distal margins of this muscle. There is a clear association between radial tunnel syndrome and the occurrence of tennis elbow. The sensitivity in nearby locations along with the lack of familiarity of some of the clinicians with RTS lead to misdiagnosis and therefore, even to mistreatment in some cases. The physical examination is the most important means of making the correct diagnosis. The treatment of radial tunnel syndrome is divided into the conservative one in which emphasis is placed on physiotherapy and mobilizations of the nerve and the surgical one during which decompression of the radial canal is performed and in fact release of pressure at the exact anatomical location.

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El nervio radial tiene un recorrido largo y sinuoso por el miembro superior que abarca desde la axila hasta la mano y dedos. En este camino puede presentar varias zonas de compresión, siendo la más frecuente a nivel de arcada de Frohse con atrapamiento de su rama terminal, el nervio interóseo posterior. Presentamos un caso clínico de una paciente con atrapamiento del nervio radial a nivel del canal de torsión humeral y cómo la ecografía y los bloqueos nerviosos pueden ser útiles tanto para su diagnóstico como su tratamiento, con la particularidad de que en nuestro caso fue insuficiente con el bloqueo del tronco principal del nervio radial, siendo necesario en una segunda intervención actuar también sobre su rama el nervio cutáneo braquial lateroinferior para obtener un óptimo resultado clínico (AU)

The radial nerve has a long and sinuous course in the upper limb from the axilla to the hand and fingers. There are several possible areas of compression along this trajectory, the most frequent being on the Arcade of Frohse, with entrapment of its terminal nerve, the posterior interosseous nerve. We report the case of a patient with radial nerve entrapment in the spiral groove and describe how ultrasound and nerve blocks could be useful in diagnosis and treatment. In our patient, nerve block at the main radial nerve in the spiral groove was insufficient. A second nerve block was needed in the inferior lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm to achieve an optimal clinical result (AU)

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OBJECTION: Entrapment neuropathies are common in clinical practice. Early diagnosis and management of nerve compression is necessary to maintain limb function and to improve the patient's quality of life. CASE REPORT: In this article, we reported a woman presenting with wrist drop as a result of acute radial nerve compression following strenuous activity involving the arms. The diagnosis was based on clinical and ultrasonographic findings. Once the diagnosis was made, activity modifications and systemic steroid were prescribed, and the patient made a near-complete recovery. CONCLUSION: Patients with acute wrist drop and sensorial loss should be examined in terms of arm overuse, and radial nerve compression should be confirmed by peripheral nerve ultrasound.

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High radial palsy is primarily associated with humeral shaft fractures, whether primary due to the initial trauma, or secondary to their treatment. The majority will spontaneously recover, therefore early surgical exploration is mainly indicated for open fractures or if ultrasonography shows severe nerve damage. Initial signs of nerve recovery may appear between 2 weeks and 6 months. Otherwise, the decision to explore the nerve is based on the patient's age, clinical examination and electroneuromyography, as well as ultrasonography findings. If recovery does not occur, an autograft is indicated only in younger patients, before 6 months, if local conditions are suitable. Otherwise, nerve transfers performed by an experienced team give satisfactory results and can be offered up to 10 months post-injury. Tendon transfers are the gold standard treatment and the only option available beyond 10 to 12 months. The results are reliable and fast.

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Isolated posterior interosseous nerve palsy is an uncommon condition and its management is controversial. Existing literature is sparse and a treatment algorithm based on existing best evidence is absent. A comprehensive review was undertaken to elucidate the causes of spontaneous posterior interosseous nerve palsy and suggest a management strategy based on the current evidence. Posterior interosseous nerve palsy can be broadly categorized as compressive and non-compressive, and the existing evidence supports surgical intervention for compressive palsy. For posterior interosseous nerve pathology with no compressive lesion on imaging, conservative management should be tried first. Surgery is therefore reserved for compressive lesions and for failure of conservative management. The commonly performed operative procedures include decompression and neurolysis, neurorrhaphy and nerve grafting, and tendon transfers with or without nerve grafting performed as a salvage procedure. The prognosis is poorer in patients aged > 50 years, those with a delay to surgery, and those who have had long-standing compression with severe fascicular thinning.

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This case report describes a 45-year-old male who presented with chronic right lateral elbow pain managed unsuccessfully with conservative treatment that included anti-inflammatory medication, injection, massage, exercise, bracing, taping, electro-physical agents, and manual therapy. Diagnosis of radial tunnel syndrome (RTS) was based on palpatory findings, range of motion testing, resisted isometrics, and a positive upper limb neural tension test 2b (radial nerve bias). Conventionally, the intervention for this entrapment has been surgical decompression, with successful outcomes. This is potentially a first-time report, describing the successful management of RTS with dry needling (DN) using a recently published DN grading system. Immediate improvements were noted in all the outcome measures after the first treatment, with complete pain-resolution maintained at a 6-month follow-up. A model is proposed describing the mechanism by which DN could be used to intervene for nerve entrapment interfaces.

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Individuals who sustain damage to the radial nerve experience a significant loss in functional use of the hand. Traditional orthoses have been effective in providing assistance with wrist stabilization and finger/thumb MP extension. These authors adapted a low profile orthosis to provide the necessary support while allowing radial and ulnar deviation of the wrist, thus increasing functional use of the hand.--Victoria Priganc, PhD, OTR, CHT, CLT, Practice Forum Editor.

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Humeral shaft fractures account for up to 5% of all fractures. Many of these fractures are still being treated conservatively using functional (Sarmiento) bracing or a hanging arm cast. Union is achieved in 10 weeks in more than 94% of cases. Angulation of less than 30° varus or valgus and less than 20° flessum or recurvatum can be tolerated by the patient from a functional and esthetic point of view. The ideal candidate for this treatment is a patient with an isolated fracture. Plate and screw fixation of the fracture results in union in 11 to 19 weeks. Reported complications include non-union (2.8-21%), secondary radial nerve palsy (6.5-12%) and infection (0.8-2.4%). Anterograde or retrograde locked intramedullary nailing requires knowledge of nailing techniques and regional anatomy to avoid the complications associated with the technique. Union is obtained in 10-15 weeks. Reported complications consist of non-union (2-17.4%), infection (0-4%) and secondary radial nerve palsy (2.7-5%). Hackethal bundle nailing is still used for fracture fixation, despite an elevated complication rate (5-24% non-union and 6-29% pin migration) because of its low cost and simple instrumentation. Union is achieved in 8-9 weeks. Controversy remains about the course to follow when the radial nerve is injured initially. If the fracture is open, significantly displaced, associated with a vascular injury or requires surgical treatment, the nerve must be explored. In other cases, the recommended approach varies greatly. Conservative treatment is inexpensive and has a low complication rate. Humeral shaft fractures are increasingly being treated surgically, at a greater cost and higher risk of complications.

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Radial nerve injuries continue to challenge hand surgeons. The course of the nerve and its intimate relationship to the humerus place it at high risk for injury with humerus fractures. We present a review of radial nerve injuries with emphasis on their etiology, workup, diagnosis, management, and outcomes.

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OBJECTIVE: Bassoonists seem to have a high recorded prevalence of performance-related upper limb symptoms. Yet, the background for their symptoms has not been established. This study aimed to diagnose and treat the pathology that caused severe upper limb symptoms in a bassoon/contrabassoon musician in order to allow him to continue his professional career in a symphony orchestra. METHODS: A detailed neurological bedside examination was undertaken and targeted physiotherapy offered. RESULTS: The physical examination demonstrated weakness, atrophy, and nerve trunk soreness, indicating an affliction of the posterior interosseous nerve (radial tunnel syndrome) or its muscular branches. The risk factors during bassoon playing are comparable to those reported from industrial exposures. The patient was able to resume playing after treatment by nerve mobilisation.

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PURPOSE: This study aims to discuss the diagnosis and management of radial nerve compression neuropathy in the newborn. METHODS: A personal case is presented, followed by a review and analysis of clinically similar cases identified via a PubMed search of published medical literature. RESULTS: We report a case of a term newborn with bilateral radial neuropathy at the humerus level. Despite severe axonal involvement in the electrophysiological evaluation, the patient showed complete bilateral recovery after 3 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Isolated radial nerve palsy is a rare event in the newborn. The condition does not require surgical treatment and usually proceeds to full and rapid spontaneous recovery.

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OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND: There was no agreement with regard to the treatment for secondary radial nerve palsy. This study aimed to investigate at what point should exploration of the nerve be considered. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-five patients with fracture of the diaphyseal humerus treated with internal fixation at our hospital from February 2000 to February 2010 were reviewed retrospectively. There were six cases of secondary radial nerve palsy occurred soon after humeral internal fixation. No recognized intraoperative injuries to the radial nerve were recorded. Initial conservative observation was carried out in all six cases. RESULTS: Follow-up period averaged 28 months (range 24-37 months). In four cases, the beginning of electromyography recovery averaged 3.5 months (range 1-5 months), the meantime of onset of clinical recovery was 4.8 months (range 1-6 months), and the average time to full recovery of wrist and finger extension was 8.5 months (range 3-12 months). In other two cases, nerve exploration was made when there was no nerve recovery 3 months after internal fixation of humeral fracture at the request of patients. There were no macroscopic lesions of the radial nerve. At 2-year follow-up, extension of wrist and finger recovered to nearly normal in these two cases. CONCLUSIONS: For treatment for secondary radial nerve palsy, it seems reasonable to consider watchful waiting for about 5 months before nerve exploration if the decision as to the period of waiting was based on the clinical recovery onset time.

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Nerve entrapment syndromes in the upper extremity are being recognized with increasing frequency. Prompt and correct diagnosis of these injuries is important. This article is a review of the common entrapment nerve injuries seen in the upper extremity. Each of these clinical syndromes is discussed independently, reviewing the anatomy, compression sites, patient presentation (history and examination), the role of additional diagnostic studies, and management.

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This case report describes a 41-year-old female who presented with complaints of pain in the lower lateral one-third of the right radius extending into the first web space. Tinel's sign reproducing the patient's symptoms was elicited 8.2 cm above the radial styloid process. Physical diagnosis for superficial radial nerve entrapment was made based on a positive upper limb neural tension test 2a along with symptom reproduction during resisted isometrics to brachioradialis and wrist extensors. A potential first time successful conservative Kinesio tape (KT) management for entrapment of the superficial radial nerve is described in this report. An immediate improvement in grip strength and functional activities along with a reduction in pain and swelling was noted in this patient after the first treatment session, which was maintained at a 6 month follow-up. A model is proposed describing the mechanism by which KT application could be used to intervene for nerve entrapment interfaces.

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