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ABSTRACT Objective The objective of our study was to report 5 years of experience in the recognition and management of refractory meralgia paresthetica (MP) in patients who had undergone posterior approach lumbar surgery. Methods Patients who were submitted to procedures in the lumbar spine from January 2010 to January 2015 in three different hospital centers in Belo Horizonte/MG were selected for an evaluation of the postoperative development of MP. A prospective observational comparative case series study. Level of evidence III. Evaluation of the following parameters: type of support for the patient, surgical time, body mass index. Results 367 posterior approach lumbar spine surgeries for degenerative pathologies of the lumbar spine were performed. MP was observed in 81 patients (22%). In 65 of those patients (80%), there was complete resolution of the symptoms with conservative management (local measures and medications for neuropathic pain) in less than two months. Twelve patients improved with a corticosteroid depot injection in the inguinal ligament and four patients required a surgical procedure in the third month. Pneumatic support was the least involved in the development of MP, as well as surgical time <1h and body mass index <25. Conclusion Refractory MP may occur in patients submitted to posterior approach lumbar spine surgeries. Management includes local measures, medications for neuropathic pain, and corticosteroid injection in the inguinal ligament. Decompression surgery is reserved for rare refractory cases. Level of evidence III; Prospective observational study with comparative case series.

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo do presente estudo consiste em relatar a experiência de cinco anos no reconhecimento e manejo da meralgia parestésica (MP) refratária em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias lombares por via posterior. Métodos Pacientes submetidos a procedimentos na coluna lombar, no período de janeiro de 2010 a janeiro de 2015, em três diferentes centros hospitalares de Belo Horizonte/MG, foram selecionados para avaliação do desenvolvimento da MP pós-operatória. Estudo prospectivo observacional com série de casos comparativos. Nível III de evidência. Avaliação dos seguintes parâmetros: tipo de suporte para o paciente, tempo de cirurgia, índice de massa corporal. Resultados Foram feitas 367 cirurgias por via posterior da coluna lombar para patologias degenerativas da coluna lombar. A MP foi observada em 81 pacientes (22%). Em 65 pacientes (80%), houve resolução completa dos sintomas com manejo conservador (medidas locais e medicamentos para dor neuropática) em menos de dois meses. Doze pacientes melhoraram através de infiltração com corticoide de depósito e anestésico no local no ligamento inguinal e, em quatro pacientes houve necessidade de procedimento cirúrgico no terceiro mês. O suporte pneumático foi o menos envolvido no desenvolvimento da MP, assim como o tempo cirúrgico <1h e índice de massa corporal <25. Conclusão A MP refratária pode ocorrer em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias na coluna lombar por via posterior. O manejo inclui medidas locais, medicamentos para dor neuropática e infiltração com corticoide no ligamento inguinal. A cirurgia descompressiva está reservada para os raros casos refratários. Nível de evidência III; Estudo prospectivo observacional com série de casos comparativos.

RESUMEN Objetivo El objetivo del presente estudio consiste en relatar la experiencia de 5 años en el reconocimiento y manejo de la meralgia parestésica (MP) refractaria en pacientes sometidos a cirugías lumbares por vía posterior. Métodos Pacientes sometidos a procedimientos en la columna lumbar, en el período de enero de 2010 a enero de 2015, en tres diferentes centros hospitalarios de Belo Horizonte/MG, fueron seleccionados para evaluación del desarrollo de la MP postoperatoria. Estudio prospectivo observacional con serie de casos comparativos. Nivel III de evidencia. Evaluación de los siguientes parámetros: tipo de soporte para el paciente, tiempo de cirugía, índice de masa corporal. Resultados Se realizaron 367 cirugías por vía posterior de la columna lumbar para patologías degenerativas de la columna lumbar. La MP fue observada en 81 pacientes (22%). En 65 pacientes (80%) hubo resolución completa de los síntomas con manejo conservador (medidas locales y medicamentos para el dolor neuropático) en menos de 2 meses. Doce pacientes mejoraron a través de infiltración de corticoide de depósito y anestésico en el local en el ligamento inguinal y, en cuatro pacientes, hubo necesidad de procedimiento quirúrgico en el tercer mes. El soporte neumático fue el menos involucrado en el desarrollo de la MP, así como el tiempo quirúrgico <1h e índice de masa corporal <25. Conclusión La MP refractaria puede ocurrir en pacientes sometidos a cirugías en la columna lumbar por vía posterior. El manejo incluye medidas locales, medicamentos para el dolor neuropático e infiltración con corticoide en el ligamento inguinal. La cirugía descompresiva está reservada para los raros casos refractarios. Nivel de evidencia III; Estudio prospectivo observacional con serie de casos comparativos.

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INTRODUCTION: Perioperative nerve injuries are of great concern to anesthesiologists. Meralgia paresthetica is a syndrome of pain and paresthesia in the anterolateral region of thigh caused by injury of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. The purpose of this paper is present a case, review the bibliography to determine management guidelines. METHOD: A search about paresthetic meralgia was conducted from December 2013 to March 2018, using the PubMed database. RESULT: Nerve injuries and particular meralgia paresthetica are entities with multiple risk factors for their development. The diagnosis can be very complex, requires a high index of suspicion and an adequate differential study of other processes. Its treatment can be conservative or surgical. In the exposed case there is also an investigation about the responsibilities associated with the operative procedure. CONCLUSION: Perioperative nerve injuries occur frequently, being a cause of morbidity, increased costs and medical legal implications of great relevance to anesthesiologists.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las lesiones nerviosas perioperatorias son causa de gran preocupación para los anestesiólogos. La meralgia parestésica es un síndrome de dolor y parestesia en la región anterolateral del muslo originada por la lesión del nervio femorocutáneo lateral. El propósito de este trabajo es presentar un caso, revisar la bibliografía para determinar directrices de manejo. MÉTODO: Se presenta un caso clínico. Se realiza una búsqueda sobre la meralgia parestésica desde diciembre de 2013 a marzo de 2018, usando la base de PubMed. RESULTADO: Las lesiones nerviosas y en particular la meralgia parestésica son entidades con múltiples factores de riesgo para su desarrollo. El diagnóstico puede ser muy complejo, precisa un alto índice de sospecha y un adecuado estudio diferencial de otros procesos. Su tratamiento puede ser conservador o quirúrgico. En el caso expuesto además existe investigación sobre las responsabilidades asociadas al procedimiento operatorio. CONCLUSIÓN: Las lesiones nerviosas perioperatorias ocurren frecuentemente, siendo una causa de morbilidad, incremento de costos e implicaciones medicolegales de gran relevancia para los anestesiólogos.

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BACKGROUND: Traumatic iliacus muscle injury is rare; it is usually caused by trauma or intense exercise involving the pelvic girdle; it can produce a hematoma with femoral nerve neuropathy. Spontaneous muscle hematomas occur in patients with coagulation disorders. CLINICAL CASE: A 45-year-old male with 18 days of evolution, with an intense pain in the right buttock, groin and iliac fossa, with an inability for hip flexion and ambulation caused by inadequate exercise (supine double leg lifts). On the physical examination: intense pain with bending and/or internal rotation of the right hip, positive Thomas maneuver, quadriceps rated 3/5; area of paresthesia in the right femoral nerve territory. Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging showed: right iliacus muscle tear with blood between its fibers. Initial treatment was rest and analgesics for eight days and gradual extension of the hip, axillary crutches with partial weight bearing and diathermy on the right abdominal lower quadrant, active hip exercises, bicycle and right quadriceps strengthening. The evolution was satisfactory, with full recovery in six weeks.

La lesión traumática del músculo ilíaco es rara; generalmente es causada por trauma o ejercicio intenso, que ocasiona hematoma del músculo con neuropatía del nervio femoral como complicación. Los hematomas espontáneos del mismo ocurren en pacientes con trastornos de la coagulación.

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Resumen: Antecedentes: La lesión traumática del músculo ilíaco es rara; generalmente es causada por trauma o ejercicio intenso, que ocasiona hematoma del músculo con neuropatía del nervio femoral como complicación. Los hematomas espontáneos del mismo ocurren en pacientes con trastornos de la coagulación. Caso clínico: Masculino de 45 años con 18 días de evolución, con dolor intenso en la nalga, ingle y fosa ilíaca derechas e incapacidad de realizar flexión de la cadera, originados durante la realización de movimientos repetitivos (flexión de la cadera con elevación bilateral de las extremidades inferiores en posición supina). A la exploración: dolor a la flexión y/o rotación interna de la cadera derecha, maniobra Thomas positiva, cuádriceps con fuerza muscular 2/5; zona de parestesias en el territorio del nervio femoral derecho. La resonancia magnética de pelvis mostró ruptura parcial del músculo ilíaco, con sangre entre sus fibras. El paciente fue tratado con reposo y analgésicos durante ocho días, extensión gradual de la cadera, muletas axilares con apoyo parcial; a los ocho días se inició con diatermia a fosa ilíaca, ejercicios activos asistidos de flexión-extensión de cadera, bicicleta ergométrica y fortalecimiento del cuádriceps. La evolución fue satisfactoria; fue dado de alta asintomático a las seis semanas.

Abstract: Background: Traumatic iliacus muscle injury is rare; it is usually caused by trauma or intense exercise involving the pelvic girdle; it can produce a hematoma with femoral nerve neuropathy. Spontaneous muscle hematomas occur in patients with coagulation disorders. Clinical case: A 45-year-old male with 18 days of evolution, with an intense pain in the right buttock, groin and iliac fossa, with an inability for hip flexion and ambulation caused by inadequate exercise (supine double leg lifts). On the physical examination: intense pain with bending and/or internal rotation of the right hip, positive Thomas maneuver, quadriceps rated 3/5; area of paresthesia in the right femoral nerve territory. Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging showed: right iliacus muscle tear with blood between its fibers. Initial treatment was rest and analgesics for eight days and gradual extension of the hip, axillary crutches with partial weight bearing and diathermy on the right abdominal lower quadrant, active hip exercises, bicycle and right quadriceps strengthening. The evolution was satisfactory, with full recovery in six weeks.

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Meralgia parestésica é caracterizada por dor, parestesia ou queimação e diminuição da sensibilidade tátil e dolorosa na face anterolateral da coxa. Isto ocorre por uma neuropatia do nervo cutâneo femoral lateral (NCFL). O tratamento conservador é frequentemente bem-sucedido, aliviando os sintomas na maioria dos pacientes. Descrevemos o caso de uma paciente de 44 anos de idade que apresentou os sintomas descritos após uso pós-operatório de malha modeladora por cirurgia estética.

Meralgia paresthetica is characterized by pain, paresthesia or burning sensation, and reduction of tactile and pain sensitivity in the anterolateral surface of the thigh. This disability is caused by a neuropathy of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN). Conservative treatment is often successful at relieving the symptoms in the majority of patients. We describe the case of a 44-year-old patient who presented with these symptoms caused by postoperative use of a surgical girdle after aesthetic surgery.

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Se presentó un hombre de 70 años que sufrió un hematoma bilateral de los músculos psoas-iliacos como consecuencia del tratamiento con warfarina. Después de 6 d de tratamiento analgésico, valores de índice internacional normalizado inferiores a 1,5 y control del sangrado, se indicó la warfarina para continuar la profilaxis por la prótesis valvular mecánica. Fue egresado con secuelas motoras por la neuropatía femoral y se ha mantenido con tratamiento fisioterapéutico. Se diagnosticó neuropatía por compresión del nervio femoral, por hematoma de los músculos psoas-ilíacos. Los casos de hematomas retroperitoneales son escasos en la literatura médica, en Cuba no encontramos casos publicados(AU)

This is the case of a man suffered of a bilateral hematoma of psoas-iliac muscles as a consequence of warfarin treatment. After 6 days od analgesic treatment, values of INR lower than 1,5 and bleeding control warfarin was prescribed to continue the prophylaxis by mechanical valvular prosthesis. He was discharged with motor sequelae due to femoral neuropathy maintained with a physiotherapy treatment. A neuropathy by compression of femoral nerve due to hematoma of psoas-iliac muscles was diagnosed. The cases of retroperitoneal hematomas are scarce in medical literature and in Cuba there were not published cases(AU)

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Se presentó un hombre de 70 años que sufrió un hematoma bilateral de los músculos psoas-iliacos como consecuencia del tratamiento con warfarina. Después de 6 d de tratamiento analgésico, valores de índice internacional normalizado inferiores a 1,5 y control del sangrado, se indicó la warfarina para continuar la profilaxis por la prótesis valvular mecánica. Fue egresado con secuelas motoras por la neuropatía femoral y se ha mantenido con tratamiento fisioterapéutico. Se diagnosticó neuropatía por compresión del nervio femoral, por hematoma de los músculos psoas-ilíacos. Los casos de hematomas retroperitoneales son escasos en la literatura médica, en Cuba no encontramos casos publicados...

This is the case of a man suffered of a bilateral hematoma of psoas-iliac muscles as a consequence of warfarin treatment. After 6 days od analgesic treatment, values of INR lower than 1,5 and bleeding control warfarin was prescribed to continue the prophylaxis by mechanical valvular prosthesis. He was discharged with motor sequelae due to femoral neuropathy maintained with a physiotherapy treatment. A neuropathy by compression of femoral nerve due to hematoma of psoas-iliac muscles was diagnosed. The cases of retroperitoneal hematomas are scarce in medical literature and in Cuba there were not published cases...

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Femoral nerve neuropathy as a complication from abdominopelvic surgery was firstly described in 1896, by Gumpertz, in a case report of femoral nerve injury following hysterectomy. The authors report two cases of femoral nerve neuropathy following psoas hitch vesicopexy in ureteral reimplantation, and to discuss the etiology and clinical manifestations of this complication. Femoral nerve neuropathy secondary to psoas hitch is a rare complication, although it should be considered during the surgical procedure, as well as in postoperative care.

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JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O tratamento da dor neuropática é difícil e muitos pacientes apresentam alívio parcial e incompleto da dor com o tratamento farmacológico. Em casos de dor neuropática de origem traumática deve ser considerada a possibilidade de tratamento com a exploração cirúrgica, pois existe a possibilidadeda dor ser causada por compressão nervosa devida a fibrose de tecidos adjacentes ou espessamento de bainha. O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar um caso de sucesso no tratamento cirúrgico de dor neuropática causada por espessamento da bainha no nervo ciático esquerdo causado por ferimento de arma de fogo.RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo masculino, alvejado por tiro de arma de fogo na região glútea esquerda,evoluiu com dor em queimação na região posterior da coxa esquerda, com irradiação para face posterior da coxa, perna e pé, que foi parcialmente controlada por tratamento farmacológico com oxicodona, gabapentina e amitriptilina. Com a persistência das dores, foi feita a exploração cirúrgica no local de entrada do projétil que evidenciou a presença de bulbo em nervo ciático esquerdo e espessamento da bainha, sendo feita endoneurólise para a descompressão de fibrose intraneural. Após acirurgia fez uso de pregabalina, morfina e amitriptilina,e depois de 10 meses da cirurgia estava assintomático,sem uso das medicações. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento cirúrgico com endoneurólise para a descompressão de fibrose intraneural no nervo ciático esquerdo associado ao tratamento com amitriptilina e pregabalina, controlou com sucesso a dor neuropática causada por ferimento de arma de fogo.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Neuropathic pain is difficult to treat and many patients have partial and incomplete pain relief with pharmacological treatment.When the neuropathic pain has traumatic origin one should consider the possibility of treating with surgical exploration because pain may be caused by nervous compression due to adjacent tissues fibrosis or sheath thickening.This study aimed at presenting a successful case of surgical treatment of neuropathic pain caused by sheaththickening of left sciatic nerve, caused by firearm injury.CASE REPORT: Male patient, reached by firearm shotin the left gluteus region, who evolved with burning pain in the posterior left thigh region, with irradiation to the posterior thigh face, leg and foot, which was partially controlled with pharmacological treatment with oxycodone,gabapentin and amitriptyline. As pain persisted,surgical exploration was performed at the bullet entrysite, which has evidenced the presence of left sciatic nerve bulb and sheath thickening, being performed endoneurolysis for intraneural fibrosis decompression. After surgery, patient was treated with pregabalin, morphine and amitriptyline and 10 months after surgery he was asymptomatic and no longer having medication.CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment with endoneurolysis for intraneural fibrosis decompression in left sciatic nerve associated to treatment with amitriptyline and pregabalin has successfully controlled neuropathic pain caused by firearm injury.

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El pseudoaneurisma femoral (PAF) es una complicación de las intervenciones percutáneas, con incidencia entre 0,5% y 2%. El diagnóstico es clínico y se establece con imágenes de ultrasonido-Dopper color de la arteria femoral con numerosas alternativas terapéuticas para su resolución. Describir la conducta terapéutica por medio de la inyección de trombina guiada por ultra sonido y la experiencia del Centro Cardiovascular La Floresta. El diagnóstico de PAF se realizó en base a la manifestaciones clínicas y hallazgos por ultrasonido-Doppler a color. Seguidamente se accedión al saco del PAF con una aguja de punción lumbar 22G, guiada por ultrasonido y se inyectó lentamente trombina heteróloga de origen bovino, tomando nota de las dosis utilizadas hasta lograr la trombosis del saco. Se realizó seguimiento clínico y ultrasonográfico a las 24,48 horas, 3 y 6 meses. Se trateron 15 pacientes consecutivos con edad promedio 62 ± 5 años entre enero de 2002 y noviembre de 2008. En todos los pacientes se logró la trombosis del PAF con la primera inyección con mejoría clínica dentro de las primeras 24 horas. Once pacientes (79%) fueron seguidos clínicamente y ecográficamente a las 24 - 48 horas, y clínicamente a los 3 y 6 meses. La inyección de trombina guiada por ultrasonido puede ser considerada para el tratamiento del PAF, ya que demostrado ser un procedimiento mínimamente invasivo, seguro y de bajo costo.

Femoral pseudoaneurysm (FPA) is a complication of percutaneous interventions, with an incidence of 0.5%-2%. The diagnosis is clinical and is usually confirmed by ultrasound-color Doppler (UCD) of the femoral artery with multiple therapeutic options. To describe the therapeutic approach to seal the FPA with the use of thrombin guided by ultrasound and to analize the experience at the Centro Cardiovascular La Floresta. The diagnosis of EPA was made on clinical basis and UCD. The sac of the EPA was accessed with a 22G needle under ultrasoun guidance followed by careful heterologous bovine thrombin infection until thrombosis of the sac was abtained. Clinical and UCD follow-up was made at 24,48 hours and at 3 and 6 months. Fifteen consecutive patients, 65 ± years, between january 2002 and november 2008 were treated. In all patients thrombosis of the sac of the FPA was obtained with the first injection and clinical improvement was noted within the first 24 hours. Eleven patients were followed-up clinically and with UCD at 24 and 48 hours and clinically at 3 and 6 months. Thrombin injection with ultrasound guidance may be considered as a method to treat EPA, since it has shown to be minimally invasive, safe and at low cost.

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Os autores descrevem caso de paciente do sexo feminino, com 23 anos de idade, submetida à cirurgia do joelho para realinhamento patelar com uso de garrote pneumático e que desenvolveu neurapraxia femoral. Faz-se breve revisão da literatura sobre as vantagens e desvantagens do uso do garrote em cirurgias do joelho e discute-se a necessidade da sua indicação, considerando-se as complicações acarretadas por seu uso incorreto.

The authors describe the case of a 27 year-old female patient submitted to knee surgery for patellar realignment with the use of a pneumatic tourniquet, who developed femoral neurapraxia. They make a brief literature review about the advantages and disadvantages of using a tourniquet in knee surgeries, and discuss the need for tourniquet indication considering the complications entailed by the incorrect use of the tourniquet.

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Meralgia paresthetica is characterized by pain, paresthesias or burning, and decreased touch and pain sensation on the anterolateral aspect of the thigh. It is due to neuropathy of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN). Conservative treatment is usually successful in relieving the symptoms in most of the patients. We describe a case of a woman, 37 years old, who required surgical treatment for intractable symptoms. Although neurolysis with transposition is the most common procedure, we preferred neurectomy with excision of a portion of the LFCN for its very low recurrence rate as opposed to neurolysis. The area of anesthesia generated by this procedure in the distribution of the LFCN tends to shrink with time. This patient achieved excellent outcome following this surgical technique.

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A detailed anatomic study was carried out on the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve to better understand the etiology and treatment of lateral femoral cutaneous neuralgia. As it passed from the pelvis into the thigh, the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve ran through an "aponeuroticofascial tunnel," beginning at the iliopubic tract and ending at the inguinal ligament; as it passed through the tunnel, an enlargement in its side-to-side diameter was observed, suggesting that the fascial structures proximal to the inguinal ligament may be implicated in the genesis of lateral femoral cutaneous neuralgia. The finding of pseudoneuromas at this location, distant from the inguinal ligament, supports this hypothesis. The anterior superior iliac spine is located approximately 0.7 cm from the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve and serves as the bony landmark for nerve localization. Within the first 3 cm of leaving the pelvis, the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve was observed deep to the fascia lata; therefore, surgical dissection within the subcutaneous fascia may be conducted with relative impunity near the anterior superior iliac spine just inferior to the inguinal ligament. In 36% of cases there was no posterior branch of the nerve, which is correlated to lateral femoral cutaneous neuralgia symptoms often being limited to the anterior branch region. An accessory nerve was found in 30% of cases.

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Meralgia parestésica é caracterizada por dor, parestesia ou queimação e diminuição da sensibilidade táctil e dolorosa na face antero- lateral da coxa. Isto ocorre por uma neuropatia do nervo cutâneo femural lateral (NCFL). O tratamento conservador é frequentemente bem sucedido aliviando os sintomas na maioria dos pacientes. Descrevemos o caso de uma paciente de 37 anos de idade que necessitou de tratamento cirúrgico pelos sintomas intratáveis. Apesar da neurólise com transposição ser o procedimento mais comum, preferimos a neurectomia com remoção de parte do NCFL por ser sua taxa de recorrência baixa em oposição a neurólise. A áárea de anestesia que ocorre pelo procedimento no trajeto do NCFL tende a reduzir com o tempo. A paciente teve uma evolução excelente com o emprego desta técnica.

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A meralgia parestética tem sido observada em crianças. Sua etiologia é variada e o tratamento, na maioria dos casos, é conservador. Os autores discutem suas causas, meios de diagnóstico, tratamento e prognóstico.

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La cirugía laparoscópica presenta distintas ventajas sobre la cirugía tradicional (menor cicatrización, reducción del dolor y baja estancia). Sin embargo, al aumentar el número de pacientes sometidas a esta operación se ha incrementado también el número de complicaciones. En el presente trabajo se realiza una descripción de las principales complicaciones, que van desde las derivadas del tipo de abordaje quirúrgico; lesiones de los vasos sanguíneos; complicaciones intestinales; hernias incisionales; lesiones del tracto urinario; hasta complicaciones cardiopulmonares y neurológicas. El presente trabajo brinda un panorama amplio que permite normar la conducta del médico y tomar las precauciones necesarias cuando se decide su realización.

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Evaluar los posibles factores predisponentes y medidas preventivas de la neuropatía femoral posoperatoria. Estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo de 8 historias de pacientes con neuropatía femoral posoperatoria, en el período comprendido entre 1984 y 1996. Servicio de Ginecología Maternidad "Concepción Palacios", Caracas, DF, Venezuela. La edad promedio fue 45, 63 años, el peso y la estatura promedio fue 59,13 Kg y 1,58 m respectivamente, todas sometidas a histerectomía abdominal total con anestesia general. Se utilizó separador O'Sullivan - O'Connor. El tiempo operatorio promedio fue de 60 minutos, 3 (37,5 por ciento) presentaron afección sensorial izquierda, en 3 (37,5 por ciento) fue bilateral, 1 (12,5 por ciento) presentó afección sensorial derecha y otra (12,5 por ciento) presentó afección sensitiva y motora bilateral. Todas presentaron síntomas y signos en el posoperatorio inmediato. El tiempo promedio de inicio de la mejoría fue de 2,5 meses. La neuropatía femoral posoperatoria es más frecuente en pacientes de bajo peso y estatura, con pelvis estrecha e incisiones trasversas. Por lo general tiene buen pronóstico y la recuperación total es la regla, sin embargo, puede ser evitada con retractores de ramas cortas, con el uso de compresas entre éstas y la pared pélvica e incisiones más cortas

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