RESUMEN
Testicular germ cell cancer (TGCT) is the most common malignancy among young adult males, which has become important due to its increased incidence and mortality in the population worldwide. The etiology is multifactorial. Recent studies have shown some associations between the development of isolated TGCT and certain risk factors, such as exposure to endocrine disruptors, cryptorchidism, and family history of cancer, in order to identify the key pieces in carcinogenesis. Some of the most important findings in recent years is the association of different genes, such as c-KIT/KITLG, expression of the miR-371-373 cluster and protein expression as c-KIT and POU5F1 in the development of this neoplasia, and the identification of new molecular markers as TGFBR3 gene, identifying aberrant methylation patterns in promoter regions of several genes, expression of miR-1297 which regulates PTEN and protein expression as DMTR1. In the future, a multidisciplinary research strategy could provide valuable new insights into the etiology of TGCTs, which support clinical diagnosis of TGCT in the next years to increase survival in this kind of patients.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de Células Germinales y Embrionarias/etiología , Neoplasias de Células Germinales y Embrionarias/genética , Neoplasias Testiculares/etiología , Neoplasias Testiculares/genética , Células Madre Germinales Adultas/patología , Animales , Criptorquidismo/complicaciones , Ambiente , Epigénesis Genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos Biológicos , Mutación , Neoplasias de Células Germinales y Embrionarias/metabolismo , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Proteómica , Factores de Riesgo , Neoplasias Testiculares/metabolismoRESUMEN
Testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) is a highly heritable cancer primarily affecting young white men. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been particularly effective in identifying multiple common variants with strong contribution to TGCT risk. These loci identified through association studies have implicated multiple genes as associated with TGCT predisposition, many of which are unique among cancer types, and regulate processes such as pluripotency, sex specification, and microtubule assembly. Together these biologically plausible genes converge on pathways involved in male germ cell development and maturation, and suggest that perturbation of them confers susceptibility to TGCT, as a developmental defect of germ cell differentiation.
Asunto(s)
Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Neoplasias de Células Germinales y Embrionarias/genética , Neoplasias Testiculares/genética , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Humanos , Masculino , Meiosis , Neoplasias de Células Germinales y Embrionarias/etiología , Neoplasias de Células Germinales y Embrionarias/patología , Factores de Riesgo , Procesos de Determinación del Sexo , Neoplasias Testiculares/etiología , Neoplasias Testiculares/patologíaRESUMEN
Introduction: Trace elements are primary components of biological structures; however, they can be toxic when their concentrations are higher than those needed for biological functions. Materials and Methods: In the present study serum levels of trace elements were measured in 30 patients (mean age was 26.9±11.2 years) newly diagnosed with germ cell testicular cancer and 32 healthy volunteers (mean age: 27.4±10.8) by using furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Serum samples were stored at-20°C until assays. Results: In patients with germ cell testicular cancer, the diagnosis was seminoma in 15, mix germ cell tumor in 7, embryonal carcinoma in 4, yolk sac tumor in 2 and teratoma in 2 patients. There was stage I testicular tumor in 19 patients (63.3%) while stage II in 6 patients (20.0%), stage IIIA in 4 patients (13.3%) and stage IIIC in one patient (3.4%). It was found that serum Co, Cu, Mg and Pb levels were increased (p<0.05), whereas Fe, Mn, and Zn levels were decreased in patients with testicular cancer (p<0.05). Conclusions: These alterations may be important in the pathogenesis of testicular cancers; however, further prospective studies are needed to identify the relationship between testicular cancer and trace elements.
Asunto(s)
Adolescente , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Joven , Neoplasias de Células Germinales y Embrionarias/sangre , Neoplasias Testiculares/sangre , Oligoelementos/sangre , Biomarcadores de Tumor/sangre , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Neoplasias de Células Germinales y Embrionarias/etiología , Neoplasias de Células Germinales y Embrionarias/patología , Valores de Referencia , Factores de Riesgo , Espectrofotometría Atómica , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Neoplasias Testiculares/etiología , Neoplasias Testiculares/patologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Trace elements are primary components of biological structures; however, they can be toxic when their concentrations are higher than those needed for biological functions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study serum levels of trace elements were measured in 30 patients (mean age was 26.9±11.2 years) newly diagnosed with germ cell testicular cancer and 32 healthy volunteers (mean age: 27.4±10.8) by using furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Serum samples were stored at-20ºC until assays. RESULTS: In patients with germ cell testicular cancer, the diagnosis was seminoma in 15, mix germ cell tumor in 7, embryonal carcinoma in 4, yolk sac tumor in 2 and teratoma in 2 patients. There was stage I testicular tumor in 19 patients (63.3%) while stage II in 6 patients (20.0%), stage IIIA in 4 patients (13.3%) and stage IIIC in one patient (3.4%). It was found that serum Co, Cu, Mg and Pb levels were increased (p<0.05), whereas Fe, Mn, and Zn levels were decreased in patients with testicular cancer (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These alterations may be important in the pathogenesis of testicular cancers; however, further prospective studies are needed to identify the relationship between testicular cancer and trace elements.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de Células Germinales y Embrionarias/sangre , Neoplasias Testiculares/sangre , Oligoelementos/sangre , Adolescente , Adulto , Biomarcadores de Tumor/sangre , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias de Células Germinales y Embrionarias/etiología , Neoplasias de Células Germinales y Embrionarias/patología , Valores de Referencia , Factores de Riesgo , Espectrofotometría Atómica , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Neoplasias Testiculares/etiología , Neoplasias Testiculares/patología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Ovary cancer is a disease charged of paradigms and a serious health problem. It's important to know its natural history, because has a multifactor origins, and understanding its behavior since risk factors until patient's death because metastatic disease is a challenger for oncology group. In this work we made a bibliographic, analytic review that brings up concepts related to its origin, evolution, risk factors, preclinical horizon, and clinical symptoms until the death of patient.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma/patología , Neoplasias Ováricas/patología , Neoplasias de la Mama/epidemiología , Carcinoma/clasificación , Carcinoma/diagnóstico , Carcinoma/epidemiología , Carcinoma/etiología , Carcinoma/secundario , Comorbilidad , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Detección Precoz del Cáncer , Diagnóstico Precoz , Femenino , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Hormonas Esteroides Gonadales/efectos adversos , Hormonas Esteroides Gonadales/fisiología , Terapia de Reemplazo de Hormonas/efectos adversos , Humanos , Mutación , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Neoplasias de Células Germinales y Embrionarias/epidemiología , Neoplasias de Células Germinales y Embrionarias/etiología , Neoplasias de Células Germinales y Embrionarias/patología , Neoplasias Primarias Múltiples/epidemiología , Obesidad/epidemiología , Oncogenes , Neoplasias Ováricas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Ováricas/epidemiología , Neoplasias Ováricas/etiología , Síndrome del Ovario Poliquístico/epidemiología , Síndrome del Ovario Poliquístico/fisiopatología , Historia Reproductiva , Tasa de SupervivenciaRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors associated with the development of non-epithelial ovarian cancer in Mexican women. A case-control study was carried out on women registered with the Mexican Institute of Social Security in Mexico City over a period of two years (1995-97). Twenty-eight new cases were recruited from the Gynecology and Obstetrics Hospital no. 4, "Luis Castelazo Ayala", and were matched by age with 84 controls selected randomly. Eighteen (64.3%) cases of germ cell tumors and 10 (35.7%) stromal sex cord tumors were found. The number of full term pregnancies was associated inversely to development of stromal sex cord tumors with lower risk in women with more than three full term pregnancies (odds ratio, 0.02: 95% confidence interval, 0.001-0.56) compared to nulliparous women. No associations were found respecting to germ cell tumors. Parity was inversely associated to development of stromal sex cord tumors, probably as a result of the endocrine system's influence on the ovaries. The development of germ cell tumors could be associated to factors not evaluated in this study.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma/etnología , Carcinoma/etiología , Neoplasias de Células Germinales y Embrionarias/etnología , Neoplasias de Células Germinales y Embrionarias/etiología , Neoplasias Ováricas/etnología , Neoplasias Ováricas/etiología , Embarazo , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Carcinoma/prevención & control , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , México/etnología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias de Células Germinales y Embrionarias/prevención & control , Oportunidad Relativa , Neoplasias Ováricas/prevención & control , Paridad , Factores de Riesgo , Células del EstromaRESUMEN
Objetivo. Revisión de la literatura para conocer los aspectos epidemiológicos relacionados con los tumores de células germinales (TCG), en niños. Fuente de datos. Revisión del Medline hasta febrero de 1995. La información se contrastó con la experiencia obtenida en la institución donde laboran los autores. Se obtuvieron las fotocopias de los artículos aparecidos en los últimos 15 años. Se analizó y sintetizó la información de cada artículo, presentado en este documento la información de mayor interés. Conclusiones. De los informes publicados los TCG representan menos de 2 por ciento de los tumores que se presentan en hombre y menos de 4 por ciento de los que padecen las mujeres. Su localización más frecuente es la región sacrococcígea. Los TCG gonadales son más frecuentes en hombres de 0-4 años, mientras que las mujeres habitualmente lo presentan en el inicio de la segunda década de la vida. los tumores extragonadales ocurren en ambos sexos, habitualmente antes de los cinco años de edad. No se apreció que hubiese alguna tendencia a aumentar su incidencia. Los principales factores de riesgo para TCG es el testículo criptorquídico y la susceptibilidad aumentada al cáncer en los diversos síndromes genéticos y de deficiencias inmunitarias. Se consideran necesarios mayores estudios epidemiológicos para un mejor conocimiento de los factores de riesgo y para poder establecer otras asociaciones