RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Estimation of the dietary requirements for vitamin D is crucial from a public health perspective in providing a framework for the prevention of vitamin D deficiency. It has been shown that pooling individual participant-level data (IPD) from selected randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of white children and adults facilitated the generation of more accurate estimates of the vitamin D requirement. Recent RCT data suggest the vitamin D requirement of dark-skinned, particularly black, individuals, an at-risk group of vitamin D deficiency, is greater than those of white counterparts. Thus, we wished to develop a study protocol for the conduct of an IPD-level meta-analysis of vitamin D requirements using data from appropriate vitamin D RCTs in dark-skinned population subgroups. METHODS: The study protocol details the steps needed within such an IPD meta-analysis which will include its registration, constituent systematic review to identify all appropriate RCTs on the basis of pre-specified eligibility criteria, the associated data collection, handling, and synthesis, as well as checking the integrity of the IPD, followed by implementation of a one/two-stage IPD meta-analysis and derivation of vitamin D requirement estimates. DISCUSSION: As dark-skinned population subgroups are at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency, further investigation of dietary recommendations for vitamin D in these subgroups is needed. We strongly believe that application of an IPD-based meta-analysis is a highly strategic approach by which to undertake some of this further investigation. Such IPD-based analysis, however, will need collaboration across the principal investigators of the identified RCTs meeting with the eligibility criteria, and the availability of this study protocol will be important to highlight the potential of IPD-based analysis for estimation of the dietary requirement for vitamin D for this particular population subgroup as well as for other at-risk target populations. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (registration number: CRD42018092343).
Asunto(s)
Necesidades Nutricionales , Pigmentación de la Piel/fisiología , Deficiencia de Vitamina D , Vitamina D/farmacología , Población Negra , Suplementos Dietéticos , Humanos , Metaanálisis como Asunto , Necesidades Nutricionales/etnología , Necesidades Nutricionales/fisiología , Proyectos de Investigación , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/etnología , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/prevención & control , Vitaminas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Undernutrition is associated with maternal morbidity and poor pregnancy outcomes. This qualitative study seeks to understand the multilevel factors influencing maternal dietary practices in Niger, including the impact of pregnancy illnesses on diet. Criterion-based, purposive sampling was used to select pregnant women and household members from 24 villages in a rural district of the Maradi Region in south-central Niger. Semistructured interviews (n = 153) and focus group discussions (n = 38) explored 4 primary themes: (a) perceptions of ideal diet during pregnancy, (b) barriers to consuming the ideal diet, (c) coping strategies including dietary responses related to pregnancy illnesses, and (d) changes in perceptions from early to late pregnancy. Longitudinal data collection allowed for repeated interviews of pregnant women to document changes in dietary practices throughout pregnancy. Transcripts were coded using an inductive approach informed by grounded theory methodology. Participants categorized foods into 4 primary dietary taxonomies when discussing ideal maternal diets but cited constraints related to accessibility and availability impeding routine consumption of these foods. Perceptions of "modern," urban foods as healthy, coupled with key structural barriers such as food costs, were identified. Maternal morbidity influenced food consumption, as women reported reducing food intake early in pregnancy in response to illness episodes. Although awareness of optimal foods for supporting healthy pregnancies was moderately high, some misconceptions were observed and multilevel barriers to food security restricted opportunities for consuming these foods. Nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions could improve access and availability of acceptable foods for supporting increased dietary intake during pregnancy.
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Dieta/etnología , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud/etnología , Necesidades Nutricionales/etnología , Estado Nutricional/etnología , Embarazo/etnología , Adulto , Femenino , Abastecimiento de Alimentos , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Fenómenos Fisiologicos Nutricionales Maternos , Niger/etnología , Complicaciones del Embarazo , Resultado del Embarazo/etnología , Investigación Cualitativa , Población Rural , Apoyo SocialRESUMEN
Objetivo:Analisar o consumo alimentar de crianças de 12 a 30 meses que frequentam Centros Municipais de Educação Infantil.Métodos:Estudo transversal realizado com 86 crianças dos Centros Municipais de Educação Infantil do município de Colombo, Paraná. O consumo alimentar nas creches foi avaliado pelo método da pesagem direta individual dos alimentos em dois dias não consecutivos e, no domicílio, utilizando-se o recordatório alimentar de 24 horas. Foram analisadas as medianas e o risco de inadequação de energia e de nutrientes de acordo com as Ingestões Dietéticas de Referência e as recomendações do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar.Resultados:A maioria dos nutrientes apresentou ingestão mediana diária acima dos valores recomendados pelas Ingestões Dietéticas de Referência; o cálcio apresentou o maior risco de inadequação entre os nutrientes; 43% das crianças mostraram elevada ingestão energética e o lipídeo apresentou valor abaixo do aceitável. O consumo nas creches foi inferior às recomendações do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar para energia, carboidrato, lipídeo, cálcio, ferro e fibras. A contribuição da ingestão de energia e lipídeo no domicílio foi superior a 50% em relação à ingestão diária.Conclusão:Os valores medianos dos nutrientes, geralmente acima das recomendações, associados aos riscos de inadequação de alguns micronutrientes e ao elevado consumo energético, evidenciam a importância de adequar o consumo alimentar e promover hábitos alimentares saudáveis nas crianças.
Objective:To analyze food consumption in 12-30 month-old children attending Municipal Daycare Centers.Methods: Cross-sectional study including 86 children of Municipal Daycare Centers in Colombo, Paraná State. Food consumption in the daycare centers was evaluated using the individual direct food weighing method in two non-consecutive days, and household food consumption was evaluated using the individual 24-hour dietary recall method. The median intake values and the prevalence of inadequacy of energy and nutrient intake were analyzed according to the Dietary Reference Intakes and the recommendations of the National School Feeding Program.Results: Most of the nutrients had median daily intake values above the daily dietary intake level, the Recommended Dietary Intake. Calcium had the highest prevalence of inadequacy among the nutrients evaluated; high energy intake was observed in 43% of children, and fat intake was below the recommended levels. The consumption of energy, carbohydrate, fat, calcium, iron, and fiber in the daycare centers evaluated was below the recommendations of the National School Feeding Program. The consumption of energy and fat at the household level accounts for more than 50% of the daily intake.Conclusion: The nutrient median intake values were in general above the recommended allowance, which, associated with the risk of inadequate intake of certain micronutrients and the high energy level consumption, demonstrates the importance of adequate food intake and the promotion healthy eating habits in children.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Lactante , Preescolar , Alimentación Escolar , Guarderías Infantiles/estadística & datos numéricos , Nutrición del Lactante , Necesidades Nutricionales/etnologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Obesity is a critical social and health issue, adversely impacting life expectancy, quality of life, and mental health. Minorities are disproportionately impacted by obesity with African Americans experiencing the highest prevalence among minority groups. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine if a lifestyle program that integrated chair exercises, nutrition and educational counseling, and scripture readings would help under-served obese African American women make lifestyle changes that would positively impact their quality of life, especially mental health. METHODS: A repeated measures intervention study was conducted (24-weeks). Weeks 1-12 involved meeting twice a week for a total of 4h with participants engaged in chair exercises, educational counseling, and scripture readings. During weeks 13-24, the participants were "on their own" but were encouraged to exercise and eat healthy. Focus groups were held at 12 and 24-weeks. Participants were recruited from a nurse managed center and a primary care clinic for the uninsured. Mental health data were collected at baseline, 12, and 24-weeks. The Medical Outcomes Study Short Form Version 2 (SF-36v2) was used to measure changes in mental health. Higher scores indicate better perceived health status. Group scores less than 47 indicate impaired functioning. FINDINGS: 55 women had complete data for all three data collection points, with a mean age of 50 and a mean BMI of 41.2. Repeated ANOVAs detected significant differences on the mental component summary of the SF-36v2: this score improved from baseline (M=44.1) to 12-weeks (M=50.7) but decreased at 24-weeks (M=47.9) (p=.000). The four domains (vitality, social functioning, role emotional, mental health) were also significantly different over the three data collection points. IMPLICATIONS: The findings have significant implications for psychiatric nurses in terms of education, clinical practice, and future research. The study contributed to the participants' mental health through the various group activities including scripture readings, socialization with "like minded" women and structured exercises. These findings offer psychiatric nurses additional tools for effective care.
Asunto(s)
Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Estilo de Vida Saludable , Obesidad Mórbida/etnología , Obesidad Mórbida/enfermería , Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Biblia , Terapia Combinada , Consejo , Estudios Transversales , Ejercicio Físico , Femenino , Educación en Salud , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Necesidades Nutricionales/etnología , Obesidad Mórbida/epidemiología , Obesidad Mórbida/psicología , Religión y PsicologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In a previous study in pregnant American women, we reported that arginine flux and nitric oxide synthesis increased in trimester 2. More recently, we reported that Indian women do not increase arginine flux during pregnancy as their American or Jamaican counterparts do. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether Indian women of childbearing age are producing less arginine and/or catabolizing more arginine and therefore have less available for anabolic pathways than do Jamaican and American women. METHODS: Thirty healthy women aged 28.3 ± 0.8 y from the United States, India, and Jamaica (n = 10/group) were given 6 h primed, constant intravenous infusions of guanidino-¹5N2-arginine, 5,5-²H2-citrulline, ¹5N2-ornithine, and ring-²H5-phenylalanine, in addition to primed, oral doses of U-¹³C6-arginine in both the fasting and postprandial states. An oral dose of deuterium oxide was also given to determine fat-free mass (FFM). RESULTS: Compared with American women, Indian and Jamaican women had greater ornithine fluxes (µmol · kg fat FFM⻹ · h⻹) in the fasting and postprandial states (27.3 ± 2.5 vs. 39.6 ± 3.7 and 37.2 ± 2.0, respectively, P = 0.01), indicating greater arginine catabolism. However, Jamaican women had a higher endogenous arginine flux than did Indian and American women in the fasting (66.1 ± 3.1 vs. 54.2 ± 3.1 and 56.1 ± 2.1, respectively, P = 0.01) and postprandial (53.8 ± 2.2 vs. 43.7 ± 4.9 and 42.8 ± 3.1, respectively, P = 0.06) states. As a consequence, Indian women had lower arginine bioavailability (µmol · kg FFM⻹ · h⻹) in the fasting state (42.0 ± 2.6) than did American (49.9 ± 1.3, P = 0.045) and Jamaican (55.5 ± 3.5, P = 0.004) women, as well as in the postprandial state (40.7 ± 3.5 vs. 51.8 ± 1.2 and 57.5 ± 3.2, respectively, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Compared with American and Jamaican women, Indian women of childbearing age have a decreased arginine supply because of increased arginine catabolism without an increase in arginine flux.
Asunto(s)
Arginina/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético , Modelos Biológicos , Necesidades Nutricionales/etnología , Adulto , Arginina/análogos & derivados , Arginina/biosíntesis , Composición Corporal , Isótopos de Carbono , Citrulina/metabolismo , Deuterio , Femenino , Humanos , India , Técnicas de Dilución del Indicador , Jamaica , Comidas , Isótopos de Nitrógeno , Ornitina/metabolismo , Fenilalanina/metabolismo , TexasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Achieving energy balance is critical for the interpretation of results obtained in respiratory chambers. However, 24-h energy expenditure (24EE) predictions based on estimated resting metabolic rate and physical activity level are often inaccurate and imprecise. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to develop and validate equations to better achieve energy balance in a respiratory chamber by adding or subtracting food items. DESIGN: By using a randomized data set with measures of 24EE (n = 241) performed at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center, we developed equations to predict 24EE from anthropometric, demographic, and body composition variables before and at 3 and 7 h into the chamber measurement. The equations were tested on an independent data set (n = 240) and compared with published predictive equations. RESULTS: By using anthropometric and demographic variables, the equation was as follows: 24EE (kcal/d) = 11.6 [weight (kg)] + 8.03 [height (cm)] - 3.45 [age (y)] + 217 (male) - 52 (African American) - 235. The mean prediction error was -9 ± 155 kcal/d (2046 ± 305 compared with 2055 ± 343 kcal/d for measured 24EE; P = 0.36). The prediction achieved a precision of ±10% of measured 24EE in 83% of the participants. Energy prescription was then refined by equations with the use of energy expenditure values after 3 h, 7 h, or both into the chamber study. These later equations improved the precision (±10% of measured 24EE) to 92% (P = 0.003) and 96% (P < 0.0001) of the participants at 3 and 7 h, respectively. Body composition did not improve 24EE predictions. CONCLUSIONS: We showed the use of a set of equations to prescribe and adjust energy intake to achieve energy balance in respiratory chambers over 24 h. These equations may be used in most respiratory chambers and modified to accommodate exercise or specific feeding protocols.
Asunto(s)
Ingestión de Energía , Metabolismo Energético , Modelos Biológicos , Evaluación Nutricional , Necesidades Nutricionales , Adulto , Negro o Afroamericano , Metabolismo Basal , Composición Corporal , Índice de Masa Corporal , Ingestión de Energía/etnología , Estudios de Factibilidad , Femenino , Humanos , Louisiana , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Necesidades Nutricionales/etnología , Sobrepeso/etnología , Sobrepeso/metabolismo , Conducta Sedentaria , Población Blanca , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate existing evidence on factors potentially contributing to infant overfeeding among Hispanic mothers that may explain the high infant overweight rates often seen among this ethnic group. DATA SOURCES: Electronic databases including CINHAL and MEDLINE were searched for relevant studies published from 1998 to January 2012. Related article searches and reference list searches were completed on all included studies. STUDY SELECTION: Thirty-five studies (nine qualitative, 15 cross-sectional, nine cohort, and two longitudinal) were identified that met the following inclusion criteria: (a) studies of Hispanic-only or multiethnic mothers, (b) studies of healthy full-term infants or toddlers, (c) studies in which a majority of the sample included children within the target age group (0-24 months of age), and (d) studies conducted in the United States. The methodological quality of the studies ranged from fair to excellent. DATA EXTRACTION: Data extraction included content related to Hispanic infant feeding and weight gain. DATA SYNTHESIS: Reviewed research fell into three main foci of inquiry: breastfeeding and formula-feeding beliefs, attitudes, and practices; family and cultural influences of maternal feeding beliefs and practices; and maternal perceptions of infant feeding satiety and weight gain. The Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were followed for data extraction and reporting the results of this integrative review. CONCLUSION: Three major feeding practices and beliefs among Hispanic mothers potentially contribute to infant overfeeding. Hispanic mothers are more likely to practice nonexclusive breastfeeding, initiate early introduction of solid foods including ethnic foods, and perceive chubbier infants as healthy infants. Cultural norms driving family influences and socioeconomic factors play a role in the feeding tendencies of Hispanics. Empirical research is needed to further define the primary factors that influence Hispanic mothers feeding decisions and practices that contribute to excessive weight gain in their infants.
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Alimentación con Biberón/etnología , Lactancia Materna/etnología , Conducta Alimentaria/etnología , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud/etnología , Hispánicos o Latinos/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Características Culturales , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Cuidado del Lactante , Recién Nacido , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Evaluación de Necesidades , Necesidades Nutricionales/etnología , Obesidad Infantil/prevención & control , Embarazo , Factores de Riesgo , Aumento de PesoRESUMEN
Anthropologists have long recognized that breastfeeding involves much more than feeding; it entails intimate social interactions between infants or children and their mothers. However, breastfeeding has predominantly been studied with respect to structural features (frequency, timing) as well as nutritional and health aspects of infant feeding. Thus, in this study we complement previous anthropological studies by examining social interactions that occur during breastfeeding among the Aka and Bofi foragers and Ngandu and Bofi farmers at various ages (three to four months, nine to ten months, toddlers). Further, we use an integrated biocultural perspective to explore how patterns of breastfeeding and social interactions can be shaped by economic constraints, cultural values, and children's development. Overall, our findings illustrate how biological and cultural factors interact and provide useful explanations of variations in breastfeeding structure and social interactions more so than either perspective alone.
Asunto(s)
Antropología Cultural , Lactancia Materna , Etnicidad , Lactante , Relaciones Interpersonales , Madres , Necesidades Nutricionales , África Central/etnología , Antropología Cultural/educación , Antropología Cultural/historia , Lactancia Materna/etnología , Lactancia Materna/historia , Lactancia Materna/psicología , Etnicidad/educación , Etnicidad/etnología , Etnicidad/historia , Etnicidad/legislación & jurisprudencia , Etnicidad/psicología , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Relaciones Interpersonales/historia , Madres/educación , Madres/historia , Madres/legislación & jurisprudencia , Madres/psicología , Necesidades Nutricionales/etnologíaRESUMEN
Objetivo: analizar la frecuencia de consumo de alimentos de los inmigrantes que viven en Almería, así como las diferencias entre los distintos colectivos y valorar el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC).Método: estudio descriptivo transversal durante el año 2010, en personas inmigrantes residentes en la provincia de Almería y que llevaban al menos un año viviendo en esta ciudad. Para un nivel de confianza al 95% y una precisión absoluta del 5%, se prefijó un tamaño muestral de 383 personas. Variables: edad, estado civil, sexo, número de hijos, lugar de nacimiento, etnia, nivel de estudios, lugar de residencia, ocupación laboral, formas de reagrupación social, nivel de ingresos y frecuencia de consumo de (..) (AU)
Objective: to analyze the frequency of food consumption of immigrants living in Almeria, and the differences between the different groups and to assess the body mass index. Method: cross sectional descriptive study in 2010, on immigrants living in the province of Almeria who have been living in this city for at least one year. For a confidence level of 95% and absolute accuracy of 5%, a sample size of 383 people was predetermined. Variables: age, marital status, sex, number of children, place of birth, ethnicity, education level, residence, occupation, forms of social reunification, income level and frequency of food consumption through the questionnaire validated by the Spanish Society of Community Nutrition. We performed an univariate analysis (frequencies, measures of central tendency and dispersion) and bivariate analysis (chi-square test).Results: 326 people participated in the study (response rate 86%).34,3% came from Africa and 30,6% were Latin American. 42,3%of the surveyed population was overweight. 17,6% of African men and 13,5% of Latin American women were at a BMI between 25 and35. 67,5% of participants consumed pasta and cereals daily. Statistically significant differences were observed by areas of origin in the consumption of milk and cheese (p < 0,05), chicken, lamb and beef and fish (p < 0,05), and vegetable/legume and alcohol by country of origin (p < 0,01).Conclusions: at present, the dietary habits of immigrants in Almería, except for some distinguishing features among them, are quite similar to those of other studies. Dietary habits in some of the investigated groups, have a poor compliance with dietary recommendations based on the parameters of the Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Conducta Alimentaria/etnología , Modalidades Alimentarias , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Necesidades Nutricionales/etnología , Índice de Masa CorporalRESUMEN
In early 2011, a committee convened by the Institute of Medicine issued a report on the Dietary Reference Intakes for calcium and vitamin D. The Endocrine Society Task Force in July 2011 published a guideline for the evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency. Although these reports are intended for different purposes, the disagreements concerning the nature of the available data and the resulting conclusions have caused confusion for clinicians, researchers, and the public. In this commentary, members of the Institute of Medicine committee respond to aspects of The Endocrine Society guideline that are not well supported and in need of reconsideration. These concerns focus on target serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, the definition of vitamin D deficiency, and the question of who constitutes a population at risk vs. the general population.
Asunto(s)
Promoción de la Salud , Necesidades Nutricionales , Guías de Práctica Clínica como Asunto , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/prevención & control , Vitamina D/administración & dosificación , 25-Hidroxivitamina D 2/sangre , Factores de Edad , Calcifediol/sangre , Calcio de la Dieta/metabolismo , Endocrinología/tendencias , Femenino , Humanos , Absorción Intestinal , Lactancia/metabolismo , Masculino , National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, U.S., Health and Medicine Division , Necesidades Nutricionales/etnología , Hormona Paratiroidea/sangre , Embarazo , Sociedades Científicas , Estados Unidos , Vitamina D/metabolismo , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/sangre , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/diagnóstico , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/etnologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The WHO recommends the introduction of nutritionally adequate, safe, and appropriate complementary foods at 6 mo of age, with continued breastfeeding up to 2 y and beyond. Suggested strategies to support continued breastfeeding often postulate optimal use of customary "family foods" and adequate amounts of indigenous foodstuffs and local foods. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine the nutrient adequacy of the diet of Guatemalan children aged 6-24 mo receiving continued breastfeeding and "family foods" rather than specially formulated "baby foods" as complementary foods. DESIGN: "Critical nutrient densities" for complementary foods were determined by using specific energy and protein requirements, assuming children to be in the 50th or 15th weight percentile of the 2006 WHO standards. Nutrient requirements for the total diet were determined by using the recommended nutrient intakes. Breast milk was assumed to provide 75% of total energy between 7 and 9 mo, 50% between 10 and 12 mo, and 40% between 13 and 24 mo. Gaps between computed critical nutrient densities and the best-scenario Guatemalan adult's diet, as a proxy for family foods, were examined. RESULTS: Energy complementation with these diets provided adequate nutrient density for protein, thiamine, riboflavin, and vitamins B-6, B-12, and C but not vitamin A, niacin, and folate in some groups. Major gaps for calcium, iron, and zinc were ubiquitous. CONCLUSIONS: The critical nutrient density concept is useful to evaluate the nutrient adequacy of the young child's diet. Multiple micronutrients are likely to be limited in the diets of Guatemalan young children with continued breastfeeding and family foods.
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Lactancia Materna , Dieta/efectos adversos , Promoción de la Salud , Alimentos Infantiles/análisis , Trastornos de la Nutrición del Lactante/prevención & control , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante , Lactancia Materna/etnología , Trastornos de la Nutrición del Niño/etnología , Trastornos de la Nutrición del Niño/prevención & control , Preescolar , Países en Desarrollo , Dieta/etnología , Femenino , Guatemala , Humanos , Lactante , Alimentos Infantiles/efectos adversos , Trastornos de la Nutrición del Lactante/etnología , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante/etnología , Masculino , Modelos Biológicos , Política Nutricional , Necesidades Nutricionales/etnología , Valor Nutritivo , Factores Socioeconómicos , Organización Mundial de la SaludRESUMEN
India is undergoing rapid nutritional transition, resulting in excess consumption of calories, saturated fats, trans fatty acids, simple sugars, salt and low intake of fiber. Such dietary transition and a sedentary lifestyle have led to an increase in obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases (type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM], cardiovascular disease [CVD], etc.) predominantly in urban, but also in rural areas. In comparison with the previous guidelines, these consensus dietary guidelines include reduction in the intake of carbohydrates, preferential intake of complex carbohydrates and low glycemic index foods, higher intake of fiber, lower intake of saturated fats, optimal ratio of essential fatty acids, reduction in trans fatty acids, slightly higher protein intake, lower intake of salt, and restricted intake of sugar. While these guidelines are applicable to Asian Indians in any geographical setting, they are particularly applicable to those residing in urban and in semi-urban areas. Proper application of these guidelines will help curb the rising "epidemics" of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, hypertension, T2DM, and CVD in Asian Indians.
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Diabetes Mellitus/prevención & control , Dieta/etnología , Síndrome Metabólico/prevención & control , Política Nutricional , Necesidades Nutricionales/etnología , Obesidad/prevención & control , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Conferencias de Consenso como Asunto , Femenino , Promoción de la Salud/tendencias , Humanos , India , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Caracteres Sexuales , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This report provides Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005) scores for adults aged 20 and over, by sex, age groups, race and ethnicity, and level of education in the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2003-2004). METHODS: The analytic sample consisted of 4,448 adults aged 20 and over from NHANES 2003-2004. The Day 1 dietary recall was used to estimate the HEI-2005 scores. Food and nutrient intakes were assessed on a density basis. The population's mean usual HEI-2005 component and total scores were calculated using a population ratio method based on programs written by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. A two-tailed t-test was used to test significant differences between sexes, age and race, and ethnic groups and levels of education. Statistical hypotheses were tested at the p < 0.05 level of significance using a t statistic. The t-value at 0.975 with 15 degrees of freedom was 2.131. The Bonferroni method of adjustment was used to adjust the critical value for the family of pairwise comparisons for age, race and ethnicity, and education. RESULTS: Adults were below the maximum standard for all the HEI-2005 component scores except for total grains and meat and beans. Females and the oldest age group were more successful in meeting the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 recommendations for the fruit and vegetable components and discretionary calories, and had a slightly higher overall diet quality score than their counterparts. Adults with more than a high school education more closely complied with the recommendations for many of the components compared with those with less education. No one racial and ethnic group stood out as having the highest HEI-2005 scores across most of the components. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that adults continue to fall short in meeting the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 recommendations, and that sociodemographic characteristics influence their food choices and overall diet quality.
Asunto(s)
Dieta , Conducta Alimentaria , Encuestas Nutricionales , Adulto , Dieta/etnología , Dieta/estadística & datos numéricos , Escolaridad , Ingestión de Energía , Conducta Alimentaria/etnología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Encuestas Nutricionales/estadística & datos numéricos , Necesidades Nutricionales/etnología , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
This article is a descriptive cross-sectional study with Latino migrant farmworker (MFW) families in Ohio. A demographic questionnaire, the U.S. Household Food Security Survey (USHFSS), and the Food Frequency Questionnaire were self-administered. Participants (N = 50) were primarily mothers of children with ages 2 to 13 years. USHFSS was 30% high, 18% marginal, 44% low, and 8% very low. Only 22% of the children met the minimum MyPyramid daily recommended food-group servings for age and gender. Knowledge gained from these data will influence development of culturally appropriate nutrition interventions to help Latino MFW families achieve healthier nutrition and weight in their children.
Asunto(s)
Dieta , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/estadística & datos numéricos , Necesidades Nutricionales/etnología , Migrantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Agricultura , Niño , Trastornos de la Nutrición del Niño/prevención & control , Protección a la Infancia , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Ingestión de Alimentos , Femenino , Hispánicos o Latinos/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , Estado Nutricional , Ohio , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Socioeconómicos , Inanición/epidemiología , Inanición/prevención & control , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
We examined whether new policies restricting sales in schools of so-called competitive foods and beverages-those that fall outside of what is served through federally reimbursed school meal programs-influenced increasing rates of overweight children in the Los Angeles Unified School District and the rest of California. After these policies, which set stricter nutrition standards for certain food and beverages sold to students, took effect, the rate of increase in overweight children significantly diminished among fifth graders in Los Angeles and among fifth-grade boys and seventh graders in the rest of California. The extent to which the new nutritional policies contributed to the change is unclear. This is one of the first studies examining the postulated population-level influence of recently implemented policies aimed at sales of competitive foods and beverages in schools.
Asunto(s)
Bebidas , Alimentos/economía , Legislación Alimentaria , Necesidades Nutricionales , Obesidad , Sobrepeso/fisiopatología , Aptitud Física , Servicios de Salud Escolar/normas , Adolescente , Bebidas/normas , Bebidas/provisión & distribución , Índice de Masa Corporal , California , Niño , Comercio , Femenino , Humanos , Los Angeles , Masculino , Necesidades Nutricionales/etnología , Obesidad/etnología , Obesidad/prevención & control , Sobrepeso/etnología , Servicios de Salud Escolar/estadística & datos numéricos , Gobierno EstatalRESUMEN
The nutritional needs of the ageing population require special attention. We undertook a cross-sectional, community-based, household survey in Nizwa wilayat, Oman to study nutrition-related knowledge and beliefs and self-reported dietary habits among a sample of elderly people. The response rate for the household interview was 99.3% from a total sample of 2041. About 45% of the elderly were overweight or obese. Overall we found poor knowledge of nutrition plus some nutritional imbalances and low levels of physical activity. Significant sex differences existed in elderly peoples' nutritional knowledge, consumption of fluids, milk and sweets, use of dietary regimens and experience of appetite change. The findings warrant reorientation of the existing health promotion strategy for the elderly.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Alimentaria/etnología , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Necesidades Nutricionales/etnología , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Estudios Transversales , Dieta/etnología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Encuestas Nutricionales , Omán , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
Incomplete chronic substrat-energetic unsufficiency, connected with protein-fat difficiency of daily rations is revealed 13-17 year old in habitants of Khabarovs region (both natives and non-natives). The unsufficiency is majority revealed in native teenagers is combination with a feebly revealed adaptive reactions on bower levels of integral index of organisms functional response.
Asunto(s)
Adaptación Fisiológica/fisiología , Desnutrición/fisiopatología , Evaluación Nutricional , Necesidades Nutricionales , Estado Nutricional/fisiología , Adolescente , Enfermedad Crónica , Ciudades , Etnicidad , Servicios de Alimentación/normas , Humanos , Desnutrición/etnología , Política Nutricional , Necesidades Nutricionales/etnología , Estado Nutricional/etnología , Federación de RusiaRESUMEN
Cerca de 97 por cento das crianças brasileiras iniciam a amamentação ao peito nas primeiras horas de vida. No entanto, o início do desmame é precoce, ocorrendo nas primeiras semanas ou meses de vida, com a introdução de água, chás, sucos, outros leites e alimentos. Fatores sociais, culturais, psicológicos e econômicos, ligados à mãe e ao bebê, podem estar relacionados a variações das práticas alimentares de crianças nos primeiros meses de vida. OBJETIVO: Investigar a associação entre rede e apoio social e as práticas alimentares de lactentes no quarto mês de vida. MÉTODOS: Estudo seccional inserido em uma coorte prospectiva, tendo como população fonte recém-nascidos acolhidos em Unidades Básicas de Saúde da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro. Para avaliar as práticas alimentares foi aplicado às mães (n=313) um recordatório 24h adaptado e foram construídos dois indicadores considerando o consumo de alimentos sólidos e da alimentação láctea. Para medir rede social foram feitas perguntas relacionadas ao número de parentes e amigos com quem a mulher pode contar e à participação em atividades sociais em grupo. Para aferir apoio social foi utilizada uma escala utilizada no Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) e adaptada para uso no Brasil. A análise dos dados se baseou em modelos de regressão logística multinomial, estimando-se razões de chance e respectivos intervalos de 95 por cento de confiança para as associações entre as variáveis...
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Lactancia Materna/efectos adversos , Lactancia Materna/estadística & datos numéricos , Lactancia Materna/psicología , Ingestión de Alimentos/normas , Nutrición del Lactante/economía , Nutrición del Lactante/educación , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante/economía , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante/normas , Brasil/etnología , Atención Prenatal/economía , Necesidades Nutricionales/etnología , Ingesta Diaria Recomendada/economía , Ingesta Diaria Recomendada/tendencias , Apoyo Social , Servicios de Salud/economíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This report presents Healthy Eating Index (HEI) scores for adults, 60 years of age and over, from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999-2002, and examines the association between the HEI scores and sex, age, race and ethnicity, education, smoking status, tooth retention, self-reported health, and body mass index (BMI). METHODS: The percentage of older adults meeting the recommendations for the HEI components and dietary quality based on the overall score were estimated. Means and standard errors were calculated for selected sociodemographic and health characteristics for the total population and stratified by sex. A two-tailed t-test or analysis of variance was used to test the effects of the sociodemographic and health characteristics on the HEI scores. When a characteristic consisted of three levels, the Bonferroni method of adjustment was used to assess significant differences in the mean scores. RESULTS: Seventy-two percent of older adults met the guidelines for cholesterol intake and 56% met the recommendation for diet variety, but less than one-third met the recommendations for HEI's five food groups. Only 17% of older adults consumed a "good" quality diet. Males had higher scores for some components, but females had higher scores for others. Age significantly influenced several HEI components, but not in a consistent fashion. Non-Hispanic white persons usually had the highest scores and non-Hispanic black persons had the lowest scores. Adults with more years of education usually had higher scores but smokers usually had lower scores. Edentulous persons and those who rated their health as fair or poor generally ate fewer servings of fruits and vegetables, ate a less varied diet, and had a poorer quality diet than persons with teeth or who rated their health higher. Females with a BMI of 30 or higher ate fewer servings of dairy products, consumed a higher percentage of calories from total and saturated fat, and had a lower quality diet than those whose BMI was less than 30. CONCLUSIONS: This research demonstrates that many older adults' diets need improvement, and that many sociodemographic and health characteristics were associated with their intake of food and nutrient groups and overall dietary quality.