RESUMEN
Accurately predicting phosphorous (P) and calcium (Ca) dietary requirements is critical for optimizing dairy cattle performance, and minimizing mineral excretions and ecosystems eutrophication. This study provides a new factorial system to determine net and dietary P and Ca requirements for maintenance and lactation, derived from a meta-regression of mineral trials involving lactating dairy cows. A comprehensive global database was constructed from 57 peer-reviewed articles of mineral balance trials, with a wide range of dietary and animal performance data. We estimated the net requirements for maintenance from the intercept of a nonlinear equation between mineral intake and the sum of total fecal and urinary excretions, which is an estimate of endogenous mineral loss. Mineral secreted in milk was used to obtain net requirements for lactation. The mineral metabolizable coefficient was quantified through observed (treatment means) mineral intake and total fecal and urinary excretions, discounting the estimated endogenous excretions from our proposed models. The nonlinear models of total fecal and urinary mineral excretion were evaluated (observed versus predicted values) using a 5-fold cross validation approach. The models to estimate the sum of endogenous fecal and urinary excretions of P (0.135±0.043 g P/kg BW0.75) and Ca (0.360±0.144 g Ca/kg BW0.75) exhibited suitable precision and accuracy; r = 0.89 and 0.79, concordance correlation coefficient = 0.85 and 0.77, and root mean square prediction error = 24.1 and 20.5% observed means, respectively. Dietary variables (forage level, fiber, starch, crude protein, and ether extract) did not affect the metabolizable coefficient (MC) of P and Ca; therefore, an overall dietary MC of P (0.69±0.01) and Ca (0.65±0.02) were proposed. Our new system estimates lower net and dietary P requirements for lactating dairy cows compared to the NASEM-2021 and NRC-2001 models, but slightly higher Ca requirements than NASEM-2021.This proposed system holds potential to reduce the use of phosphorus in diets for dairy cows, and thus to enhance economic efficiency and environmental sustainability of the dairy industry.
Asunto(s)
Calcio , Lactancia , Fósforo , Animales , Bovinos , Femenino , Fósforo/metabolismo , Fósforo/orina , Calcio/orina , Calcio/metabolismo , Calcio/análisis , Heces/química , Calcio de la Dieta/metabolismo , Calcio de la Dieta/análisis , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Industria Lechera , Leche/metabolismo , Leche/química , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Fósforo Dietético/metabolismo , Fósforo Dietético/orina , Necesidades Nutricionales , Dieta/veterinariaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to verify the dietary adequacy of full enteral feeding in preterm newborns (PTNB) and its relationship with birth weight (BW) during the period of hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study whose population were babies born at less than 37 gestational weeks and weighing less than 2500 g, admitted to a NICU. PTNB were monitored regarding their dietary evolution, considering parenteral and enteral nutrition and adequacy of diet supply in terms of volume, energy, and protein. For statistical analysis, the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used, considering p < 0.05 as significant. RESULTS: A total of 76 PTNB were included. The mean time of using parenteral nutrition was 14 days. The mean time to reach the full enteral feeding for nutrition (FEF-N) was 29 days. However, half of the PTNB reached nutritional recommendations after this means. The time to achieve FEF-N was influenced by BW. Additionally, BW significantly influenced the length of stay in the NICU (p < 0.001). When reaching the recommended full enteral feeding for hydration (FEF-H), 60% of the sample was unable to reach the recommended energy and protein intake. CONCLUSIONS: BW influenced the time needed to reach the FEF-H and FEF-N. The lower the BW, the longer it took to achieve dietary adequacy. Despite achieving the FEF-H, most premature babies did not reach the necessary energy and protein intake at the appropriate time.
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Nutrición Enteral , Recién Nacido de Bajo Peso , Recien Nacido Prematuro , Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal , Nutrición Parenteral , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Nutrición Enteral/métodos , Estudios Prospectivos , Recien Nacido Prematuro/crecimiento & desarrollo , Femenino , Masculino , Nutrición Parenteral/métodos , Ingestión de Energía , Necesidades Nutricionales , Tiempo de Internación/estadística & datos numéricos , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante , Peso al NacerRESUMEN
Introducción: La disfagia es una condición que afecta la eficiencia de la deglución de los alimentos. Mundialmente, una tercera parte de los ancianos padece de algún grado de disfagia, representando un alto riesgo de malnutrición debido a que las carentes opciones alimenticias destinadas a este público no satisfacensus requerimientos nutricionales. Objetivo: Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo desarrollar formulaciones de almuerzos con textura modificada para pacientes con disfagia, a partir de materias primas típicas dominicanas. Materiales y métodos: Se realizaron dos almuerzos de diferentes composiciones [sancocho (S) y arroz con habichuelas y carnes (AHC)] y viscosidades (néctar: 51-350 mPa.s; miel: 351-1,750 mPa.s y pudín: 1,751- 2,500 mPa.s), a los cuales se les evaluó el análisis químico aproximado y la aceptación sensorial. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar, bajo arreglo factorial (2 x 3). Resultados: Se evidenciaron diferencias entre las medias de los tratamientos (p<0.05) para el contenido de humedad y de carbohidratos en relación con las composiciones; el análisis por viscosidades presentó diferencias en el contenido de humedad, grasa, proteínas y carbohidratos, en cuanto a la interacción entre las composiciones y las viscosidades hubo similitudes estadísticas en el porcentaje de cenizas y grasas. Se encontró que los tratamientos más viscosos y la composición S fueron mejor valorados y que el desempeño sensorial global de los almuerzos fue satisfactorio. Conclusiones: El alimento (tipo crema) con materias primas dominicanas, sensorialmente aceptado, podría ser utilizado y también aceptado, en pacientes con disfagia(AU)
Introduction: Dysphagia is a condition that affects the efficiency of food swallowing. Globally, one-third of the elderly population suffers from some degree of dysphagia, representing a high risk of malnutrition due to the lack of dietary options tailored to their nutritional requirements. Objective: This research aimed to develop modified texture lunch formulations for dysphagia patients using typical Dominican raw materials. Materials and methods: Two lunches of different compositions [sancocho (S) and rice with beans and meat (AHC)] and viscosities (nectar: 51-350 mPa.s; honey: 351-1,750 mPa.s and pudding: 1,751-2,500 mPa.s) were made and evaluated for proximate chemical analysis and sensory acceptance. A completely randomized design was used, under factorial arrangement (2 x 3). Results: Differences were observed between treatment means (p<0.05) for moisture and carbohydrate content concerning compositions; viscosity analysis showed differences in moisture, fat, protein, and carbohydrate content, while compositional and viscosity interactions exhibited statistical similarities in ash and fat percentage. It was found that the more viscous treatments and composition S were better rated, and overall sensory performance of the lunches was satisfactory. Conclusions: The food (cream type) with Dominican raw materials, sensorially accepted, could be used and also accepted in patients with dysphagia(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Anciano , Anciano , Trastornos de Deglución/complicaciones , Deglución , Desnutrición , Almuerzo , Necesidades Nutricionales , Carbohidratos , Fenómenos Químicos , Alimentos , CarneRESUMEN
Assessing dietary inadequacies can contribute to understanding the nutritional vulnerabilities of a country. This study aimed to investigate nutrient intakes and micronutrient inadequacies in the Brazilian adult population, with an interest in different age subgroups. We conducted a cross-sectional study with 1812 individuals aged 19 to 65 years from a population-based study with a representative sample of Brazilian adults. Dietary intake was assessed by two 24 h food recalls, and the probabilities of inadequate intake were estimated using the Dietary Reference Intake targets. Adequate macronutrient intake was over 99% for proteins, 84.7% for carbohydrates, and 80.7% for total fats. There was a high probability of inadequacy (above 90%) for vitamins D and E, but vitamin D inadequacy was very similar between the sexes. In contrast, vitamin E was more likely to be inadequately consumed among women. A high probability of inadequacies (above 85%) of calcium and magnesium were found in the population, regardless of age group. Except for iron, the probability of an inadequacy of other minerals increased with age. The results showed a relevant proportion of nutrient inadequacies, with those most at risk being women and older individuals, helping with the better targeting and monitoring of public-health policies that address nutritional problems in the population.
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Dieta , Ingestión de Energía , Adulto , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Estudios Transversales , Brasil , Necesidades Nutricionales , Vitaminas , MicronutrientesRESUMEN
Differences and/or similarities in the influence of sex class for hair sheep requirements remain inconclusive. Knowledge of energy requirements allows well-formulated diets to be provided which is crucial for improving animal production. We aimed to determine the effect of sex class on the net energy requirements of growing hair sheep in a multi-study approach. We used a data set composed of individual measurements of 382 hair sheep (299 non-castrated and 83 castrated males) from 11 studies that used the methodology of comparative slaughter. Net energy requirements for maintenance (NEm) were obtained by the regression between heat production and metabolizable energy intake. The metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance (MEm) were calculated by the iterative method, and the efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for maintenance (km) was obtained by NEm divided by MEm. The net energy requirements for gain (NEg) were estimated from retained energy (RE) against empty BW gain (EBWG). The efficiency of energy use for weight gain (kg) was obtained from the relationship between RE and the energy metabolizable intake for gain, removing the intercept. There was an effect of sex on NEg and two equations were generated: NEg (MJ/day) = 1.040 (±0.04055) × EBW0.75 × EBWG0.8767(±0.03293) and NEg (MJ/day) = 1.040 (±0.04055) × EBW0.75 × EBWG0.8300(±0.03468) (R2 = 0.86; MSE = 0.0037; AIC = -468.0) for non-castrated and castrated males, respectively. Sex class did not affect kg (P > 0.05) and one kg was generated (0.29). Sex did not affect kprotein (P = 0.14) and kfat (P = 0.32), assuming an average deposition efficiency of 0.27 for protein and 0.78 for fat. The NEm and MEm did not differ (P > 0.05) between sex classes, with a value of 0.272 and 0.427 MJ/kg0.75 EBW per day, respectively. The km observed was 0.64. In conclusion, non-castrated and castrated male hair sheep have similar maintenance energy requirements although energy requirements for gain differed among them. The Committees overestimate the gain and maintenance requirements for hair sheep. Therefore, the equations generated in this study are recommended.
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Alimentación Animal , Metabolismo Energético , Animales , Masculino , Ovinos , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Composición Corporal , Dieta/veterinaria , Ingestión de Energía , Necesidades Nutricionales , Oveja Doméstica , Peso CorporalRESUMEN
O objetivo desta revisão bibliográfica é elucidar os principais avanços relacionados à utilização de aminoácidos na nutrição de suínos e sua relação com o desempenho animal. Essa revisão foi realizada a partir de uma busca bibliográfica embasada em diferentes publicações encontradas em banco de dados. A busca por artigos foi realizada nas seguintes bases de pesquisa literária eletrônica: Web of Science e Google Scholar, utilizando termos de busca associados ou não, no plural ou singular, em inglês e em português, como: "aminoacids" and "swine" and "needs". Foram selecionados 45 arquivos, após o teste de relevância para uso no estudo, os mesmos foram tabulados em planilha do Excel® com as informações relevantes, para exploração na revisão. As exigências de aminoácidos devem ser atendidas em todas as fases desde o nascimento, seguindo recomendações por idade e sexo e categoria produtiva, visando a expressão máxima do seu potencial de produção, atendendo as exigências de aminoácidos para garantir a sanidade, potencial produtivo, reprodutivo e índices zootécnicos de interesse.
The objective of this literature review is to elucidate the main advances related to the use of amino acids in swine nutrition and its relationship with animal performance. This review was carried out from a bibliographic search based on different publications found in the database. The search for articles was carried out in the following electronic literary research bases: Web of Science and Google Scholar, using search terms associated or not, in the plural or singular, in English and Portuguese, such as: "aminoacids" and "swine" and "needs". 45 files were selected, after the relevance test for use in the study, they were tabulated in an Excel® spreadsheet with the information that is relevant, for exploration in the review. Amino acid requirements must be met at all stages of life following recommendations by age and sex and productive category, aiming at the maximum expression of its production potential, meeting the amino acid requirements guarantees health, productive and reproductive potential and zootechnical indices of interest.
El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica es dilucidar los principales avances relacionados con el uso de aminoácidos en la nutrición porcina y su relación con el rendimiento animal. Esta revisión se realizó a partir de una búsqueda bibliográfica a partir de diferentes publicaciones encontradas en la base de datos. La búsqueda de artículos se realizó en las siguientes bases de datos de búsqueda literaria electrónica: Web of Science y Google Scholar, utilizando términos de búsqueda asociados o no, en plural o singular, en inglés y portugués, tales como: "aminoácidos" y "swine" y "necesidades". Se seleccionaron 45 archivos, luego de la prueba de pertinencia para su uso en el estudio, se tabularon en una planilla de Excel® con la información que sea relevante, para exploración en la revisión de recomendaciones por edad y sexo y categoría productiva, visando al máximo expresión de su potencial productivo, el cumplimiento de los requerimientos de aminoácidos garantiza sanidad, potencial productivo y reproductivo e índices zootécnicos de interés.
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Animales , Porcinos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Aminoácidos Esenciales/análisis , Necesidades NutricionalesRESUMEN
Background: Japanese quail breeders are the basis for genetic improvement and multiplication for commercial layers, however, there have been no known studies on the optimal lysine level for these birds. Thus, study the egg output response to the lysine (Lys) supply using different e-functions and evaluate the that best fit, have allowed the partition the lysine requirements for maintenance, both weight and egg output maximum. Methods: The objectives of this study were to identify the responses to various Lys levels, identify the functions related to these responses and determine the ideal Lys intake amount for Japanese quail breeders. A completely randomized design of seven treatments with seven replicated was used. Treatments consisted of diet supplementation by Lys in concentrations of 16.8, 11.8, 8.4, 6.7, 5.0, 3.4, and 1.7 g/kg. Six exponential models were adjusted. Results: The level of Lys was found to affect bird responses (P < 0.001). The birds responded to the levels provided, allowing for the creation of a lysine response curve. A monomolecular function with four parameters was balanced against the statistics of adjustment and selection of models. It was possible to estimate the level of lysine required for maintenance as 133 ± 2 mg/kg BW0.67, and based an average of 41% efficiency, 22 mg Lys produced 1 g of egg output (EO). The daily intake calculated by the monomolecular factorial model was 284 mg Lys for a bird with 0.170 kg body weight and production of 10 g EO/day. The four-parameter monomolecular function proposed in this study is adequate for interpreting the animal response and calculating lysine intake for breeders.
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Dieta , Lisina , Animales , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Coturnix , Dieta/veterinaria , Necesidades NutricionalesRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: In critically ill patients, nutritional support is a challenge in terms of both estimating their requirements and ensuring adherence to the prescribed treatment. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between requirements, prescription and adherence to energy and protein supplementation based on the phase of disease in critically ill patients. SAMPLE AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective, observational and analytical study in patients aged 0-18 years admitted to the paediatric intensive or intermediate care unit in 2020-2021. We collected data on demographic and anthropometric characteristics and the phase of disease (acute phase [AP] vs. non-acute phase [nAP]), in addition to prescribing (P) (indication of nutritional support), basal metabolic rate (BMR, Schofield equation), adherence to nutritional support (A) and protein requirements (R), and calculated the following ratios: P/BMR, P/R, A/BMR, A/R, and A/P. RESULTS: The sample included 131 participants with a median age of 16 (4.5) months, of who 128 (97.7%) had comorbidities and 13 (9.9%) were in the AP. Comparing the phases of disease (AP vs. nAP), the median values for energy supplementation were P/BMR, 0.5 (IQR, 0.1-1.4) vs. 1.3 (IQR, 0.9-1.8) (P = 0.0054); A/BMR, 0.4 (IQR, 0-0.6) vs. 1.2 (IQR, 0.8-1.7) (P = 0.0005); A/P, 0.7 (IQR, 0-0.9) vs. 1 (IQR, 0.8-1) (P = 0.002), and for protein were P/R, 0.7 (IQR, 0-1.1) vs. 1.2 (0.9-1.6) (P = 0.0009); A/R 0.3 (IQR, 0-0.6) vs. 1.1 (IQR, 0.8-1.5) (P = 0.0002); A/P 0.7 (IQR, 0-1) vs. 1(IQR, 0.8-1) (P = 0.002). We found AP/nAP ratios greater than 110% for energy in the P/BMR (4 patients [30.8%]/72 patients [61%]; P = 0.007), A/BMR (3 [23%]/63 [53.4%]; P = 0.009) and A/P (1 [7%]/3 [2.5%]; P = 0.007). As for protein, more than 1.5 g/kg/day was prescribed in 3 patients (23.1%) in the AP and 71 (60.1%) in the nAP. We found adherence to the prescribed intake in 2 (15.4%) patients in the AP and 66 (56%) in the nAP. We found a correlation coefficient of 0.6 between the energy P/R and the protein P/R. Prescribed support was discontinued in 7 patients (53.8%) in the AP and 31 (26.3%) in the nAP (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of adherence to prescribed nutritional support was high in patients in the nAP of the disease. Overfeeding was frequent, more so in the nAP. We identified difficulties in adhering to prescribed support, chief of which was the discontinuation of feeding.
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Enfermedad Crítica , Apoyo Nutricional , Niño , Humanos , Lactante , Enfermedad Crítica/terapia , Necesidades Nutricionales , Prescripciones , Estudios Prospectivos , Recién Nacido , Preescolar , AdolescenteRESUMEN
Diante das dificuldades em padronizar fichas técnicas de preparações culinárias por parte dos profissionais atuantes na alimentação escolar, o CECANE/UFMS se propôs em realizar a elaboração de um receituário padrão. Tal documento tem o objetivo de auxiliar no planejamento, organização e execução do preparo das refeições nas escolas, de modo que este receituário se constitua como um instrumento de auxílio para melhor execução do PNAE nas escolas indígenas. Acompanhando o cenário nacional, a população indígena de Mato Grosso do Sul vem sofrendo com a insegurança alimentar e nutricional devido à carência de ingestão de proteínas, vitaminas e minerais, ocasionada pela redução do consumo de alimentos in natura e pelo aumento da oferta e acesso a alimentos industrializados com alto teor de açúcares, gorduras e aditivos alimentares. Essa situação é causada pela mudança dos hábitos alimentares ocasionada pela influência da população não-indígena, pela diminuição das terras indígenas, mudanças climáticas e escassez de alimentos (CHAMORRO; COMBÈS, 2015). Nesse contexto, o suporte governamental manifesto por meio da implantação de programas sociais e políticas públicas de alimentação e nutrição são ferramentas de extrema importância para combate à fome, garantia do direito à alimentação adequada e saudável, assim como a manutenção das tradições indígenas (CHAMORRO; COMBÈS, 2015). Dentre as ferramentas governamentais existentes para promover a Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) no âmbito escolar, o PNAE desponta como um programa federal bem consolidado que viabiliza recursos financeiros para a alimentação dos estudantes e para ações de Educação Alimentar e Nutricional (EAN) nas comunidades (BRASIL, 2020). Os ditos materiais desenvolvidos pelo CECANE/UFMS visam tratar de temas tais quais o acesso aos alimentos de forma igualitária, bem como apoiar o desenvolvimento sustentável por meio do incentivo à compra de diferentes gêneros alimentícios produzidos pela agricultura familiar e pelos empreendedores familiares rurais, principalmente aqueles das comunidades tradicionais indígenas e quilombolas. Como disposto na legislação em relação aos cardápios escolares, seu planejamento e execução devem ser feitos pelo Responsável Técnico (RT) do PNAE, priorizandose a utilização de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados, respeitando as necessidades nutricionais das respectivas faixas etárias, os hábitos alimentares locais, e atendendo às especificidades culturais das comunidades tradicionais, além de defender a sustentabilidade, sazonalidade e diversidade agrícola da região (BRASIL, 2020).
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Preescolar , Niño , Adolescente , Indígenas Sudamericanos/etnología , Promoción de Salud Alimentaria y Nutricional/métodos , Guías Alimentarias , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/métodos , Brasil/etnología , Ingesta Diaria Recomendada/legislación & jurisprudencia , Necesidades Nutricionales/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of either a limited forage intake or concentrate supplementation prior to the adaptation to high-concentrate diets on dry matter intake, ruminal pH, bacteria, and protozoa of Nellore cattle. The experiment was designed as a two 3×3 Latin square, and six cannulated Nellore steers were used. Each experimental period was composed by three feeding phases: pre-adaptation (14 days), adaptation (12 days), and finishing (seven days) diet, in a total of 33 days per period. The steers were assigned to one of three pre-adaptation dietary treatments: control (Tifton hay fed ad libitum + mineral supplement), restriction (Tifton hay fed at 1.4% of BW + mineral supplement), and concentrate (Tifton hay fed ad libitum + 0.5% of BW of a mix of concentrate feedstuffs and mineral supplement). The adaptation period consisted of two adaptation diets, which contained 72 and 79% concentrate for six days each. The finishing diet contained 86% concentrate. During the pre-adaptation phase, restricted cattle had higher pH than concentrate-fed cattle. There was a reduction in M. elsdenii relative population in cattle from either restriction or concentrate groups. During adaptation and finishing phases, cattle from concentrate group had smaller F. succinogenes populations compared with the control group. The previous nutritional backgrounds impact ruminal microbiota during adaptation and finishing phases without causing any negative effect on ruminal pH. Feeding concentrate prior to the adaptation positively impacted the transition to high-concentrate diets and promoted increased dry matter intake.(AU)
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Animales , Bovinos/fisiología , Microbiota/fisiología , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Rumen/fisiología , Necesidades Nutricionales/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Este e-book, desenvolvido pelo Centro Colaborador em Alimentação e Nutrição Escolar (Cecane) da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), apresenta receitas da culinária indígena Terena e Guarani Kaiowá, com suas respectivas Fichas Técnicas de Preparação (FTP). As receitas foram obtidas a partir de visitas e conversas informais com indígenas das etnias Guarani Kaiowá e Terena, nas Terras Indígenas Caarapó (Caarapó-MS), Limão Verde (Aquidauana-MS) e Nioaque (Nioaque-MS) e podem ser utilizadas como opções de preparações nos cardápios da alimentação escolar indígena das respectivas etnias, desde que façam parte da cultura alimentar daquela aldeia ou Terra Indígena e tenham boa aceitabilidade pelos escolares. O e-book também pode ser utilizado por indivíduos da comunidade em geral, que tenham interesse na culinária Guarani Kaiowá e Terena. A partir das visitas realizadas, por meio de conversas informais com membros das comunidades indígenas, foram registradas preparações culinárias Guarani Kaiowá e Terena. Posteriormente, as receitas obtidas nas visitas foram reproduzidas no Laboratório de Técnica Dietética e Gastronomia da UFMS e padronizadas através de Fichas Técnicas de Preparação. As fichas técnicas são instrumentos essenciais no planejamento de cardápios e se caracterizam por conter todas as informações necessárias para o desenvolvimento de uma preparação culinária, como as quantidades dos ingredientes em gramas/mililitros e também em medidas caseiras, indicadores culinários como fator de correção, rendimento da preparação, além de custo e valor nutricional. A Resolução CD/FNDE nº 06/2020, que regulamenta o PNAE, exige a Ficha Técnica de Preparação para todas as preparações do cardápio da alimentação escolar. Assim, o presente e-book traz preparações da culinária indígena Guarani Kaiowá e Terena com suas respectivas Fichas Técnicas de Preparação. O presente e-book teve por objetivo elaborar Fichas Técnicas de Preparações de receitas culinárias das etnias Guarani Kaiowá e Terena para encorajar seu uso na alimentação escolar indígena e assim buscar o pleno cumprimento do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE), o qual fortalece as políticas públicas de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, e assume papel fundamental para a promoção da saúde dos povos indígenas. Embora ainda existam muitos desafios no campo da nutrição a serem enfrentados no Brasil, a implementação e inserção de políticas públicas torna mais justo o acesso à alimentação adequada e saudável, combatendo todas as formas de má nutrição no país, numa abordagem focada em minimizar a problemática em saúde associada à alimentação nas comunidades vulneráveis, principalmente dos povos indígenas.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Indígenas Sudamericanos/etnología , Promoción de Salud Alimentaria y Nutricional/métodos , Guías Alimentarias , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/métodos , Brasil/etnología , Necesidades Nutricionales/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Introducción. Una alimentación complementaria adecuada en cantidad y calidad resulta esencial durante los primeros dos años de vida. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la ingesta de nutrientes y prácticas alimentarias en niños de 6 a 23 meses de una localidad del noreste argentino. Población y métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal (segundo semestre del 2019). Se evaluaron las ingestas de 24 horas mediante recordatorios a los cuidadores de niños de 6 a 23 meses. Los datos se compararon con las ingestas dietéticas de referencia. Las prácticas alimentarias se evaluaron según los indicadores establecidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Resultados. Se evaluaron 138 niños de 6 a 23 meses de edad. La energía y las vitaminas A, D y E presentaron porcentajes medios de adecuación inferiores al 100 % en todas las edades, mientras que las proteínas alcanzaron una adecuación promedio del 142,8 % y el 168,1 % para los niños de 7-12 meses y de 13-23 meses, respectivamente. Los nutrientes que presentaron una proporción considerable de casos con ingestas por debajo del requerimiento promedio estimado en todos los grupos fueron la energía y la vitamina A. En cuanto a los indicadores de prácticas alimentarias, 50,8 % de los lactantes recibió una dieta mínima aceptable. Conclusiones. Existe una alta prevalencia de inadecuación energética y de nutrientes críticos durante la alimentación complementaria en los niños de 6 a 23 meses incluidos en el estudio. Intervenciones nutricionales que promuevan prácticas alimentarias que mejoren la ingesta de micronutrientes serían de suma importancia para su salud actual y futura.
Introduction. An adequate quantity and quality of complementary feeding is essential during the first 2 years of life. The objective of this study was to assess dietary intakes and feeding practices in children aged 623 months in a town in the Northeast region of Argentina. Population and methods. Descriptive, cross-sectional study (second semester of 2019). Intakes from 24-hour dietary recall interviews conducted among caregivers of children aged 623 months were assessed. Data were compared to dietary reference intakes. Feeding practices were assessed as per the World Health Organization's indicators. Results. A total of 138 children aged 623 months were assessed. The mean adequacy ratio of energy and vitamins A, D, and E was below 100% for all ages, whereas the protein adequacy for children aged 7-12 and 13-23 months was 142.8% and 168.1%, respectively. A remarkable number of cases had energy and vitamin A intakes below the estimated average requirement. In relation to feeding practice indicators, 50.8% of infants received a minimum acceptable diet. Conclusions. There is a high prevalence of an inadequate level of energy and critical nutrient intake during complementary feeding of the children aged 623 months included in the study. Nutritional interventions that promote feeding practices to improve micronutrient intake would be highly important for children's current and future health.
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Humanos , Lactante , Micronutrientes , Conducta Alimentaria , Argentina , Estudios Transversales , Dieta , Ingestión de Alimentos , Necesidades NutricionalesRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: An adequate quantity and quality of complementary feeding is essential during the first 2 years of life. The objective of this study was to assess dietary intakes and feeding practices in children aged 6-23 months in a town in the Northeast region of Argentina. POPULATION AND METHODS: Descriptive, crosssectional study (second semester of 2019). Intakes from 24-hour dietary recall interviews conducted among caregivers of children aged 6-23 months were assessed. Data were compared to dietary reference intakes. Feeding practices were assessed as per the World Health Organization's indicators. RESULTS: A total of 138 children aged 6-23 months were assessed. The mean adequacy ratio of energy and vitamins A, D, and E was below 100% for all ages, whereas the protein adequacy for children aged 7-12 and 13-23 months was 142.8% and 168.1%, respectively. A remarkable number of cases had energy and vitamin A intakes below the estimated average requirement. In relation to feeding practice indicators, 50.8% of infants received a minimum acceptable diet. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of an inadequate level of energy and critical nutrient intake during complementary feeding of the children aged 6-23 months included in the study. Nutritional interventions that promote feeding practices to improve micronutrient intake would be highly important for children's current and future health.
Introducción. Una alimentación complementaria adecuada en cantidad y calidad resulta esencial durante los primeros dos años de vida. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la ingesta de nutrientes y prácticas alimentarias en niños de 6 a 23 meses de una localidad del noreste argentino. Población y métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal (segundo semestre del 2019). Se evaluaron las ingestas de 24 horas mediante recordatorios a los cuidadores de niños de 6 a 23 meses. Los datos se compararon con las ingestas dietéticas de referencia. Las prácticas alimentarias se evaluaron según los indicadores establecidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Resultados. Se evaluaron 138 niños de 6 a 23 meses de edad. La energía y las vitaminas A, D y E presentaron porcentajes medios de adecuación inferiores al 100 % en todas las edades, mientras que las proteínas alcanzaron una adecuación promedio del 142,8 % y el 168,1 % para los niños de 7-12 meses y de 13-23 meses, respectivamente. Los nutrientes que presentaron una proporción considerable de casos con ingestas por debajo del requerimiento promedio estimado en todos los grupos fueron la energía y la vitamina A. En cuanto a los indicadores de prácticas alimentarias, 50,8 % de los lactantes recibió una dieta mínima aceptable. Conclusiones. Existe una alta prevalencia de inadecuación energética y de nutrientes críticos durante la alimentación complementaria en los niños de 6 a 23 meses incluidos en el estudio. Intervenciones nutricionales que promuevan prácticas alimentarias que mejoren la ingesta de micronutrientes serían de suma importancia para su salud actual y futura.
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Conducta Alimentaria , Micronutrientes , Humanos , Lactante , Niño , Necesidades Nutricionales , Argentina , Dieta , Ingestión de AlimentosRESUMEN
The protein requirements of hair sheep are a key factor in increasing profitability and decreasing the environmental impacts of nitrogen excretion. The objective of this study was to evaluate the protein requirements of hair sheep. A database with 382 individual records (269 intact and 113 castrated males) comprising information from 11 studies was used. The studies provided different levels of metabolisable protein intake (MPI) and of N retention, allowing the development of equations to predict the net protein (NP) and the metabolisable protein (MP) requirements. The efficiency of MP use for gain (kpg) was calculated using the equation of daily protein retained against daily MPI above maintenance. The efficiency of MP use for maintenance (kpm) was computed as the ratio between the NP for maintenance (NPm) and the MP for maintenance (MPm). The NPm (1.32 g/kg0.75 EBW) did not differ between sex. The kpm was 0.34, and the kpg was 0.25. The MPm estimated was 3.21 g/kg0.75 BW. Sex affects the protein requirements for gain (NPg). The protein requirements of hair sheep differ from those recommended by feeding systems for sheep. The equations provided herein may improve the optimisation of protein nutrition of sheep, thereby minimising the environmental impacts of sheep production.
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Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Proteínas en la Dieta , Masculino , Ovinos , Animales , Necesidades Nutricionales , Proteínas en la Dieta/metabolismo , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Dieta/veterinaria , Composición Corporal , Metabolismo Energético , Peso CorporalRESUMEN
ABSTRACT: Nutrition is a significant factor in a power athlete's ability to achieve hypertrophy, strength, lean body mass, and overall performance goals. Optimizing an athlete's macronutrient balance, timing of intake, and hydration is essential for advancing performance and should be fluid as the athlete transitions between cycles of training, matching nutrient requirements to intensity of training throughout periodization. Supplement use can help athletes meet their performance and nutrition goals when used as an adjunct to a well-chosen diet, both by direct ergogenic effect and by reducing risk of illness or injury. Educating athletes and coaches on an optimal nutrition plan to support training, performance, and health is critical to prevent the negative effects that may come from poor diet, dangerous weight cutting practices, and relative energy deficiency in sport.
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Atletas , Deportes , Dieta , Suplementos Dietéticos , Humanos , Necesidades NutricionalesRESUMEN
Humans acquire energy from the environment for survival. A central question for nutritional sciences is how much energy is required to sustain cellular work while maintaining an adequate body mass. Because human energy balance is not exempt from thermodynamic principles, the energy requirement can be approached from the energy expenditure. Conceptual and technological advances have allowed understanding of the physiological determinants of energy expenditure. Body mass, sex, and age are the main factors determining energy expenditure. These factors constitute the basis for predictive equations for resting (REE) and total (TEE) energy expenditure in healthy adults. These equations yield predictions that differ up to ~400 kcal/d for REE and ~550 kcal/d for TEE. Identifying additional factors accounting for such variability and the most valid equations appears relevant. This review used novel approaches based on mathematical modeling of REE and analyses of the data from which REE predictive equations were generated. As for TEE, R2 and SE were considered because only a few predictive equations are available. From these analyses, Oxford's and Plucker's equations appear valid for predicting REE and TEE in adults, respectively.
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Metabolismo Energético , Condiciones Sociales , Adulto , Metabolismo Basal , Índice de Masa Corporal , Calorimetría Indirecta , Metabolismo Energético/fisiología , Humanos , Necesidades Nutricionales , DescansoRESUMEN
Objetivo- Descrever o perfil alimentar de pacientes pós transplante cardíaco (TC) tardio de um centro transplantador brasileiro. Método- Estudo observacional transversal com delineamento descritivo. O estudo ocorreu em uma instituição de ensino público de Minas Gerais. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de 2017 a 2019. Resultados-. A amostra do estudo foi composta por 62 indivíduos transplantados entre os anos de 2006 a 2016. Aproximadamente 63% era do sexo masculino. A média de idade foi de 46,53 anos. O consumo de carboidratos e gorduras foi adequado em 46,77% e 59,68% da amostra, respectivamente. Já o consumo de proteínas foi acima do recomendado em 77,42% e o consumo de fibras abaixo do recomendado em 79,03%. Conclusão- Houve a predominância do sexo masculino. Os indivíduos apresentaram um consumo adequado somente de carboidratos e gorduras. Não houve na literatura estudos descrevendo a atuação do enfermeiro no processo de nutrição neste cenário(AU)
Objective- To describe the dietary profile of patients after late heart transplantation (HT) from a Brazilian transplant center. Method- Cross-sectional observational study with descriptive design. The study took place in a public education institution in Minas Gerais. Data collection took place from 2017 to 2019. Results-. The study sample consisted of 62 individuals transplanted between 2006 and 2016. Approximately 63% were male. The mean age was 46.53 years. The consumption of carbohydrates and fats was adequate in 46.77% and 59.68% of the sample, respectively. The consumption of proteins was above the recommended in 77.42% and the consumption of fibers below the recommended in 79.03%. Conclusion- There was a predominance of males. The individuals presented an adequate consumption of only carbohydrates and fats. There were no studies in the literature describing the role of nurses in the nutrition process in this scenario(AU)
Objetivo- Describir el perfil dietético de pacientes después de un trasplante cardíaco (TC) tardío de un centro de trasplante brasileño. Método- Estudio observacional transversal con diseño descriptivo. El estudio se llevó a cabo en una institución de educación pública en Minas Gerais. La recolección de datos se llevó a cabo de 2017 a 2019. Resultados-. La muestra del estudio estuvo compuesta por 62 individuos trasplantados entre 2006 y 2016. Aproximadamente el 63% eran hombres. La edad media fue de 46,53 años. El consumo de carbohidratos y grasas fue adecuado en el 46,77% y 59,68% de la muestra, respectivamente. El consumo de proteína estuvo por encima del nivel recomendado en un 77,42% y el consumo de fibra por debajo del nivel recomendado en un 79,03%. Conclusión- Hubo predominio del sexo masculino. Los individuos presentaron un consumo adecuado de solo carbohidratos y grasas. No hubo estudios en la literatura que describieran el papel del enfermero en el proceso de nutrición en este escenario.(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Adulto Joven , Trasplante de Corazón/enfermería , Dieta/enfermería , Atención de Enfermería , Necesidades Nutricionales , Educación Alimentaria y Nutricional , Educación del Paciente como Asunto , Estudios TransversalesRESUMEN
This study determined the energy requirement for maintenance of purebred Nellore cattle and its crossbreds using data from a comparative slaughter trial in which animals were raised under the same plane of nutrition from birth through slaughter and born from a single commercial Nellore cowherd. A total of 79 castrated steers (361 ± 54 kg initial body weight [BW]) were used in a completely randomized design by age (22 mo ± 23 d of age) with four genetic groups (GG): Nellore (NL), ½ Angus × ½ Nellore (AN), ½ Canchim × ½ Nellore (CN), and ½ Simmental × ½ Nellore (SN). The experimental design provided ranges in metabolizable energy (ME) intake (MEI), BW, and average daily gain needed to develop regression equations to predict net energy for maintenance (NEm) requirements. Four steers of each GG were slaughtered to determine the initial body composition. The remaining 63 steers were assigned to different nutritional treatments (NT) by GG; ad libitum or limit-fed treatments (receiving 70% of the daily feed of the ad libitum treatment of the same GG). Full BW was recorded at birth, weaning, 12, 18, and 22 mo. In the feedlot, steers were fed for 101 d a diet containing (DM basis) 60% corn silage and 40% concentrate. No difference in age at weaning (P = 0.534) and slaughter (P = 0.179 and P = 0.896, for GG and NT, respectively) were observed. AN steers were heavier at weaning weight, yearling weight and had higher empty BW (EBW; P = 0.007, P = 0.014, and P < 0.001, respectively) in comparison to NL, CN, and SN. There were no interactions (P > 0.05) between GG and NT for any variable evaluated. When fed ad libitum, AN steers had higher daily MEI (Mcal/d; P < 0.001) in comparison to NL, CN, and SN. On a constant age basis, differences were observed on body composition (P < 0.05) between GG. The slope (P = 0.600) and intercept (P = 0.702) of the regression of log heat production on MEI were similar among GG. Evaluating at the same age and the same frame size, there were no differences in NEm requirement between Nellore and AN (P = 0.528), CN (P = 0.671), and SN (P = 0.706). The combined data indicated a NEm requirement of 86.8 kcal/d/kg0.75 EBW and a ME required for maintenance requirement had a common value of 137.53 kcal/d/kg0.75 EBW. The efficiency of energy utilization for maintenance and the efficiency of energy utilization for growth values were similar among GG (P > 0.05 and P > 0.05, respectively) and were on average 63.2% and 26.0%, respectively. However, although not statistically different, the NEm values from NL showed a decrease in NEm of 5.76% compared with AN steers.
Although several studies have shown that the maintenance energy expenditures vary with breeds, there has been no available data comparing the energy requirements of different genetic groups of beef cattle determined during the finishing phase when raised under the same plane of nutrition from birth through slaughter born from a single cowherd. This study evaluated the influence of purebred Nellore and its crosses with Simmental, Angus, and Canchim slaughtered at the same age and body composition on their net energy requirement for maintenance (NEm). Animals were reared in tropical conditions, receiving only free-choice minerals from birth through the beginning of the feedlot phase, potentially altering the intake, carcass composition, mature weight, and consequently, affecting the energy requirement for maintenance during the finishing period. The pooled data analysis for Nellore and its crosses resulted in common NEm requirement of 86.9 kcal/d/kg0.75 of empty body weight (EBW). However, although not statistically different, the NEm values from Nellore (NL) and Angus × Nellore (AN) were 85.5 and 90.8 kcal/d/kg0.75 EBW, respectively, showing a decrease in NEm of 5.76% for NL in comparison with AN steers.
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Metabolismo Energético , Clima Tropical , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Composición Corporal , Bovinos/genética , Dieta/veterinaria , Ingestión de Energía , Metabolismo Energético/genética , Necesidades NutricionalesRESUMEN
El problema de la anemia está muy relacionado a los índices de pobreza, falta de cuidado de la salud y educación de la población, pero principalmente a la falta de conocimientos sobre alimentación y nutrición infantil por parte de las madres. Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad de las sesiones demostrativas para mejorar el conocimiento en la prevención de la anemia en gestantes, madres lactantes de niños menores de 3 años. Materiales y Métodos: El estudio fue de tipo experimental, descriptivo y de nivel observacional, explicativo y analítico. La población de estudio estuvo conformada por 200 gestantes, obteniendo una muestra de 30 gestantes y 20 madres lactantes de niños menores de 3 años, haciendo un total de 50 pacientes, se utilizó el cuestionario para la recolección de datos, aplicado en dos momentos; antes y después de las sesiones demostrativas, con la finalidad de comparar los resultados. Resultados: El nivel de conocimiento teórico de las madres, luego de la aplicación de las sesiones demostrativas se incrementó su nivel a un conocimiento alto. Respecto a los conocimientos prácticos luego de la aplicación de las sesiones, se logró un conocimiento alto. Conclusiones: La técnica de sesiones demostrativas en el incremento de conocimientos es efectiva(AU)
The problem of anemia is closely related to the rates of poverty, lack of care of the health and education of the population, but mainly to the lack of knowledge about food and infant nutrition by mothers. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the demonstration sessions to improve knowledge in the prevention of anemia in pregnant women, nursing mothers of minor children 3 years old Materials and methods: The study was of type, experimental, descriptive and observational level, explanatory and analytical. The study population consisted of 200 pregnant women, obtaining a sample of 30 pregnant women and 20 lactating mothers of children under 3 years of age, making a total of 50 patients, the questionnaire was used for data collection, applied in two moments; before and after demonstration sessions, in order to compare the results. Results: The level of theoretical knowledge of the mothers, after the application of the demonstrative sessions their level to high knowledge. Regarding the practical knowledge after the application of the sessions, high knowledge was achieved. Conclusions: The technique of demonstrative sessions in the increase of knowledge is effective(AU)
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Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Recién Nacido , Lactante , Hemoglobinas , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Mujeres Embarazadas , Nutrición Prenatal , Anemia/complicaciones , Educación de la Población , Hemorragia Posparto , Lactante , Necesidades NutricionalesRESUMEN
La lactancia materna provee del aporte nutricional perfecto por su composición única en la naturaleza como alimento adecuado para el lactante. Recientes estudios avalan que su consumo es sano y seguro en estados de crisis y emergencia mundial, y es recomendada por diversos organismos internacionales en materia de salud como estrategia alimentaria para reducir la mortalidad infantil en especial ante la situación de pandemia impuesta por el COVID-19. Objetivo: Describir el proceso de lactancia materna en épocas del covid-19. Materiales y Métodos: Consiste en un estudio del tipo descriptivo con recopilación de información de manera sistematizada, con atención a lo relevante y actualizado en la web y publicaciones e investigaciones disponibles en línea. Resultados: La lactancia materna como proceso fisiológico puede salvar vidas infantiles y mejorar la salud, el desarrollo social y económico de individuos, y de las naciones donde habitan en especial en situaciones de emergencia como la impuesta por la pandemia del COVID-19, donde se genera una necesidad de promoverla como estrategia de alcance en materia de salud pública, prevenir infecciones y fortalecer el sistema inmunitario de los individuos infantes a nivel general. Conclusiones: Las precauciones estimadas para una lactancia materna segura constituyen uso de mascarillas y buenas prácticas de higiene antes, durante y posterior al amamantamiento. No se ha detectado la transmisión del COVID-19 a través de la leche materna o la lactancia, por lo que se recomienda su práctica bajo las medidas de bioseguridad correspondientes(AU)
Breastfeeding provides the perfect nutritional contribution due to its unique composition in nature as the perfect food for infants. recent studies support that its consumption is healthy and safe in states of crisis and emergency worldwide, and is recommended by various international health organizations as a food strategy to reduce infant mortality, especially in the face of the pandemic imposed by COVID-19. Objective: To describe the breastfeeding process maternal in times of covid-19. Materials and Methods: It consists of a study of the type descriptive with information gathering in a systematic way, paying attention to what relevant and up-to-date on the web and publications and research available online. Results: Breastfeeding as a physiological process can save infant lives and improve the health, social and economic development of individuals and nations where They live especially in emergency situations such as the one imposed by the pandemic of the COVID-19, where there is a need to promote it as an outreach strategy in public health, prevent infections and strengthen the immune system of infant individuals at a general level. Conclusions: The estimated precautions for a safe breastfeeding constitute the use of masks and good hygiene practices before, during and after breastfeeding. No transmission detected COVID-19 through breast milk or breastfeeding, so its practice is recommended under the corresponding biosecurity measures(AU)