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EL presente módulo describe un elemento clave en el cuidado de la diabetes, que es la actividad física. Está dirigido a las personas que conviven con la enfermedad, a sus familias y a sus cuidadores. Su propósito es contribuir al autocuidado mediante la entrega de algunas recomendaciones básicas para incorporar la actividad física como parte de la vida cotidiana de las personas con diabetes. Estas recomendaciones no reemplazan las indicaciones del médico o del equipo de salud, pero pueden servir de ayuda para mejorar el automanejo de la diabetes y también para prevenir sus complicaciones

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Introducción: El Xiaomi Mi Band 4 (XMB4) demostró ser exacto para medir pasos en sujetos sanos, pero no ha sido estudiado en pacientes con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas (ERC). Objetivos: Evaluar la exactitud del XMB4 para cuantificar pasos caminados en pacientes con ERC. Secundariamente, evaluar su viabilidad y usabilidad.Material y métodos: Estudio de concordancia contrastando los datos del XMB4 con la video-filmación (prueba de referencia). Fueron incluidos mayores de 18 años con diversas ERC y excluidos aquellos con deterioro cognitivo, limitaciones osteoarticulares y/o cardiovasculares que impedían la marcha. Realizamos un muestreo por conveniencia de pacientes que participaban de un programa de rehabilitación pulmonar.Las variables estudiadas incluyeron número de pasos, distancia y tiempo caminado, velocidad de la marcha, viabilidad y usabilidad. Cada participante realizó cinco caminatas (5, 10 y 30 metros, y 5 minutos a ritmo lento y rápido). Para testear la equivalencia estadística, necesitamos incluir 33 pacientes y utilizamos el método de intervalo de confianza con una zona de equivalencia de ±15%. Resultados: Fueron incluidos 33 pacientes, 64% mujeres, con una mediana (P25-75) de edad de 64,9 (55,8 a 70,2) años. Los pasos registrados por el XMB4 fueron equivalentes a los de la video-filmación en las diferentes caminatas, excepto en la de 5 metros. Los pasos fueron subestimados con un error de medición menor al 15%. Conclusiones: El XMB4 tiene una exactitud aceptable para medir pasos en pacientes con ERC excepto en caminatas muy cortas, es viable y fácil de usar

Introduction: Xiaomi Mi Band 4 (XMB4) has been shown to be accurate to measure steps in healthy subjects, but has not been studied in patients with chronic respiratory diseases (CRD).Objectives: To evaluate the accuracy of the XMB4 to quantify steps walked in patients with CRD. Secondarily, evaluate its feasibility and usability.Materials and methods: Agreement study compared the XMB4 data with the video (reference test). Adults aged 18 years or older with various CRD were included and those with cognitive impairment, osteoarticular and/or cardiovascular limitations that prevented walking were excluded. We conducted a convenience sampling of patients participating in a pulmonary rehabilitation program. Outcome measures studied included number of steps, distance and time walked, walking speed, feasibility and usability. Each participant performed five walks (5, 10 and 30 meters, and 5 minutes at a slow and fast pace).To test statistical equivalence we need to include 33 patients and use the confidence interval method with an equivalence zone of ±15%.Results: 33 patients were included, 64% women, with a median (P25-75) age of 64.9 (55.8 to 70.2) years. The steps recorded by the XMB4 were equivalent to those of the video in the different walks, except for the 5-meter walk. The steps were underestimated with a measurement error of less than 15%.Conclusions: XMB4 has acceptable accuracy for measuring steps in patients with CRD except for very short walks, it is feasible and easy to us.

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OBJECTIVE: We report our experience with a validated waist-worn activity monitor in Jamaican adolescents attending urban high schools. Seventy-nine adolescents from the Global Diet and Activity Research (GDAR) study, recruited from 5 urban Jamaican high schools (two coeducational (n = 37), two all-female schools (n = 32) and one all-boys school (n = 10)) were asked to wear Actigraph wGT3X-BT accelerometers for 7 days (24-h), removing the device only when bathing or swimming. They also logged wake up and bed times in an activity diary. Accelerometry was considered valid if at least 4 days with ≥ 10-h monitor wear were recorded. Validity was compared by adolescent demographic and school characteristics. We also reviewed the students' written feedback on objective physical activity measurement. RESULTS: Participants, 80.5% female, had a mean age of 15.5 ± 0.8 years with 60% attending schools in low-income communities. Accelerometer return rates were > 98% with 84% providing valid data. Validity did not vary by age group, sex and school setting. While participants were excited about participating in the accelerometer sub-study, commonly reported challenges included monitor discomfort during sleep and maintaining the study diary. Objective measurement of physical activity using 24-h waist-worn accelerometers is feasible and acceptable in Jamaican adolescents.

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Studies that have analysed the association between the different movement behaviours and fundamental movement skills (FMS) have considered it in an independent manner, disregarding the compositional nature of 24-h movement behaviours (24-h MB). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the 24-h MB and FMS in preschoolers using a compositional data analysis . Two hundred and four preschoolers (4.5 ± 0.8 years old; 101 boys) provided objectively assessed physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) data (Actigraph wGT3X), and FMS (TGMD-2). Sleep duration (SD) was reported by parents. Association of daily composition of movement behaviours with FMS was explored using compositional analysis and isotemporal substitution (R Core Team, 3.6.1). When considered as a 24-h MB composition (PA, SB and SD), adjusted for age, BMI and sex, the composition predicted locomotor (r2 = 0.31), object control (r2 = 0.19), and total motor score (r2 = 0.35), respectively (all P < 0.001). Reallocation of time from light to moderate-to-vigorous PA was associated with greatest positive changes in total motor score. Achieving adequate balance between movement behaviours over the 24-h period, and its relationship with locomotor and object control skills should be considered and further investigated in early childhood.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare daily physical activity of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) with healthy peers measured using wearables bracelets in a large cohort. Additionally, subjectively estimated and objectively measured physical activity was compared. STUDY DESIGN: From September 2017 to May 2019, 162 children (11.8 ± 3.2 years; 60 girls) with various CHD participated in a self-estimated and wearable-based physical activity assessment. Step-count and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity were recorded with the Garmin vivofit jr. for 7 consecutive days and compared with a reference cohort (RC) of 96 healthy children (10.9 ± 3.8 years; 49 girls). RESULTS: Children with CHD were active and 123 (75.9%) achieved 60 minutes physical activity on a weekly average according to the World Health Organization criteria as 81 (84.3%) of the healthy peers did (P = .217). After correction for age, sex, and seasonal effects, only slightly lower step count (CHD: 10 206 ± 3178 steps vs RC: 11 142 ± 3136 steps; P = .040) but no lower moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (CHD: 80.5 ± 25.6 minutes/day vs RC: 81.5 ± 25.3 minutes/day; P = .767) occurred comparing CHD with RC. In children with CHD higher age (P = .004), overweight or obesity (P = .016), complex severity (P = .046), and total cavopulmonary connection (P = .027) were associated with not meeting World Health Organization criteria. Subjective estimation of daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was fairly correct in half of all children with CHD. CONCLUSIONS: Even though the majority is sufficiently active, physical activity needs to be promoted in overweight or obese patients, patients with complex CHD severity, and in particular in those with total cavopulmonary connection.

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A goleira de handebol detém uma série de particularidades quando comparada às demais posições. Mesmo chamando atenção por exercer funções defensivas, sua participação no ataque pode ter elevada importância. Este estudo objetivou descrever a percepção de treinadores de equipes femininas de handebol da categoria cadete (sub-16) sobre a função da goleira, identificando suas preferências quanto ao treinamento, especificidades da posição e sua concepção sobre a goleira na fase ofensiva de jogo.Participaram do estudo cinco treinadores da maior liga do estado de São Paulo. O método se baseou em uma pesquisa qualitativa, sendo utilizadas entrevistas estruturadas com seis perguntas. Os dados obtidos foram tabulados e analisados de acordo com o método do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC). Os treinadores evidenciaram a importância da goleira na fase ofensiva, destacando seu papel na reposição de bola rápida e na ligação de contra-ataques, e a possibilidade de exercer a função de goleira-linha. Também foi evidenciada a necessidade de boa comunicação entre a goleira e as jogadoras de linha. Parte dos treinadores destacou que uma goleira que contribui com qualidade à fase ofensiva pode ser um diferencial em jogos decisivos. Ademais, alguns treinadores destacaram a importância do treinamento específico para as goleiras, sendo o treino pautado em situações de jogo uma possibilidade interessante para o desenvolvimento de competências específicas, além de trabalhar a interação entre a goleira e as demais companheiras. Concluímos que a goleira tem uma função fundamental também na fase ofensiva, sendo necessário um processo de treinamento pautado no jogo que a prepare para também desempenhar esse papel....(AU)

The goalkeeper of handball has a number of particularities when compared to other positions. Even having attention because his/her defensive functions, his/her participation in the attack may be of great importance. This study aimed to describe the perception of coaches of women's handball teams of the cadet category (under-16) on the goalkeeper's function, identifying their preferences regarding training, position specificities and their conception of the goalkeeper in offensive game phase. Five coaches from the biggest league in the state of São Paulo participated in this study. The method was based on a qualitative research, using structured interviews with six questions. Data were tabulated and analyzed according to the Collective Subject Discourse (CSD) method. The coaches showed the importance of the goalkeeper in the offensive phase, highlighting their role in fast ball replacement and the connection of fast breaks, and the possibility of exercising the goalkeeper-line function. It was also highlighted the good communication between the goalkeeper and the other players. Some coaches pointed out that a goalkeeper who contributes with quality to the offensive phase can be a differential in decisive games. In addition, some coaches emphasized the importance of specific training for goalkeepers, with training based on game situations an interesting possibility for the development of specific competences, besides of working the interaction between the goalkeeper and the other teammates. We conclude that the goalkeeper has a fundamental function on the offensive phase, requiring a process of training based on the game that prepares her to also play this role....(AU)

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A total of 17 participants (30.2 ± 4.8 years; 35.4 ± 4 kg/m2; 38.2 ± 3.6 % body fat) were enrolled in this randomized crossover trial to analyze the effects of a single session of high-intensity interval (HIIE) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on the physical activity and sedentary behavior levels in inactive obese males. The participants performed two exercise sessions and one control session (no exercise): i) low-volume HIIE (10 x 60 s at 90% of maximal aerobic velocity [MAV] interspaced by 60 s at 30% of MAV); ii) MICE (20 min at 70% of maximum heart rate); and iii) control (25 min in a seated position). After all sessions, the physical activity and sedentary behavior levels were monitored by accelerometer over seven consecutive days. No differences in the physical activity (activity counts, and time spent at light, moderate, and vigorous intensities) and sedentary behavior (time spent at sedentary behavior, breaks, and bouts) levels were found among the sessions (HIIE, MICE and control) (p > 0.05). In summary, a single session of HIIE and MICE does not change the physical activity and sedentary behavior levels in inactive obese males. Therefore, low-volume of both high- and moderate-intensity exercise should be considered for inactive obese males given that it does not reduce the physical activity level or increase the time spent at sedentary behavior.

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The use of technology has increased tremendously, by means of more reliable, smaller, more accessible and specially more user-friendly devices, which provide a wider range of features, and promote significant benefits for the population and health professionals. It is in this context that monitors and apps for heart rate (HR) measurement have emerged. HR is a clinical vital sign of diagnostic and prognostic importance. In response to body movement, HR tends to increase, in a direct relationship with the intensity of exercise. HR was primarily measured by the count of arterial pulse, and recently, HR can be precisely measured by monitors, bracelets and smartphone apps capable to perform real-time measurements and storage of data. This paper aimed to make a brief and updated review on the theme, providing a broader view of advantages and limitations of these resources for HR measurement in exercise. HR monitors and apps use basically two types of technology, optical sensor (photoplethysmography) and electrical signal from the heart. In general, these devices have shown good accuracy in measuring HR and HR variability at rest, but there are differences between brands and models considering the type, mode and intensity of exercise. HR measurements by monitors and smartphone apps are simple, accessible and may help cardiologists in the monitoring of the intensity of aerobic exercise, focusing on health promotion and on primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases

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The motor activity belongs to controllable factors that influence human health because it ensures disease prevention. Analysis of scientific publications has revealed that motor activity of adult people is insufficient; this leads to the development of hypodynamia and worsens health. The level and nature of motor activity should correspond to the peculiarities of the body (age, gender, functional state, physical fitness, etc.). This problem requires the study of the relationship between the motor activity of the adult men and women and their indicators of physical fitness and functional state of the body. The relationship between the motor activity and indicators dependent on it has been reviewed in the article. The impact of the motor activity on the functional state of the body and physical fitness has been determined. The results have led to a conclusion that the motor activity of adults should be analyzed along with the study of indicators of functional state and physical fitness.

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The aims of this study were: (i) to compare the external and internal load during a 6-a-side small-sided game (6v6-SSG) according to age-group; (ii) to relate these parameters between the 6v6-SSG and official matches; and (iii) to test the reliability of the 6v6-SSG. A total of 51 Brazilian youth soccer players participated in this study (U11 [n = 16]; U13 [n = 10]; U15 [n = 9]; U17 [n = 8]; U20 [n = 8]). Three experiments were conducted. Experiment A: fifty-one U11 to U20 players were submitted to 6v6-SSGs (n = 10 games; two for each age-group). Experiment B: thirty-two players were randomized to also play official matches (n = 6 matches). Experiment C: thirty-five youth players played the 6v6-SSG twice for test and retest reliability analysis. External load was obtained using Global Positioning Systems and the internal load parameter was calculated through mean heart rate. Statistical approaches showed progressive increases in all parameters according to categories (U11< U13< U15< U17< U20; p < 0.05; ES = 0.42-23.68). Even controlling for chronological age, all parameters showed likely to almost certain correlations between 6v6-SSG and official matches (r = 0.25-0.92). Collectively, the proposed protocol indicates good reliability (CV% = 2.0-12.6; TE% = 2.3-2.7%; ICC = 0.78-0.90). This research suggests that the 6v6-SSG is an alternative tool to indicate match-related physical performance in youth soccer players.

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O sucesso do mercado de academia de musculação e seu consequente crescimento necessitam de profissionais capacitados na área da gestão, com conhecimento em marketing, finanças, administração e gerenciamento. Dentre as inúmeras áreas que o profissional formado em Bacharelado em Educação Física pode atuar, o enfoque deste trabalho está no segmento de Personal Trainer (PT). Esta demanda abre uma grande oportunidade e procura pelo serviço dos PTs, sendo que as pessoas procuram estes com vários objetivos, como: qualidade de vida, status, preparação física, dentre outros. O crescimento no número de oportunidades de trabalho ao PT é compatível com o ascendente número de profissionais atuantes no mercado, logo "preparação" e "qualificação" são diferenciais para obter melhores retornos financeiros. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi de apresentar o atual perfil da gestão do negócio do PT atuante em Curitiba/PR. Foi realizada uma pesquisa descritiva quantitativa, através da aplicação de um questionário com 282 participantes, dos quais apenas 262 foram credenciados para a pesquisa. As constatações principais foram que no setor de gestão de pessoas os profissionais estão preocupados em fazer atualizações e/ou cursos na área, além de buscarem fazer de alguma maneira uma avaliação de seu trabalho com seus clientes. Em relação ao marketing observou-se que os profissionais pretendem fidelizar seus clientes, porém, não realizam pacotes de aderência, o que seria recomendável; além disso, se preocupam em saber o motivo da desistência de seus serviços por parte de seus clientes, contudo não possuem um padrão para estipular o preço de seus serviços ficando, portanto, vulnerável ao mercado. Por fim, a gestão financeira também carece de maior preocupação haja vista que poucos profissionais confeccionam planilhas de gastos, formalizam contratos com os clientes ou preocupam-se com seus planos de previdência....(AU)

The success of the fitness market and its consequent growth needs trained professionals in the area of management with knowledge in marketing, finance, administration and management. Among the many areas that the professional degree in Bachelor of Physical Education can act, the focus of this work is in the Personal Trainer (PT) segment. This demand opens a great opportunity and demand for the service of PTs, where people seek these for various purposes, such as quality of life, status, physical preparation, among others. The growth in the number of job opportunities for personal trainer is compatible with the growing number of professionals working in the market, so "preparation and qualification" are differential for better financial returns. Thus the aim of this study was to show the current profile of the business management of the active PT in Curitiba/PR. A quantitative descriptive research, by applying a questionnaire with 282 participants, of which only 262 were accredited for research. The main findings were that in people management industry professionals are concerned to make updates and / or courses in the area, in addition to seeking to somehow an evaluation of its work with its customers. Regarding marketing, it was observed that the professionals intend to keep their customers loyal, but they do not carry out adherence packages, which would be advisable. In addition, professionals are concerned about the reason for the abandonment of their services from their customers, however, they do not have a standard to stipulate the price of their services, and is therefore vulnerable to the market. Finally, financial management is also of greater concern since few professionals prepare a spreadsheet, formalize contracts with clients, or care about their pension plans....(AU)

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Activity trackers are relatively inexpensive, easily available, and widely used by consumers. There has been increased interest in healthcare practice and research to use activity tracker data. Continuous collection of health variables including step count, heart rate, and calorimetry provides researchers and clinicians data to monitor patients after an intervention and/or encourage physical activity. The purpose of this article is to review the current use of activity trackers in orthopaedics and discuss potential applications in clinical research.

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Accurate estimation of energy expenditure (EE) from accelerometer outputs remains a challenge in older adults. The aim of this study was to validate different ActiGraph (AG) equations for predicting EE in older adults. Forty older adults (age = 77.4 ± 8.1 yrs) completed a set of household/gardening activities in their residence, while wearing an AG at the hip (GT3X+) and a portable calorimeter (MetaMax 3B - criterion). Predicted EEs from AG were calculated using five equations (Freedson, refined Crouter, Sasaki and Santos-Lozano (vertical-axis, vectormagnitude)). Accuracy of equations was assessed using root-mean-square error (RMSE) and mean bias. The Sasaki equation showed the lowest RMSE for all activities (0.47 METs) and across physical activity intensities (PAIs) (range 0.18-0.48 METs). The Freedson and Santos-Lozano equations tended to overestimate EE for sedentary activities (range: 0.48 to 0.97 METs), while EEs for moderate-to-vigorous activities (MVPA) were underestimated (range: -1.02 to -0.64 METs). The refined Crouter and Sasaki equations showed no systematic bias, but they respectively overestimated and underestimated EE across PAIs. In conclusion, none of the equations was completely accurate for predicting EE across the range of PAIs. However, the refined Crouter and Sasaki equations showed better overall accuracy and precision when compared with the other methods.

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Abstract Introduction: Sedentary behavior (SB) has been described as an independent risk factor for health, regardless of the recommended amount of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). However, SB and MVPA as predictors of falls have been poorly investigated. Objective: To compare the associations between SB and MVPA and the occurrence of falls in middle-aged and older adults. Method: The participants wore a triaxial accelerometer over the dominant hip for seven days to measure SB and MVPA. The occurrence of falls and cardiovascular risk factors were assessed by self-report. Isokinetic peak torque (PT) of knee extension, peak oxygen uptake (V'O2) in a ramp treadmill protocol, and lean (LBM) body mass and body fat (BFM) (bioelectrical impedance) were also assessed. The critical roles of SB and MVPA on the occurrence of falls were compared by multiple logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, cardiovascular risk factors, LBM, peak V'O2, and PT of knee extension. Results: 379 participants were evaluated, aged 40-80 years. Forty-eight participants reported at least one fall in the previous 12 months (14.5%). Fallers presented lower SB and higher MVPA. They were predominantly women and older adults with lower physical fitness. After multivariate analysis, MVPA, but not SB, was selected as an independent predictor of falls, increasing the odds ratio of having a fall (1.184, 95% confidence interval, 1.016 - 1.378). Conclusion: Episodes of falls in predominantly middle-aged and women subjects were associated with a higher amount of MVPA, not the opposite, indicating an adverse effect of MVPA in these subjects.

Resumo Introdução: O Comportamento sedentário (CS) tem sido descrito como fator de risco independente para saúde, a despeito da recomendação de atividade física moderada a intensa (AFMI). Contudo, pouco foi investigado se CS e AFMI são preditores da ocorrência de quedas. Objetivo: Comparar as associações entre CS e AFMI e a ocorrência de quedas em adultos de meia-idade e idosos. Método: Os participantes usaram acelerômetro triaxial no quadril dominante por sete dias para obtenção de CS e AFMI. A ocorrência de quedas e o risco cardiovascular foram avaliados através de autorrelato. Avaliamos o pico de torque (PT) isocinético da extensão de joelho, o pico de consumo de oxigênio (V'O2) em protocolo de rampa na esteira, e massa magra (MMC) e gordura (GC) corporais (bioimpedância elétrica). Comparamos o papel de CS e AFMI na ocorrência de quedas através de regressões lineares múltiplas ajustadas por idade, sexo, fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular, MMC, V'O2 pico, e PT da extensão de joelho. Resultados: Avaliamos 379 participantes de 40 - 80 anos. Quarenta e oito participantes reportaram, pelo menos, uma queda nos 12 meses anteriores ao estudo (14.5%). Os caidores apresentaram menor CS e maior AFMI. Eles eram predominantemente mulheres e idosos com menor aptidão física. Após as análises multivariadas, AFMI foi selecionada como preditor independente da ocorrência de quedas, aumentando o odds ratio de cair (1.184, 95% intervalo de confiança, 1.016 - 1.378). Conclusão: Os episódios de quedas, sobretudo em mulheres de meia-idade, foram associados com maior AFMI, indicando efeito adverso da AFMI nestes sujeitos.

Resumen Introducción: El comportamiento sedentario (CS) se ha descrito como un factor de riesgo independiente para la salud, independientemente de la cantidad recomendada de actividad física moderada a vigorosa (AFMV). El CS y el AFMV como predictores de caídas fueron poco investigados. Objetivo: Comparar las asociaciones entre CS y AFMV, y la ocurrencia de caídas en adultos de mediana edad y mayores. Método: Los participantes usaron un acelerómetro triaxial durante siete días para medir CS y AFMV. La ocurrencia de caídas y factores de riesgo cardiovascular se evaluaron mediante autoinforme. Se evaluó el torque máximo isocinético (TM) de la extensión de la rodilla, el consumo máximo de oxígeno (V'O2) en un protocolo de rampa en la estera, y masas corporales magra (MMC) y grasa (GC) (impedancia bioeléctrica). Comparamos los papeles de CS y AFMV en la ocurrencia de caídas mediante la regresión logística múltiple ajustada por edad, sexo, factores de riesgo cardiovascular, MMC, pico de V'O2 y TM de la extensión de la rodilla. Resultados: Se evaluaron 379 participantes de 40 - 80 años. Cuarenta y ocho participantes informaron al menos una caída en los 12 meses previos (14,5%). Caedores presentaron menor CS y mayor AFMV. Eran predominantemente mujeres y mayores con menor aptitud física. Después de los análisis multivariados, AFMV, pero no CS, fue seleccionada como predictor independiente de caídas, lo que aumentó la odds ratio de tener una caída (1.184, intervalo de confianza del 95%, 1,016 - 1,378). Conclusión: los episodios de caídas en mujeres de mediana edad se asociaron con mayor AFMV, lo que indica un efecto adverso de AFMV en estos sujetos.

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ABSTRACT In order to overcome the limitations and negative perceptions often addressed to coach education programs, the sports coaching literature has offered important contributions for its improvement. Thus, through analyzing scientific articles published between 2009 and 2015, this study aimed to identify the teaching strategies adopted in small-scale, large-scale, and university-based programs. An automatic search for articles was conducted in the following databases: PUBMED, SCOPUS, Web of Science, PyscNET, and SPORTDiscus. Manual search was conducted in two non-indexed peer-reviewed journals. Afterwards, 731 articles were found and 16 were selected by applying the established criteria. The results indicated that most of the studies selected took place in a university-based context. In relation to the teaching strategies adopted, we verified a common intent to engage coaches in group discussions and reflection activities. Based on the articles analyzed, we suggest that the teaching strategies adopted in coach education programs indicate a trend towards learner-centered approaches (coach-centered), meeting the international guidelines for the improvement and effectiveness of these endeavors.

RESUMO De modo a superar as limitações e percepções negativas atribuídas por treinadores esportivos aos programas de formação, estudos recentes têm contribuído com importantes direcionamentos para seu aprimoramento. Assim, por meio da análise de artigos científicos publicados entre 2009 e 2015, este estudo buscou identificar as estratégias de ensino adotadas em programas de formação de treinadores de pequena escala, larga escala e universitários. A busca automática por artigos foi realizada nas bases de dados PUBMED, SCOPUS, Web of Science, PyscNET e SPORTDiscus, e a busca manual realizou-se em dois periódicos não indexados. Na busca inicial foram encontrados 731 estudos e, por meio da aplicação dos critérios de exclusão estabelecidos, 16 foram selecionados. Os resultados indicam que a maior parte dos estudos concentra-se nos programas universitários. Com relação às estratégias de ensino utilizadas, percebeu-se, de maneira geral, a utilização de estratégias que priorizam o engajamento dos treinadores esportivos em atividades que envolvem discussões em grupo e a reflexão. Com base nos artigos analisados verificou-se que as estratégias de ensino adotadas nos programas de formação de treinadores apontam pela tendência da adoção de abordagens centradas no aprendiz (treinadores), indo ao encontro das orientações internacionais para o aperfeiçoamento e a efetividade destas iniciativas.

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Abstract Aim: To determine how EMG, anthropometric, and psychological factors, and physical activity levels affect isokinetic peak torque performance (IPT) of multiple set exercise sessions. Methods: 20 participants (27±7 years old), classified as active (A=10) and inactive (I=10), performed 10x10:40secs of maximal unilateral knee flexions and extensions at 120o.s-1. The IPT, EMG, glucose, LDH, and lactate concentrations and perceptions of pain, effort, recovery. Results: Active volunteers showed higher muscularity (52±5 vs 47±4 cm; p<0.05), PTI (262±4 vs 185±4 Nm; p<0.05), relative lower drop in performance (14±2 vs 27±3% ; p<0.05), major MDF (83±1 vs 76±1 Hz; p<0.05), lower log -Fins5 (-12.9±0.3 vs -12.7 ± 0.3 Hz; p<0.05), smaller subjective perception of effort (14.8±0.3 vs 17.0±0.3) and higher subjective perception of recovery (14.2±0.2 vs 12.3±0.3). There was a significant interaction between relative fatigue and the number of sets (F=6.18; p<0.001). Stepwise multiple regressions revealed that subjective perception of recovery best explained the fatigue level generated in the active volunteers [fatigue level= 85.084-5255(SPR)] while for body mass was the best determinant for the inactive group [fatigue level = -21.560 +1.828(BMI)]. Conclusion: Data from the present analysis suggest that physically active individuals show higher torque development and a smaller fatigability index when compared to inactive individuals. Among the fatigue models studied, it is possible that alterations in biochemical components, psychophysiological and EMG are not sensitive to the direct influence of the fatigue dynamics protocol, both in active or inactive individuals.

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BACKGROUND: Regular physical activity reduces the risk of cardiovascular events, but most ischemic heart disease (IHD) patients do not obtain enough. METHODS AND RESULTS: ACTIVE REWARD (A Clinical Trial Investigating Effects of a Randomized Evaluation of Wearable Activity Trackers with Financial Rewards) was a 24-week home-based, remotely monitored, randomized trial with a 16-week intervention (8-week ramp-up incentive phase and 8-week maintenance incentive phase) and an 8-week follow-up. Patients used wearable devices to track step counts and establish a baseline. Patients in control received no other interventions. Patients in the incentive arm received personalized step goals and daily feedback for all 24 weeks. In the ramp-up incentive phase, daily step goals increased weekly by 15% from baseline with a maximum of 10 000 steps and then remained fixed. Each week, $14 was allocated to a virtual account; $2 could be lost per day for not achieving step goals. The primary outcome was change in mean daily steps from baseline to the maintenance incentive phase. Ischemic heart disease patients had a mean (SD) age of 60 (11) years and 70% were male. Compared with control, patients in the incentive arm had a significantly greater increase in mean daily steps from baseline during ramp-up (1388 versus 385; adjusted difference, 1061 [95% confidence interval, 386-1736]; P<0.01), maintenance (1501 versus 264; adjusted difference, 1368 [95% confidence interval, 571-2164]; P<0.001), and follow-up (1066 versus 92; adjusted difference, 1154 [95% confidence interval, 282-2027]; P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Loss-framed financial incentives with personalized goal setting significantly increased physical activity among ischemic heart disease patients using wearable devices during the 16-week intervention, and effects were sustained during the 8-week follow-up. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02531022.

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