RESUMEN
This study assessed the association between encapsulated nitrate product (ENP) and monensin (MON) to mitigate enteric methane (CH4) in vitro and possible effects on ruminal degradability, enteric fermentation characteristics, and microbial populations. Six treatments were used in randomized complete design in a 2×3 factorial arrangement with two levels of MON (0 and 2.08 mg/mL of buffered rumen fluid) and three levels of ENP (0, 1.5 and 3.0%). The substrate consisted of 50% Tifton-85 hay and 50% concentrate mixture (ground corn and soybean meal). ENP replaced soybean meal to achieve isonitrogenous diets (15% CP). No ENP×MON interaction was observed for any measured variable (P > 0.05) except for the relative abundance of F. succinogenes (P = 0.02) that linearly increased in diets with MON when ENP was added. The ENP addition decreased CH4 production (P < 0.01) without affecting (P > 0.05) truly degraded organic matter nor the relative abundance of methanogens. Hydrogen production was reduced with MON (P = 0.04) and linearly decreased with ENP inclusion (P = 0.02). We concluded that use of nitrate is a viable strategy for CH4 reduction, however, no additive effect of ENP and MON was observed for mitigating CH4 production.
Asunto(s)
Monensina , Nitratos , Animales , Dieta , Fermentación , Monensina/metabolismo , Monensina/farmacología , Nitratos/metabolismo , Rumen/metabolismo , Glycine maxRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Ionophore antibiotics improve the efficiency of energy metabolism, which has driven their use as a feed additive in ruminants for decades. Currently, they have not been approved in many countries, generating a challenge for the immediate search for plant extracts with a similar mode of action on rumen metabolism. This study evaluated the effects of enriched Prosopis juliflora (mesquite) piperidine alkaloid extract (MPA) levels as an alternative phytoadditive to sodium monensin (MON) in sheep. RESULTS: The MPA diet did not differ from MON with regard to nutrient intake. A quadratic effect (P < 0.05) was observed for organic matter and neutral detergent fibre digestibility, with respective maximum point at 25.40 and minimum point at 0.95 mg kg-1 MPA. The MPA levels linearly decreased (P < 0.05) faecal nitrogen loss. MPA did not differ from MON with regard to nutrient digestibility, and MPA levels increased (P < 0.05) the proportion of digestible energy and metabolizability from dietary gross energy. The MPA levels linearly decreased (P < 0.05) enteric CH4 production, the yield showing lower (P < 0.05) energy loss as CH4 than MON. CONCLUSION: The results show that MPA levels of 17.3 and 27.8 mg kg-1 are enteric CH4 inhibitors and enhance energy and protein utilization, indicating a promising alternative to MON for ruminants. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Asunto(s)
Alcaloides , Prosopis , Alcaloides/metabolismo , Animales , Dieta/veterinaria , Digestión , Femenino , Fermentación , Lactancia , Metano/metabolismo , Leche/metabolismo , Monensina/metabolismo , Monensina/farmacología , Nitrógeno/metabolismo , Piperidinas/metabolismo , Piperidinas/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Prosopis/metabolismo , Rumen/metabolismo , OvinosRESUMEN
A grazing trial was carried out to evaluate the inclusion of three feed additives in supplements (crude protein, CP 230 g/kg dry matter, DM) on the performance, voluntary intake, and digestibility of beef heifers grazing Brachiaria decumbens (CP 81 and neutral detergent fiber, NDF 615 g/kg DM). Thirty-five Nellore heifers (21 months of age and 383 ± 6.29 kg of body weight, BW) were used in a completely randomized design. The treatments were as follows: no supplement (control); supplement fed at 1 kg/animal/day without additives (S); supplement with monensin (S + M); supplement with yeast culture (S + YC); and supplement with enzyme complex (S + EC). All of the supplemented heifers had greater (P < 0.1) average daily gain (â¼0.186 kg/day) compared to the control treatment (0.014 kg/day). Average daily gain and final BW were similar (P > 0.1) among supplemented heifers. Monensin inclusion in the supplement decreased (P < 0.1) forage DM (expressed as g/kg BW) and NDF intake (expressed as kg/day and as g/kg BW). All of the feed additive inclusions decreased (P < 0.1) NDF digestibility. In conclusion, the heifers' performance was improved by concentrate supplementation. However, the inclusion of additives did not enhance this effect.
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Bovinos/fisiología , Digestión/efectos de los fármacos , Monensina/metabolismo , Levadura Seca/metabolismo , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Animales , Brachiaria , Bovinos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Dieta/veterinaria , Fibras de la Dieta/metabolismo , Femenino , Herbivoria , Monensina/administración & dosificación , Nitrógeno/metabolismo , Distribución Aleatoria , Levadura Seca/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of alkaloid extracts of Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) D.C. pods obtained by two extraction methods as compared with sodium monensin on the gas production kinetic, mitigation of methane, and rumen fermentation products using wheat bran or Tifton 85 hay as substrates, by the semi-automatic in vitro gas production technique. A completely randomized design was adopted, and two natural additives were tested made from mesquite pod (alkaloid extract I and alkaloid extract II) at three levels (3.9, 7.9, and 12 µg), sodium monensin 5 µM (positive control), and no inclusion of additives (negative control). The volume of gases produced by the degradation of the fibrous fraction of wheat bran was influenced by the concentration of the extract I added to the medium, and the amounts of 7.9 and 12 µg were equal to monensin at the lowest value. The degradation rate of the fibrous carbohydrates with additive extract I at 12 µg was lower in relation to monensin. When Tifton 85 hay was utilized, alkaloid extract I provided a shorter colonization time as compared with monensin at the added amounts of 7.9 and 12 µg and higher production of gases from the fibrous fraction but without interfering with the total volume of gases produced during 96 h of fermentation of carbohydrates. In the periods of 12 and 24 h of incubation, utilizing alkaloid extract I, the mean values of methane production with wheat bran and Tifton 85 hay were lower than monensin (p < 0.05) when the respective amounts of 7.9 and 12 µg were added. Alkaloid extract I has similar potential to sodium in reducing production of total gases, methane, and the acetate/propionate ratio.
Asunto(s)
Fermentación , Prosopis/química , Rumen/efectos de los fármacos , Alcaloides , Animales , Metano/metabolismo , Monensina/metabolismo , Rumen/metabolismoRESUMEN
Background: Some additives are able to improve animal performance in growing and finishing periods. Monensin was firstused to control coccidiosis in poultry and was extended to other animals, like ruminants, to act also as a growth promoterand improve cattle performance. In this species, monensin improves the synthesis of propionic acid in the rumen anddecreases methane synthesis and protein degradation, resulting in better performance in protein and energy metabolism.The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of monensin controlled-release capsules on animals grazing Loliummultiflorum intercropped with Trifolium repens on metabolic profile and performance.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty Hereford cows were randomly distributed into two groups: control (CG) and monensingroup (MG). Monensin was individually administered by controlled-release capsules placed in the rumen through oroesophageal pathway. All animals were identified through earring and kept under the same management condition, grazingon upland pasture mixture of Trifolium repens and Lolium multiflorum. Data from biochemical profile and performancewere collected during 45 days. Blood samples started on the day of monensin controlled-release capsule placement (day0) and continued in periods of 15, 30 and 45 days, after initial placement. Serum levels of albumin, glucose, urea, lactatedehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were evaluated using colorimetric diagnostic kits. In the rumen fluid, pH was measured and protozoa count was performed. All statistical analyses were made using software SAS.Albumin, AST, glucose, LDH and urea were analyzed through MIXED procedure and Tukey-Kramer test was applied forcomparison of means. For average daily gain, the orthogonal polynomials test was applied. Treatments did not differ inBSC, body weight and average daily gain (ADG). None of these performance parameters were significantly affected...(AU)
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Animales , Bovinos , Monensina/administración & dosificación , Monensina/metabolismo , Monensina/uso terapéutico , Propionatos , Aumento de Peso , Ionóforos , BiomarcadoresRESUMEN
Background: Some additives are able to improve animal performance in growing and finishing periods. Monensin was firstused to control coccidiosis in poultry and was extended to other animals, like ruminants, to act also as a growth promoterand improve cattle performance. In this species, monensin improves the synthesis of propionic acid in the rumen anddecreases methane synthesis and protein degradation, resulting in better performance in protein and energy metabolism.The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of monensin controlled-release capsules on animals grazing Loliummultiflorum intercropped with Trifolium repens on metabolic profile and performance.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty Hereford cows were randomly distributed into two groups: control (CG) and monensingroup (MG). Monensin was individually administered by controlled-release capsules placed in the rumen through oroesophageal pathway. All animals were identified through earring and kept under the same management condition, grazingon upland pasture mixture of Trifolium repens and Lolium multiflorum. Data from biochemical profile and performancewere collected during 45 days. Blood samples started on the day of monensin controlled-release capsule placement (day0) and continued in periods of 15, 30 and 45 days, after initial placement. Serum levels of albumin, glucose, urea, lactatedehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were evaluated using colorimetric diagnostic kits. In the rumen fluid, pH was measured and protozoa count was performed. All statistical analyses were made using software SAS.Albumin, AST, glucose, LDH and urea were analyzed through MIXED procedure and Tukey-Kramer test was applied forcomparison of means. For average daily gain, the orthogonal polynomials test was applied. Treatments did not differ inBSC, body weight and average daily gain (ADG). None of these performance parameters were significantly affected...
Asunto(s)
Animales , Bovinos , Aumento de Peso , Monensina/administración & dosificación , Monensina/metabolismo , Monensina/uso terapéutico , Propionatos , Biomarcadores , IonóforosRESUMEN
1. Monensin A, an important antibiotic ionophore that is primarily employed to treat coccidiosis, selectively complexes and transports sodium cations across lipid membranes and displays a variety of biological properties. 2. In this study, we evaluated the fungi Cunninghamella echinulata var. elegans ATCC 8688A, Cunninghamella elegans NRRL 1393 ATCC 10028B and human hepatic microsomes as CYP-P450 models to investigate the in vitro metabolism of monensin A and compare the products with the metabolites produced in vivo. 3. Mass spectrometry analysis of the products from these model systems revealed the formation of three metabolites: 3-O-demethyl monensin A, 12-hydroxy monensin A and 12-hydroxy-3-O-demethyl monensin A. We identified these products by tandem mass spectrometry and through comparison with the in vivo metabolites. 4. This analysis demonstrated that the model systems produce the same metabolites found in in vivo studies, thus they could be used to predict the metabolism of monensin A. Furthermore, we verified that liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry is a powerful tool to study the in vitro metabolism of drugs, because it allows the successful identifications of several derivatives from different metabolic models.
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Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Microsomas Hepáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Monensina/metabolismo , Micosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Cromatografía Liquida , Cunninghamella/química , Humanos , Ionóforos/metabolismo , Espectrometría de Masas , Micosis/microbiología , Espectrometría de Masa por Ionización de Electrospray , Espectrometría de Masas en TándemRESUMEN
This study was carried out aiming to evaluate the effects of yeast or monensin supplementation on dry matter intake, nutrients digestibility, ruminal volatile fatty acids profile, ruminal pH and ammonia concentration, microbial protein synthesis, and the balance of nitrogen compounds of cattle fed high concentrate diet (80 % dry matter (DM) basis) with two different levels of starch. Eight crossbred beef steers fitted with rumen cannula were assigned to two simultaneous 4 × 4 Latin squares arranged in a 4 × 2 factorial design. Two different starch levels (23 and 38 % of DM) were assigned to each Latin square, independently. Within each Latin square, four treatments were randomly assigned to the experimental animals (control; monensin; 1-g yeast [1 g/100 kg body weight (BW)/day] treatment; and 2.5-g yeast [2.5 g/100 kg BW/day] treatment). Feed additives did not influence ruminal pH (P > 0.05). Total ruminal volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration was greater (P<0.05) in the diet with the lowest starch level. Similarly, monensin and 1-g yeast treatments resulted in greater (P<0.05) VFA concentration in the rumen. Monensin inclusion in the diet with the highest starch level led to a decrease (P<0.05) in lactate concentration in the rumen. However, acetate levels were increased (P<0.05) by the inclusion of 1 g of yeast in the diet with lowest starch level. Ruminal concentrations of propionate and butyrate, and ammonia-N were not influenced (P>0.05) by none of the additives evaluated. However, propionate concentration was greater (P<0.05) in the low-starch diets. Low-starch diets resulted in lower ruminal ammonia-N concentration and greater neutral detergent fiber digestibility (P<0.05). The excretion of urinary nitrogenous compounds, purine derivatives, synthesis of microbial protein, microbial efficiency, and balance of nitrogenous compounds were not affected by treatments evaluated (P>0.05). Monensin or yeast inclusion in high concentrate beef cattle diets in tropical regions as in Brazil is not justified by do not alter nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, and main ruminal parameters.