RESUMEN
An evaluation of the socio-economic costs of indoor air pollution can facilitate the development of appropriate public policies. For the first time in France, such an evaluation was conducted for six selected pollutants: benzene, trichloroethylene, radon, carbon monoxide, particles (PM2.5 fraction), and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). The health impacts of indoor exposure were either already available in published works or were calculated. For these calculations, two approaches were followed depending on the available data: the first followed the principles of quantitative health risk assessment, and the second was based on concepts and methods related to the health impact assessment. For both approaches, toxicological data and indoor concentrations related to each target pollutant were used. External costs resulting from mortality, morbidity (life quality loss) and production losses attributable to these health impacts were assessed. In addition, the monetary costs for the public were determined. Indoor pollution associated with the selected pollutants was estimated to have cost approximately 20 billion in France in 2004. Particles contributed the most to the total cost (75%), followed by radon. Premature death and the costs of the quality of life loss accounted for approximately 90% of the total cost. Despite the use of different methods and data, similar evaluations previously conducted in other countries yielded figures within the same order of magnitude.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos/economía , Contaminación del Aire Interior/economía , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Contaminación del Aire Interior/análisis , Benceno/análisis , Benceno/economía , Monóxido de Carbono/análisis , Monóxido de Carbono/economía , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Femenino , Francia , Humanos , Masculino , Morbilidad , Mortalidad Prematura , Material Particulado/análisis , Material Particulado/economía , Calidad de Vida , Radón/análisis , Radón/economía , Medición de Riesgo , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/análisis , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/economía , Tricloroetileno/análisis , Tricloroetileno/economíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Carbon monoxide (CO) is an odorless, colorless gas produced by fossil fuel combustion. On October 29, 2012, Hurricane Sandy moved ashore near Atlantic City, New Jersey, causing widespread morbidity and mortality, $30 to $50 billion in economic damage, and 8.5 million households to be without power. The combination of power outages and unusually low temperatures led people to use alternate power sources, placing many at risk for CO exposure. METHODS: We examined Hurricane Sandy-related CO exposures from multiple perspectives to help identify risk factors and develop strategies to prevent future exposures. This report combined data from 3 separate sources (health departments, poison centers via the National Poison Data System, and state and local public information officers). RESULTS: Results indicated that the number of CO exposures in the wake of Hurricane Sandy was significantly greater than in previous years. The persons affected were mostly females and those in younger age categories and, despite messaging, most CO exposures occurred from improper generator use. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings emphasize the continued importance of CO-related communication and ongoing surveillance of CO exposures to support public health response and prevention during and after disasters. Additionally, regional poison centers can be a critical resource for potential on-site management, public health promotion, and disaster-related CO exposure surveillance. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:562-567).
Asunto(s)
Monóxido de Carbono/toxicidad , Tormentas Ciclónicas/estadística & datos numéricos , Intoxicación/economía , Intoxicación/epidemiología , Nieve , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Monóxido de Carbono/economía , Niño , Preescolar , Tormentas Ciclónicas/economía , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , New Jersey/epidemiología , New York/epidemiología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Virginia/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
As local governments plan to expand airport infrastructure and build air service, monetized estimates of damages from air pollution are important for balancing environmental impacts. While it is well-known that aircraft emissions near airports directly affect nearby populations, it is less clear how the airport-specific aircraft operations and impacts result in monetized damages to human health and the environment. We model aircraft and ground support equipment emissions at major U.S. airports and estimate the monetized human health and environmental damages of near airport (within 60 miles) emissions. County-specific unit damage costs for PM, SOx, NOx, and VOCs and damage valuations for CO and CO2 are used along with aircraft emissions estimations at airports to determine impacts. We find that near-airport emissions at major U.S. airports caused a total of $1.9 billion in damages in 2013, with airports contributing between $720 thousand and $190 million each. These damages vary by airport from $1 to $9 per seat per one-way flight and costs per passenger are often greater than airport charges levied on airlines for infrastructure use. As the U.S. aviation system grows, it is possible to minimize human and environmental costs by shifting aircraft technologies and expanding service into airports where fewer impacts are likely to occur.
Asunto(s)
Contaminación del Aire/análisis , Contaminación del Aire/economía , Aeropuertos , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/economía , Aeronaves , Aeropuertos/economía , Aviación/economía , Dióxido de Carbono/análisis , Dióxido de Carbono/economía , Monóxido de Carbono/análisis , Monóxido de Carbono/economía , Humanos , Modelos Teóricos , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/análisis , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/economía , Salud Pública , Estados Unidos , Emisiones de Vehículos/análisis , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/análisis , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/economíaRESUMEN
Various experiments and analysis were conducted in order to manufacture a catalyst that could very efficiently oxidize carbon monoxide at room temperature and also to identify the relevant factors influencing the oxidation reaction. Pt/TiO(2) catalyst can increase the oxidizing capability of CO at low temperature and room temperature by reduction. In FT-IR experiments, the catalyst that displayed excellent activity was capable of efficiently oxidizing CO to CO(2) using atmospheric oxygen. Based on the results of XPS analysis, we found that the reduced catalyst changed the platinum's oxidation value to Pt(+2) and Pt(+0). Through the O(2)-reoxidation experiments, the catalyst, which consisted of non-stoichiometric platinum oxidized species, displayed an excellent ability to accept oxygen. In this study, the Pt/TiO(2) catalyst was able to very efficiently oxidize CO at low temperature and room temperature even with a minute quantity of platinum.