RESUMEN
Mucus, produced by Palythoa caribaeorum has been popularly reported due to healing, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects. However, biochemical and pharmacological properties of this mucus remains unexplored. Therefore, the present study aimed to study its proteome profile by 2DE electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF. Furthermore, it was evaluated the cytotoxic, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities of the mucus and from its protein extract (PE). Proteomics study identified14 proteins including proteins involved in the process of tissue regeneration and death of tumor cells. The PE exhibited cell viability below 50% in the MCF-7 and S-180 strains. It showed IC50 of 6.9 µg/mL for the J774 lineage, and also, favored the cellular growth of fibroblasts. Furthermore, PE revealed activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis (MIC of 250 µg/mL). These findings revealed the mucus produced by Palythoa caribaeorum with biological activities, offering alternative therapies for the treatment of cancer and as a potential antibacterial agent.
Asunto(s)
Antozoos , Proteómica , Animales , Antozoos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Proteínas , Moco/microbiología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad MicrobianaRESUMEN
Piscirickettsiosis is a fish disease caused by the facultative intracellular bacterium, Piscirickettsia salmonis. Even though entry routes of P. salmonis in fish are not fully clear yet, the skin seems to be the main portal in some salmonid species. Despite the importance of fish mucous skin barrier in fighting waterborne pathogens, the interaction between salmonid skin mucus and the bacterium is unknown. This study seeks to determine the in vitro changes in the growth of two Chilean P. salmonis strains (LF-89-like and EM-90-like genotypes) and the type strain LF-89T under exposures to skin mucus from Salmo salar and Oncorhynchus mykiss, as well as changes in the cytotoxic effect of P. salmonis on the SHK-1 cells following exposures. The results suggest that the growth of three P. salmonis strains was not significantly negatively affected under exposures to skin mucus (adjusted at 100 µg total protein ml-1 ) of O. mykiss (69 ± 18 U lysozyme ml-1 ) and S. salar (48 ± 33 U lysozyme ml-1 ) over time. However, the cytotoxic effect of P. salmonis, pre-exposed to salmonid skin mucus, on the SHK-1 cell line was reliably identified only towards the end of the incubation period, suggesting that the mucus had a delaying effect on the cytotoxic response of the cell line to the bacterium. These results represent a baseline knowledge to open new avenues of research intended to understand how P. salmonis faces the fish mucous skin barrier.
Asunto(s)
Moco/inmunología , Piscirickettsia/crecimiento & desarrollo , Infecciones por Piscirickettsiaceae/veterinaria , Animales , Línea Celular , Enfermedades de los Peces/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Peces/microbiología , Genotipo , Moco/microbiología , Oncorhynchus mykiss/inmunología , Piscirickettsia/genética , Infecciones por Piscirickettsiaceae/inmunología , Infecciones por Piscirickettsiaceae/microbiología , Salmo salar/inmunología , Piel/inmunología , Piel/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Aquaculture releases organic matter to the water column through excretion, fecal pellets, and uneaten food, but also by the continuous release of fish epithelium mucus. The effect of the latter on natural bacterial assemblages was determined using ammonium amended experiments at Puyuhuapi fjord in Chilean Patagonia. Mucus was added to seawater coming from 2 and 100 m depth and ammonium, nitrite and nitrate, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), picoplankton abundance, and active composition (i-tag 16S rRNA) were followed for 24 h. The results showed a significant response from the microbial community but only at surface depth after 2 and 6 h of incubation. A reduction of DOC and ammonium concentration and accumulation of nitrite and nitrate over time was observed, mainly at 100 m. Changes in the composition of active bacteria between treatments were observed at different taxonomic levels, associated with Alphaproteobacteria (Clade SAR11), Bacteroidetes (Polaribacter) and Gammaproteobacteria (Colwellia, Oceaniserpentilla) and other bacteria such as Nitrospina sp, a nitrite-oxidizing bacteria at some hours during the incubation. Fish pathogens, such as Vibrio and Piscirickettsia were rare (<0.02%). Overall, our study suggests that fish mucus can cause rapid modifications in microbial assemblages and stimulate organic matter and nutrient cycling, including heterotrophic and autotrophic (nitrification) in areas influenced by aquaculture.
Asunto(s)
Alphaproteobacteria/aislamiento & purificación , Bacteroidetes/aislamiento & purificación , Gammaproteobacteria/aislamiento & purificación , Moco/química , Moco/microbiología , Salmo salar/metabolismo , Alphaproteobacteria/genética , Animales , Bacteroidetes/genética , Gammaproteobacteria/genética , Microbiota/fisiología , Nitrógeno/metabolismo , Plancton/crecimiento & desarrollo , Agua de Mar/química , Agua de Mar/microbiologíaRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to analyze the probiotic potential, fatty acid composition and immunostimulant activities of Kluyveromyces lactis M3 isolated from a hypersaline sediment. For this purpose, K. lactis M3 resistance to different pH, salinities and bile, as well as its antioxidant capability were assayed. Furthermore, total fatty acid composition of the yeast was determined where the dominant fatty acids were palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic and linoleic acids. K. lactis M3 showed no cytotoxic effects on peripheral blood leukocytes. During an in vivo experiment in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), dietary K. lactis M3 supplemented at 0.55 or 1.1% of the basal diet enhanced bactericidal activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus N16, V. harveyi Lg 16/00, and V. anguillarum CECT 43442 compared to fish fed commercial diet (control group). Finally, nitric oxide production, peroxidase activity and skin mucus lectin union levels strongly increased in fish fed K. lactis M3 with respect to the control group. The results suggested that the yeast K. lactis M3 had exhibited high antioxidant capability, and its dietary administration at 0.55 or 1% basal diet had immunostimulant activity for gilthead seabream. For all these reasons, it should be considered an appropriate probiotic candidate for the aquaculture fish industry.
Asunto(s)
Inmunidad Innata/inmunología , Kluyveromyces/química , Moco/inmunología , Perciformes/inmunología , Probióticos/farmacología , Piel/inmunología , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Supervivencia Celular , Dieta/veterinaria , Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Kluyveromyces/fisiología , Leucocitos/microbiología , Leucocitos/fisiología , Moco/efectos de los fármacos , Moco/microbiología , Distribución Aleatoria , Salinidad , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Piel/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Coral reefs are one of the most productive ecosystems on the planet, with primary production rates compared to that of rain forests. Benthic organisms release 10-50% of their gross organic production as mucus that stimulates heterotrophic microbial metabolism in the water column. As a result, coral reef microbes grow up to 50 times faster than open ocean communities. Anthropogenic disturbances cause once coral-dominated reefs to become dominated by fleshy organisms, with several outcomes for trophic relationships. Here we review microbial processes implicated in organic carbon flux in coral reefs displaying species phase shifts. The first section presents microbial players and interactions within the coral holobiont that contribute to reef carbon flow. In the second section, we identify four ecosystem-level microbial features that directly respond to benthic species phase shifts: community composition, biomass, metabolism and viral predation. The third section discusses the significance of microbial consumption of benthic organic matter to reef trophic relationships. In the fourth section, we propose that the 'microbial phase shifts' discussed here are conducive to lower resilience, facilitating the transition to new degradation states in coral reefs.
Asunto(s)
Carbono/metabolismo , Arrecifes de Coral , Microbiota/fisiología , Microbiología del Agua , Biodiversidad , Ecosistema , Moco/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Adhesion to the host mucus is a crucial step in the early infection stage of pathogenic bacteria. To investigate the mechanisms of the adhesion of Aeromonas hydrophila to its host mucus, a mutant library was constructed using the mini-Tn10 transposon mutagenesis system. Of 276 individual colonies, the mutant strain with the most attenuated adhesion ability in this study was screened out and designated A77. Molecular analysis showed that a 414-bp sequence flanking mini-Tn10 in A77 had the highest identity (97%) with the bacterial flagellar protein gene flgN. A complemented strain flgN+ was constructed and the biological characteristics of the wild-type, mutant A77, and complemented flgN+ strains were investigated. The results showed that the decreased abilities of motility, adhesion to mucus, and biofilm formation in the mutant strain were partially recovered in the complemented flgN+ strain, which suggested that flgN plays an important role in the adhesion of A. hydrophila to its host.
Asunto(s)
Aeromonas hydrophila/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Adhesión Celular/genética , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/genética , Aeromonas hydrophila/patogenicidad , Secuencia de Aminoácidos/genética , Biopelículas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/microbiología , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/genética , Humanos , Moco/metabolismo , Moco/microbiología , Mutagénesis Insercional , MutaciónRESUMEN
Analyses of 16S rDNA genes were used to identify the microbiota isolated from the mucus of the zoanthid Palythoa caribaeorum at Porto de Galinhas on the coast of Pernambuco State, Brazil. This study is important as the first report of this association, because of the potential biotechnological applications of the bacterium Alcanivorax dieselolei, and as evidence for the presence of a hydrocarbon degrading bacterium in a reef ecosystem such as Porto de Galinhas.
Asunto(s)
Alcanivoraceae/genética , Antozoos/microbiología , Moco/microbiología , Alcanivoraceae/fisiología , Animales , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genéticaRESUMEN
Analyses of 16S rDNA genes were used to identify the microbiota isolated from the mucus of the zoanthid Palythoa caribaeorum at Porto de Galinhas on the coast of Pernambuco State, Brazil. This study is important as the first report of this association, because of the potential biotechnological applications of the bacterium Alcanivorax dieselolei, and as evidence for the presence of a hydrocarbon degrading bacterium in a reef ecosystem such as Porto de Galinhas.
Análises dos genes 16S rDNA foram empregadas para identificar a microbiota isolada do muco do zoantídeo Palythoa caribaeorum de Porto de Galinhas, litoral do estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Este estudo é importante pelo ineditismo dessa associação, pelas relevantes aplicações biotecnológicas da bactéria Alcanivorax dieselolei e pela indicação da presença de uma bactéria degradadora de hidrocarbonetos em um ecossistema recifal como o de Porto de Galinhas.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Alcanivoraceae/genética , Antozoos/microbiología , Moco/microbiología , Alcanivoraceae/fisiología , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , /genéticaRESUMEN
Analyses of 16S rDNA genes were used to identify the microbiota isolated from the mucus of the zoanthid Palythoa caribaeorum at Porto de Galinhas on the coast of Pernambuco State, Brazil. This study is important as the first report of this association, because of the potential biotechnological applications of the bacterium Alcanivorax dieselolei, and as evidence for the presence of a hydrocarbon degrading bacterium in a reef ecosystem such as Porto de Galinhas.(AU)
Análises dos genes 16S rDNA foram empregadas para identificar a microbiota isolada do muco do zoantídeo Palythoa caribaeorum de Porto de Galinhas, litoral do estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Este estudo é importante pelo ineditismo dessa associação, pelas relevantes aplicações biotecnológicas da bactéria Alcanivorax dieselolei e pela indicação da presença de uma bactéria degradadora de hidrocarbonetos em um ecossistema recifal como o de Porto de Galinhas.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Alcanivoraceae/genética , Antozoos/microbiología , Moco/microbiología , Alcanivoraceae/fisiología , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genéticaRESUMEN
Analyses of 16S rDNA genes were used to identify the microbiota isolated from the mucus of the zoanthid Palythoa caribaeorum at Porto de Galinhas on the coast of Pernambuco State, Brazil. This study is important as the first report of this association, because of the potential biotechnological applications of the bacterium Alcanivorax dieselolei, and as evidence for the presence of a hydrocarbon degrading bacterium in a reef ecosystem such as Porto de Galinhas.
Análises dos genes 16S rDNA foram empregadas para identificar a microbiota isolada do muco do zoantídeo Palythoa caribaeorum de Porto de Galinhas, litoral do estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Este estudo é importante pelo ineditismo dessa associação, pelas relevantes aplicações biotecnológicas da bactéria Alcanivorax dieselolei e pela indicação da presença de uma bactéria degradadora de hidrocarbonetos em um ecossistema recifal como o de Porto de Galinhas.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Alcanivoraceae/genética , Antozoos/microbiología , Moco/microbiología , Alcanivoraceae/fisiología , ADN Bacteriano/genética , /genética , Reacción en Cadena de la PolimerasaRESUMEN
Vibrio ordalii is the causative agent of atypical vibriosis and has the potential to cause severe losses in salmonid aquaculture, but the factors determining its virulence have not yet been elucidated. In this work, cell-surface-related properties of the isolates responsible for outbreaks in Atlantic salmon were investigated. We also briefly examined whether pathogenicity against fish varied for V. ordalii strains with differing cell-surface properties. Hydrocarbon adhesions indicated the hydrophobic character of V. ordalii, although only 4 of 18 isolates induced haemagglutination in Atlantic salmon erythrocytes. A minority of the studied isolates (6 of 18) and the type strain ATCC 33509T produced low-grade biofilm formation on polyethylene surface after 2 h post-inoculation (hpi), but no strains were slime producers. Interestingly, V. ordalii isolates showed wide differences in hydrophobicity. Therefore, we chose 3 V. ordalii isolates (Vo-LM-03, Vo-LM-18 and Vo-LM-16) as representative of each hydrophobicity group (strongly hydrophobic, relatively hydrophobic and quasi-hydrophilic, respectively) and ATCC 33509T was used in the pathogenicity studies. All tested V. ordalii strains except the type strain resisted the killing activity of Atlantic salmon mucus and serum, and could proliferate in these components. Moreover, all V. ordalii isolates adhered to SHK-1 cells, causing damage to fish cell membrane permeability after 16 hpi. Virulence testing using rainbow trout revealed that isolate Vo-LM-18 was more virulent than isolates Vo-LM-03 and Vo-LM-16, indicating some relationship between haemagglutination and virulence, but not with hydrophobicity.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Peces/microbiología , Salmo salar , Vibriosis/veterinaria , Vibrio/citología , Animales , Adhesión Bacteriana/fisiología , Biopelículas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Línea Celular , Chile/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Peces/epidemiología , Moco/microbiología , Oncorhynchus mykiss , Piel/microbiología , Vibrio/patogenicidad , Vibrio/fisiología , Vibriosis/epidemiología , Vibriosis/microbiología , VirulenciaRESUMEN
Infections with Brucella ceti and pinnipedialis are prevalent in marine mammals worldwide. A total of 22 California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) were examined to determine their exposure to Brucella spp. at San Esteban Island in the Gulf of California, Mexico, in June and July 2011. Although samples of blood, vaginal mucus and milk cultured negative for these bacteria, the application of rose Bengal, agar gel immunodiffusion, PCR and modified fluorescence polarization assays found that five animals (22.7%) had evidence of exposure to Brucella strains. The data also suggested that in two of these five sea lions the strains involved were of terrestrial origin, a novel finding in marine mammals. Further work will be required to validate and determine the epidemiological significance of this finding.
Asunto(s)
Brucella/clasificación , Brucelosis/veterinaria , Leones Marinos , Animales , Técnicas Bacteriológicas , Brucelosis/microbiología , Femenino , México , Leche/microbiología , Moco/microbiología , Océano Pacífico , Vagina/microbiologíaRESUMEN
We investigated the mucus-binding properties of aggregating and non-aggregating potentially probiotic strains of kefir-isolated Lactobacillus kefiri, using different substrates. All the strains were able to adhere to commercial gastric mucin (MUCIN) and extracted mucus from small intestine (SIM) and colon (CM). The extraction of surface proteins from bacteria using LiCl or NaOH significantly reduced the adhesion of three selected strains (CIDCA 8348, CIDCA 83115 and JCM 5818); although a significant proportion (up to 50%) of S-layer proteins were not completely eliminated after treatments. The surface (S-layer) protein extracts from all the strains of Lb. kefiri were capable of binding to MUCIN, SIM or CM, and no differences were observed among them. The addition of their own surface protein extract increased adhesion of CIDCA 8348 and 83115 to MUCIN and SIM, meanwhile no changes in adhesion were observed for JCM 5818. None of the seven sugars tested had the ability to inhibit the adhesion of whole bacteria to the three mucus extracts. Noteworthy, the degree of bacterial adhesion reached in the presence of their own surface protein (S-layer) extract decreased to basal levels in the presence of some sugars, suggesting an interaction between the added sugar and the surface proteins. In conclusion, the ability of these food-isolated bacteria to adhere to gastrointestinal mucus becomes an essential issue regarding the biotechnological potentiality of Lb. kefiri for the food industry.
Asunto(s)
Adhesión Bacteriana , Mucosa Gástrica/microbiología , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiología , Lactobacillus/fisiología , Moco/microbiología , Probióticos , Animales , Adhesión Bacteriana/efectos de los fármacos , Colon , Productos Lácteos Cultivados/microbiología , Hexosas/farmacología , Intestino Delgado , Proteínas de la Membrana/farmacología , PorcinosRESUMEN
Acropora and Porites corals are important reef builders in the Indo-Pacific and Caribbean. Bacteria associated with mucus produced by Porites spp. and Acropora spp. from Caribbean (Punta Maroma, Mexico) and Indo-Pacific (Hoga and Sampela, Indonesia) reefs were determined. Analysis of pyrosequencing libraries showed that bacterial communities from Caribbean corals were significantly more diverse (H', 3.18 to 4.25) than their Indonesian counterparts (H', 2.54 to 3.25). Dominant taxa were Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Cyanobacteria, which varied in relative abundance between coral genera and region. Distinct coral host-specific communities were also found; for example, Clostridiales were dominant on Acropora spp. (at Hoga and the Mexican Caribbean) compared to Porites spp. and seawater. Within the Gammproteobacteria, Halomonas spp. dominated sequence libraries from Porites spp. (49%) and Acropora spp. (5.6%) from the Mexican Caribbean, compared to the corresponding Indonesian coral libraries (<2%). Interestingly, with the exception of Porites spp. from the Mexican Caribbean, there was also a ubiquity of Psychrobacter spp., which dominated Acropora and Porites libraries from Indonesia and Acropora libraries from the Caribbean. In conclusion, there was a dominance of Halomonas spp. (associated with Acropora and Porites [Mexican Caribbean]), Firmicutes (associated with Acropora [Mexican Caribbean] and with Acropora and Porites [Hoga]), and Cyanobacteria (associated with Acropora and Porites [Hoga] and Porites [Sampela]). This is also the first report describing geographically distinct Psychrobacter spp. associated with coral mucus. In addition, the predominance of Clostridiales associated with Acropora spp. provided additional evidence for coral host-specific microorganisms.
Asunto(s)
Antozoos/microbiología , Bacterias/genética , Biota , Moco/microbiología , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Antozoos/metabolismo , Secuencia de Bases , Análisis por Conglomerados , Electroforesis en Gel de Gradiente Desnaturalizante , Geografía , Indonesia , México , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Filogenia , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
La atelectasia es una complicación frecuente en pacientes bajo ventilación mecánica artificial que aumenta la estadía, los costos y la mortalidad de los pacientes en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, representa un problema sin resolver para el paciente ventilado, tiene efecto deletéreo sobre algunos parámetros ventilatorios como la diferencia álveolo-arterial de oxígeno, la relación entre presión de oxígeno y fracción inspirada de oxígeno y la compliancia pulmonar, la broncofibroscopia es efectiva para prevenirla, diagnosticarla y tratarla en este grupo de enfermos. Obtener muestras de secreciones respiratorias para estudios microbiológicos en pacientes ventilados ha sido un tema muy debatido en la literatura médica, disminuir la frecuencia de neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica y aislar el germen responsable es muy útil para la elección del antimicrobiano, la broncofibroscopia demuestra ser superior a otras técnicas incluida la aspiración con sondas a ciegas en los pacientes ventilados(AU)
Atelectasis is a frequent complication in patients on artificial ventilation which increases the stay, cost and mortality of patients in the intensive care unit is an unsolved problem for the ventilated patient, has deleterious effect on some ventilatory parameters as alveolar-arterial oxygen difference, the relationship between oxygen pressure and fraction of inspired oxygen and lung compliance, bronchoscopy is effective to prevent, diagnose it and treat it in this group of patients. Get samples of respiratory secretions for microbiologic studies in ventilated patients has been a very debated topic in the literature, reducing pneumonia frequency associated with mechanical ventilation and isolate the responsible germ is very useful for the choice of antimicrobial, the bronchoscopy shows be superior to other techniques including aspiration probe blindly in ventilated patients(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Respiración Artificial/efectos adversos , Atelectasia Pulmonar/etiología , Atelectasia Pulmonar/terapia , Broncoscopía/métodos , Moco/microbiología , Sistema RespiratorioRESUMEN
La atelectasia es una complicación frecuente en pacientes bajo ventilación mecánica artificial que aumenta la estadía, los costos y la mortalidad de los pacientes en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, representa un problema sin resolver para el paciente ventilado, tiene efecto deletéreo sobre algunos parámetros ventilatorios como la diferencia álveolo-arterial de oxígeno, la relación entre presión de oxígeno y fracción inspirada de oxígeno y la compliancia pulmonar, la broncofibroscopia es efectiva para prevenirla, diagnosticarla y tratarla en este grupo de enfermos. Obtener muestras de secreciones respiratorias para estudios microbiológicos en pacientes ventilados ha sido un tema muy debatido en la literatura médica, disminuir la frecuencia de neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica y aislar el germen responsable es muy útil para la elección del antimicrobiano, la broncofibroscopia demuestra ser superior a otras técnicas incluida la aspiración con sondas a ciegas en los pacientes ventilados
Atelectasis is a frequent complication in patients on artificial ventilation which increases the stay, cost and mortality of patients in the intensive care unit is an unsolved problem for the ventilated patient, has deleterious effect on some ventilatory parameters as alveolar-arterial oxygen difference, the relationship between oxygen pressure and fraction of inspired oxygen and lung compliance, bronchoscopy is effective to prevent, diagnose it and treat it in this group of patients. Get samples of respiratory secretions for microbiologic studies in ventilated patients has been a very debated topic in the literature, reducing pneumonia frequency associated with mechanical ventilation and isolate the responsible germ is very useful for the choice of antimicrobial, the bronchoscopy shows be superior to other techniques including aspiration probe blindly in ventilated patients
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Atelectasia Pulmonar/etiología , Atelectasia Pulmonar/terapia , Broncoscopía/métodos , Moco/microbiología , Sistema Respiratorio , Respiración Artificial/efectos adversosRESUMEN
Invasion by bacteria can influence the course of healing of wounds acquired in aquatic environment. In this study, the bacteria present in Potamotrygon motoro stingray mucus and in the Alto Paraná river water were identified, and their ability to induce tissue injury and resist antibiotics was determined. Biochemical identification analysis showed that 97% of all bacterial isolates were Gram negative, Aeromonas spp., Enterobacter cloacae and Citrobacter freundii being the species most prevalent. Gelatinase and caseinase were produced by Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas sobria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Erythrocyte hemolysis assay showed that A. sobria, A. hydrophila and to a lesser extent, other Gram-negative bacteria produced hemolysin. It was also observed that molecules released in culture by these bacteria were toxic to human epithelial cells. Antibiogram results showed that 68% of all bacterial isolates were resistant to at least one type of antibiotic, mainly B-lactams. Finally, it was demonstrated that although P. motoro venom was toxic to epithelial cells it did not influence bacterial proliferation. In summary, the results obtained in this work indicate that during the accident, the mucus of P. motoro and the environmental water may transfer into the wound pathogenic multi-resistant bacteria with the potential to cause severe secondary infections.
Asunto(s)
Mordeduras y Picaduras/microbiología , Ríos/microbiología , Rajidae/microbiología , Cicatrización de Heridas , Infección de Heridas/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Toxinas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Toxinas Bacterianas/toxicidad , Brasil , Línea Celular , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Células Epiteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Venenos de los Peces/toxicidad , Gelatinasas/metabolismo , Bacterias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Gramnegativas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Bacterias Gramnegativas/aislamiento & purificación , Bacterias Gramnegativas/metabolismo , Proteínas Hemolisinas/metabolismo , Humanos , Metaloendopeptidasas/metabolismo , Viabilidad Microbiana/efectos de los fármacos , Moco/microbiología , Rajidae/metabolismo , Cicatrización de Heridas/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Streptococcus phocae is an emerging pathogen for Chilean Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, but the factors determining its virulence are not yet elucidated. In this work, cell surface-related properties such as hydrophobicity and haemagglutination, adhesion to mucus and cell lines, capsule detection, survival and biofilm formation in skin mucus and serum resistance of the isolates responsible for outbreaks in Atlantic salmon and seals were examined. Adhesion to hydrocarbons and the results of salt aggregation tests indicated most of the S. phocae were strongly hydrophobic. All isolates exhibited a similar ability to attach to the Chinook salmon embryo (CHSE) cells line, but were not able to enter CHSE cells. Haemagglutination was not detected. Our data clearly indicate that S. phocae can resist the killing activity of mucus and serum and proliferate in them, which could be associated with the presence of a capsular layer around the cells. Pathogenicity studies using seal and fish isolates demonstrated mortality or pathological signs in fish injected only with the Atlantic salmon isolate. No mortalities or histopathological alterations were observed in fish injected with extracellular products.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Peces/microbiología , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/veterinaria , Streptococcus/fisiología , Streptococcus/patogenicidad , Animales , Adhesión Bacteriana/fisiología , Cápsulas Bacterianas/ultraestructura , Biopelículas , Línea Celular , Enfermedades de los Peces/patología , Hemólisis/fisiología , Interacciones Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión , Moco/microbiología , Phoca/microbiología , Salmo salar , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/microbiología , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/patología , Streptococcus/enzimología , Streptococcus/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
Intravaginal sponges (IS) impregnated with progestagens are widely used for oestrous synchronization in ewes. As progestogens depress the immuno response, the first aim was to determine whether medroxiprogesterone acetate (MAP) content affects the vaginal bacteria number (VBN) in IS-treated anoestrous ewes. The second aim was to compare the effectiveness of different antibiotic treatments to control the VBN increase caused by IS. In both experiments, IS were inserted during 14 days in anoestrous ewes. In the first, 11 ewes received commercial sponges (50 mg MAP), and 10 ewes received placebo sponges. For the second experiment, IS were inserted in three groups (n = 12/group), containing oxytetracycline im (20 mg/kg); injected into the sponge (0.02 mg), or control (no antibiotic). At sponge withdrawal, all ewes received 300 UI eCG. Mucous samples were collected from the vagina before sponge insertion, at sponge withdrawal, 24, 48 and 72 h later, and the VBN (colony-forming units per ml; CFU/ml) was counted after 48-h incubation. Medroxiprogesterone content did not affect VBN (log CFU/ml: 4.3 ± 0.2 vs 4.4 ± 0.2 with and without MAP, respectively). Bacterial number increased from 3.5 ± 0.2 at sponge insertion to 6.9 ± 0.1 at sponge withdrawal (p < 0.0001) and decreased the following day to 4.3 ± 0.2 (p < 0.0001). In the second experiment, VBN increased at sponge withdrawal (p < 0.0001) in all groups and decreased the following day (p < 0.0001). The CFU/ml at sponge withdrawal was lower in ewes treated with antibiotics (p < 0.0001), being even lower when local rather than systemic antibiotic was administered (log CFU/ml: 3.3 ± 1.8 vs 7.2 ± 1.8). The day of oestrous VBN was similar for all treatments and similar to that observed before sponge insertion. We concluded that MAP does not influence the increase in VBN, as the main effect is provoked by the sponge device itself, and local antibiotic treatment resulted in a lower bacterial growth than systemic treatments.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Bacterias Aerobias/fisiología , Acetato de Medroxiprogesterona/farmacología , Moco/microbiología , Ovinos , Vagina/microbiología , Administración Intravaginal , Anestro , Animales , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Sincronización del Estro/métodos , Femenino , Acetato de Medroxiprogesterona/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Bacteria communities living in mucus secretions of common carp Cyprinus carpio (Cyprinidae) were exposed to the organic nanomaterial fullerene (C(60)) to evaluate its potential bactericidal effects. End points analyzed were viability, growth, reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration, and total antioxidant competence against peroxyl radicals. Viability was not affected (p > 0.05), whereas growth was arrested (p < 0.05) after 3 hours of exposure to the three concentration of C(60) assayed (0.1, 1, and 10 mg/L). Levels of RO measured at different C(60) concentration showed that some colonies were reactive (significant dose-response relation, p < 0.05) to C(60), whereas others were not. The nonreactive colonies to C(60) presented higher antioxidant competence to peroxyl radicals compared with the reactive colonies (p < 0.05). The strains isolated and identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of 16S rRNA showed a predominance of Aeromonas genus between all the isolated Gram-negative bacteria. Thus, the present results indicate that C(60) affects bacterial communities that live in mucus secretions of common carp.