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Using previously validated microbial source tracking markers, we detected and quantified fecal contamination from avian species and avian exposure, dogs, and humans on household cooking tables and floors. The association among contamination, infrastructure, and socioeconomic covariates was assessed using simple and multiple ordinal logistic regressions. The presence of Campylobacter spp. in surface samples was linked to avian markers. Using molecular methods, animal feces were detected in 75.0% and human feces in 20.2% of 104 households. Floors were more contaminated than tables as detected by the avian marker Av4143, dog marker Bactcan, and human marker Bachum. Wood tables were consistently more contaminated than non-wood surfaces, specifically with the mitochondrial avian markers ND5 and CytB, fecal marker Av4143, and canine marker Bactcan. Final multivariable models with socioeconomic and infrastructure characteristics included as covariates indicate that detection of avian feces and avian exposure was associated with the presence of chickens, maternal age, and length of tenancy, whereas detection of human markers was associated with unimproved water source. Detection of Campylobacter in surface samples was associated with the avian fecal marker Av4143. We highlight the critical need to detect and measure the burden of animal fecal waste when evaluating household water, hygiene, and sanitation interventions, and the possibility of decreasing risk of exposure through the modification of surfaces to permit more effective household disinfection practices. Animals may be a more important source of household fecal contamination than humans in many low-resource settings, although interventions have historically focused almost exclusively on managing human waste.

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Rodents used in biomedical research are maintained behind barriers to exclude microbial contaminants. Several check points have to be monitored to eliminate the potential of introducing adventitious agents into the facility. Microbiological monitoring of a mouse facility environment enables to evaluate the efficiency of sanitization and cleaning procedures, air quality, and technician good practices. At our SPF mouse facility, we implemented an environmental microbiological monitoring program based in sedimentation and swabbing, inexpensive and easy to use methods. The aim of this work was to evaluate the results and the efficiency of the monitoring program after seven years. The median for bacteria and fungi counts in the SPF sampled areas was ≤2 CFU/2 h for settle plates and <1 CFU per swabbing plate, satisfying the requirements for grade C of the EU-GMP, with some modifications. The environmental monitoring program was useful to detect early warning of problems and enabled us to define a safe range of microbiological counts. In addition, SPF status defined for our mice was maintained throughout this study, confirmed by our HM program. This work could encourage directors and technicians of other mouse facilities in Latin America and rest of the world to implement this kind of program.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade do ar, da água e de superfícies de manipulação de alimentos em uma lanchonete da cidade de Januária-MG. Foram realizadas contagem de aeróbios mesófilos, bolores e leveduras, enterobactérias, coliformes totais e coliformes a 45°C. A qualidade do ar das áreas da lanchonete foi avaliada utilizando a técnica de sedimentação simples em placa de Petri. As amostras das superfícies de manipulação foram coletadas seguindo a técnica de Swab e para analisar as amostras de água utilizamos a técnica do Número Mais Provável (NMP). Não foram encontrados coliformes totais e coliformes a 45°C nas amostras de água e superfície de manipulação. Considerando os parâmetros propostos pela APHA (Amúican Public Health Association), verificou-se que as contagens de mesófilos aeróbios, enterobactérias e bolores e leveduras para o ambiente e superfície de manipulação estão acima dos limites propostos. Estes resultados demonstram a necessidade do estabelecimento pesquisado em estabelecer Padrões Operacionais Padronizados (POPs) e de se adequar as Boas Práticas de Fabricação de Alimentos (BPFs).(AU)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of the air, water and food work surfaces in a cafeteria in the city of Januaria-MG. Were held count of mesophilic aerobic, moulds and yeasts, enterobacteria, total coliforms and coliforms at 45°C. The air quality of the cafeteria area was evaluated using the Simple Sedimentation in Petri Dish technique. The sample of the work surfaces were collected following the Swab technique and for water sample analysis the Most Probable Number technique (MPN) was used. Do not was found total coliforms and coliforms at 45°C in the samples of water and manipulation surface. According to the parameters proposed by APHA (American Public Health Association), ir has become apparent that the counts of mesophilic aerobic, moulds and yeasts and enterobacterias for the work environment and work surfaces was exceeded the proposed limits. These results show the necessity of the premise studied in establish Standard Operating Patterns (50P) in order to suit the Good Manufacturing Practices of Food (GMPF).(AU)

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There is growing evidence that household water treatment interventions improve microbiological water quality and reduce diarrheal disease risk. Few studies have examined, however, the impact of water treatment interventions on household-level hygiene and sanitation. This study examined the association of four water and sanitation conditions (access to latrines, improved sanitation, improved water and the plastic biosand filter) on the levels of total coliforms and E. coli on existing and introduced toys during an on-going randomized controlled trial of the plastic biosand filter (plastic BSF). The following conditions were associated with decreased bacterial contamination on children's toys: access to a latrine, access to improved sanitation and access to the plastic BSF. Overall, compared to existing toys, introduced toys had significantly lower levels of both E. coli and total coliforms. Results suggest that levels of fecal indicator bacteria contamination on children's toys may be associated with access to improved water and sanitation conditions in the home. In addition, the fecal indicator bacteria levels on toys probably vary with duration in the household. Additional information on how these toys become contaminated is needed to determine the usefulness of toys as indicators or sentinels of water, sanitation and hygiene conditions, behaviors and risks.

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A discussão sobre a emergência de agravos à saúde coloca todos os profissionais de saúde em alerta. Através de uma revisão sobre os conceitos de doença emergente, relacionando-a com uma situação concreta, a emergência da hantavirose em Santa Catarina, Brasil, constatou-se a necessidade de um enfoque sobre as condições ambientais em tais situações. O melhor conhecimento sobre os fatores ambientais envolvidos e contextualizados torna possível um melhor posicionamento para a elaboração das políticas de controle e prevenção a serem adotadas. Tal posicionamento possibilita a ação multiprofissional, sob a forma de orientação às comunidades, como necessidade de um modelo assistencial diferenciado.

The discussion on the emergence of health injuries preoccupies all health workers. In a review on the concepts of emerging disease, related to a concrete situation, the emergence of the Hantaviruses in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, the author highlights the need for focusing on environmental conditions in such situations. The best knowledge on environmental factors makes it possible to elaborate controlling and preventive policies. This enables the multi-professional action in providing community information, as the need for a differentiated assistance model.

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Objetivo: determinar a flora microbiana ambiental dos centros cirúrgicos oftalmológicos, com os aparelhos de ar condicionado ligados ou näo. Metodologia: placas de cultura foram colocadas por tempo determinado ao lado do campo, durante a cirurgia, em 7 centros cirúrgicos ambulatoriais e 7 hospitalares da cidade de Säo Paulo. Resultados: foram isoladas 258 colônias de microrganismos, sendo 228 de bactérias e 30 de fungos. Do total das bactérias, encontrou-se 78 p/cento de cocos gram-positivos coagulase negativa (Staphylococcus epidermidis e Staphylococcus saprophyticus) e 22 por cento de outras bactérias (S.aureus, bacilos diferóides e Bacillus sp.). Do toal de microrganismos encontrou-se

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