RESUMEN

MAIN CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to Neltuma species, S. tamarugo exhibited higher stress tolerance, maintaining photosynthetic performance through enhanced gene expression and metabolites. Differentially accumulated metabolites include chlorophyll and carotenoids and accumulation of non-nitrogen osmoprotectants. Plant species have developed different adaptive strategies to live under extreme environmental conditions. Hypothetically, extremophyte species present a unique configuration of physiological functions that prioritize stress-tolerance mechanisms while carefully managing resource allocation for photosynthesis. This could be particularly challenging under a multi-stress environment, where the synthesis of multiple and sequential molecular mechanisms is induced. We explored this hypothesis in three phylogenetically related woody species co-occurring in the Atacama Desert, Strombocarpa tamarugo, Neltuma alba, and Neltuma chilensis, by analyzing their leaf dehydration and freezing tolerance and by characterizing their photosynthetic performance under natural growth conditions. Besides, the transcriptomic profiling, biochemical analyses of leaf pigments, and metabolite analysis by untargeted metabolomics were conducted to study gene expression and metabolomic landscape within this challenging multi-stress environment. S. tamarugo showed a higher photosynthetic capacity and leaf stress tolerance than the other species. In this species, a multifactorial response was observed, which involves high photochemical activity associated with a higher content of chlorophylls and ß-carotene. The oxidative damage of the photosynthetic apparatus is probably attenuated by the synthesis of complex antioxidant molecules in the three species, but S. tamarugo showed the highest antioxidant capacity. Comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses among the species showed the differential expression of genes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of key stress-related metabolites. Moreover, the synthesis of non-nitrogen osmoprotectant molecules, such as ciceritol and mannitol in S. tamarugo, would allow the nitrogen allocation to support its high photosynthetic capacity without compromising leaf dehydration tolerance and freezing stress avoidance.

Asunto(s)

Clima Desértico , Fotosíntesis , Estrés Fisiológico , Transcriptoma , Fotosíntesis/genética , Estrés Fisiológico/genética , Clorofila/metabolismo , Metabolómica , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/genética , Hojas de la Planta/fisiología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Carotenoides/metabolismo , Metaboloma/genética , Chile

RESUMEN

In pasture-based systems, there are nutritional and climatic challenges exacerbated across lactation; thus, dairy cows require an enhanced adaptive capacity compared with cows in confined systems. We aimed to evaluate the effect of lactation stage (21 vs. 180 days in milk, DIM) and Holstein genetic strain (North American Holstein, NAH, n = 8; New Zealand Holstein, NZH, n = 8) on metabolic adaptations of grazing dairy cows through plasma metabolomic profiling and its association with classical metabolites. Although 67 metabolites were affected (FDR < 0.05) by DIM, no metabolite was observed to differ between genetic strains while only alanine was affected (FDR = 0.02) by the interaction between genetic strain and DIM. However, complementary tools for time-series analysis (ASCA analysis, MEBA ranking) indicated that alanine and the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) differed between genetic strains in a lactation-stage dependent manner. Indeed, NZH cows had lower (P-Tukey < 0.05) plasma concentrations of leucine, isoleucine and valine than NAH cows at 21 DIM, probably signaling for greater insulin sensitivity. Metabolic pathway analysis also revealed that, independently of genetic strains, AA metabolism might be structurally involved in homeorhetic changes as 40% (19/46) of metabolic pathways differentially expressed (FDR < 0.05) between 21 and 180 DIM belonged to AA metabolism.

Asunto(s)

Aminoácidos de Cadena Ramificada/sangre , Bovinos/sangre , Bovinos/genética , Lactancia/sangre , Leche/química , Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico/sangre , Alanina/sangre , Animales , Glucemia/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinaria , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados/sangre , Femenino , Insulina/sangre , Metaboloma/genética , Metabolómica/métodos , Urea/sangre

RESUMEN

A phylogenomic study conducted with different bioinformatic tools such as TYGS, REALPHY and AAI comparisons revealed a high rate of misidentified Streptomyces albus genomes in GenBank. Only 9 of the 18 annotated genomes available in the public database were correctly identified as S. albus species. The pangenome of the nine in silico confirmed S. albus genomes was almost closed. Lignocellulosic agroresidues were a common niche among strains of the S. albus clade while carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) were highly conserved. Relevant enzymes for cellulose degradation such as beta glucosidases belonging to the GH1 family, a GH6 cellulase and a monooxygenase AA10-CBM2 were encoded by all S. albus genomes. Among them, one GH1 glycosidase would be regulated by CebR. However, this regulatory mechanism was not confirmed for other genes related to cellulose degradation. Based on AntiSMASH predictions, the core secondary metabolome of S. albus encompassed a total of 23 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), where 4 were related to common metabolites within Streptomyces genus. Species specific BGCs included those related to pseudouridimycin and xantholipin. Additionally, four BGCs encoded putative derivatives of ibomycin, the lasso peptide SSV-2086, the lanthipeptide SapB and the terpene isorenieratene. Known metabolites could not be assigned to ten BGCs and three clusters did not match with any previously described BGC. The core genome of S. albus retrieved from nine closely related genomes revealed a high potential for the discovery of novel bioactive metabolites and underexplored regulatory genomic elements related to lignocellulose deconstruction.

Asunto(s)

Celulasas/genética , Genoma Bacteriano/genética , Lignina/metabolismo , Streptomyces/genética , Streptomyces/metabolismo , Bases de Datos Genéticas , Glicósido Hidrolasas/genética , Metaboloma/genética , Oxigenasas de Función Mixta/genética , Familia de Multigenes/genética , Filogenia , Metabolismo Secundario/genética

RESUMEN

Water limitation represents the main environmental constraint affecting crop yield worldwide. Photosynthesis is a primary drought target, resulting in over-reduction of the photosynthetic electron transport chain and increased production of reactive oxygen species in plastids. Manipulation of chloroplast electron distribution by introducing alternative electron transport sinks has been shown to increase plant tolerance to multiple environmental challenges including hydric stress, suggesting that a similar strategy could be used to improve drought tolerance in crops. We show herein that the expression of the cyanobacterial electron shuttle flavodoxin in potato chloroplasts protected photosynthetic activities even at a pre-symptomatic stage of drought. Transcriptional and metabolic profiling revealed an attenuated response to the adverse condition in flavodoxin-expressing plants, correlating with their increased stress tolerance. Interestingly, 5-6% of leaf-expressed genes were affected by flavodoxin in the absence of drought, representing pathways modulated by chloroplast redox status during normal growth. About 300 of these genes potentially contribute to stress acclimation as their modulation by flavodoxin proceeds in the same direction as their drought response in wild-type plants. Tuber yield losses under chronic water limitation were mitigated in flavodoxin-expressing plants, indicating that the flavoprotein has the potential to improve major agronomic traits in potato.

Asunto(s)

Cloroplastos/genética , Metaboloma/genética , Solanum tuberosum/genética , Estrés Fisiológico/genética , Cloroplastos/metabolismo , Productos Agrícolas/genética , Sequías , Transporte de Electrón/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/genética , Oxidación-Reducción , Fotosíntesis/genética , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/genética , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/metabolismo , Plastidios/genética , Plastidios/metabolismo , Solanum tuberosum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Solanum tuberosum/metabolismo , Nicotiana/genética , Transcriptoma/genética

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: To date, most studies of natural variation and metabolite quantitative trait loci (mQTL) in tomato have focused on fruit metabolism, leaving aside the identification of genomic regions involved in the regulation of leaf metabolism. OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to identify leaf mQTL in tomato and to assess the association of leaf metabolites and physiological traits with the metabolite levels from other tissues. METHODS: The analysis of components of leaf metabolism was performed by phenotypying 76 tomato ILs with chromosome segments of the wild species Solanum pennellii in the genetic background of a cultivated tomato (S. lycopersicum) variety M82. The plants were cultivated in two different environments in independent years and samples were harvested from mature leaves of non-flowering plants at the middle of the light period. The non-targeted metabolite profiling was obtained by gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS). With the data set obtained in this study and already published metabolomics data from seed and fruit, we performed QTL mapping, heritability and correlation analyses. RESULTS: Changes in metabolite contents were evident in the ILs that are potentially important with respect to stress responses and plant physiology. By analyzing the obtained data, we identified 42 positive and 76 negative mQTL involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these findings allowed the identification of S. lycopersicum genome regions involved in the regulation of leaf primary carbon and nitrogen metabolism, as well as the association of leaf metabolites with metabolites from seeds and fruits.

Asunto(s)

Hojas de la Planta/genética , Sitios de Carácter Cuantitativo/genética , Solanum lycopersicum/genética , Mapeo Cromosómico/métodos , Frutas/genética , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Solanum lycopersicum/metabolismo , Metaboloma/genética , Metabolómica/métodos , Fenotipo , Hojas de la Planta/química , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Semillas/genética

RESUMEN

Despite resistance exercises being associated with health outcomes, numerous issues are still unresolved and further research is required before the exercise can faithfully be prescribed as medicine. The goal of this study was to investigate whether there are sex differences in resistance training effects on metabolic alterations induced by monosodium glutamate (MSG), a model of obesity, in male and female rats. Male and female Wistar rats received MSG (4 g/kg body weight/day, s.c.) from postnatal day 1 to 10. After 10 days from MSG administration, the rats were separated into two groups: MSG-sedentary and MSG-exercised. At postnatal day 60, the animals started a resistance training protocol in an 80 degrees inclined vertical ladder apparatus and performed it for 7 weeks. Control rats received saline solution and were divided in saline-sedentary and saline-exercised. Resistance training restored all plasma biochemical parameters (glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase) increased in male and female rats treated with MSG. The MSG administration induced hyperglycemia associated with a decrease in the skeletal muscle glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) levels and accompanied by deregulation in proteins, G-6Pase, and tyrosine aminotransferase, involved in hepatic glucose metabolism of male and female rats. MSG induced dyslipidemia and lipotoxicity in the liver and skeletal muscle of male rats. Regarding female rats, lipotoxicity was found only in the skeletal muscle. The resistance training had beneficial effects against metabolic alterations induced by MSG in male and female rats, through regulation of proteins (GLUT2, protein kinase B, and GLUT4) involved in glucose and lipid pathways in the liver and skeletal muscle.

Asunto(s)

Hígado/metabolismo , Metaboloma/genética , Obesidad/terapia , Entrenamiento de Fuerza/métodos , Alanina Transaminasa/metabolismo , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Aspartato Aminotransferasas/metabolismo , Glucemia , Colesterol/metabolismo , Femenino , Glucosa/metabolismo , Humanos , Insulina/metabolismo , Hígado/patología , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/patología , Obesidad/inducido químicamente , Obesidad/fisiopatología , Condicionamiento Físico Animal , Ratas , Caracteres Sexuales , Glutamato de Sodio , Triglicéridos/metabolismo

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Ruminants play a great role in sustainable livestock since they transform pastures, silage, and crop residues into high-quality human food (i.e. milk and beef). Animals with better ability to convert food into animal protein, measured as a trait called feed efficiency (FE), also produce less manure and greenhouse gas per kilogram of produced meat. Thus, the identification of high feed efficiency cattle is important for sustainable nutritional management. Our aim was to evaluate the potential of serum metabolites to identify FE of beef cattle before they enter the feedlot. RESULTS: A total of 3598 and 4210 m/z features was detected in negative and positive ionization modes via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A single feature was different between high and low FE groups. Network analysis (WGCNA) yielded the detection of 19 and 20 network modules of highly correlated features in negative and positive mode respectively, and 1 module of each acquisition mode was associated with RFI (r = 0.55, P < 0.05). Pathway enrichment analysis (Mummichog) yielded the Retinol metabolism pathway associated with feed efficiency in beef cattle in our conditions. CONCLUSION: Altogether, these findings demonstrate the existence of a serum-based metabolomic signature associated with feed efficiency in beef cattle before they enter the feedlot. We are now working to validate the use of metabolites for identification of feed efficient animals for sustainable nutritional management.

Asunto(s)

Alimentación Animal , Ingestión de Alimentos/genética , Metaboloma/genética , Metabolómica/métodos , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales/genética , Animales , Bovinos , Ingestión de Alimentos/fisiología , Calidad de los Alimentos , Fenotipo , Carne Roja

RESUMEN

NSD3s, the proline-tryptophan-tryptophan-proline (PWWP) domain-containing, short isoform of the human oncoprotein NSD3, displays high transforming properties. Overexpression of human NSD3s or the yeast protein Pdp3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces similar metabolic changes, including increased growth rate and sensitivity to oxidative stress, accompanied by decreased oxygen consumption. Here, we set out to elucidate the biochemical pathways leading to the observed metabolic phenotype by analyzing the alterations in yeast metabolome in response to NSD3s or Pdp3 overexpression using 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics. We observed an increase in aspartate and alanine, together with a decrease in arginine levels, on overexpression of NSD3s or Pdp3, suggesting an increase in the rate of glutaminolysis. In addition, certain metabolites, including glutamate, valine, and phosphocholine were either NSD3s or Pdp3 specific, indicating that additional metabolic pathways are adapted in a protein-dependent manner. The observation that certain metabolic pathways are differentially regulated by NSD3s and Pdp3 suggests that, despite the structural similarity between their PWWP domains, the two proteins act by unique mechanisms and may recruit different downstream signaling complexes. This study establishes for the first time a functional link between the human oncoprotein NSD3s and cancer metabolic reprogramming.

Asunto(s)

Histona Acetiltransferasas/genética , N-Metiltransferasa de Histona-Lisina/genética , Metaboloma/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Alanina/genética , Ácido Aspártico/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/genética , Humanos , Metabolómica/métodos , Resonancia Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular/métodos , Prolina/genética , Dominios Proteicos/genética , Transducción de Señal/genética

RESUMEN

The worldwide-distributed leaf peach curl disease is caused by the biotroph Taphrina deformans. To characterize the plant-fungus interaction, resistant and susceptible Prunus persica genotypes grown in the orchard were studied. Asymptomatic leaves were tested for fungal presence. In all resistant leaves analyzed the fungus was not detected. Conversely, leaves from the susceptible genotype were categorized according to the presence or absence of the pathogen. Comparative metabolomic analysis disclosed the metabolite composition associated with resistant and susceptible interactions, and of compounds involved in fungal growth inhibition such as chlorogenic acid, whose in vitro antifungal activity was verified in this work. Differential proteome studies revealed that chloroplasts are important site of plant defense responses against T. deformans. Members of the Bet-v1-like family protein differentially responded to the pathogen. Extracellular pathogenesis-related proteins, evaluated by qRT-PCR, and an enone oxidoreductase are constitutively present in leaves of resistant trees and could be related to fungal resistance. This study is a global view of the changes in the metabolome, proteome and transcripts related to plant defense in naturally infected leaves of susceptible plants during the asymptomatic stage. Additionally, it provides clues to the successful molecular mechanisms operating in resistant plants, which neither develop the disease nor harbor the pathogen.

Asunto(s)

Ascomicetos , Resistencia a la Enfermedad/genética , Genotipo , Metaboloma/genética , Proteoma , Prunus persica , Proteoma/genética , Proteoma/metabolismo , Proteómica , Prunus persica/genética , Prunus persica/metabolismo , Prunus persica/microbiología

RESUMEN

Asian soybean rust (ASR), caused by the obligate biotrophic fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi, can cause losses greater than 80%. Despite its economic importance, there is no soybean cultivar with durable ASR resistance. In addition, the P. pachyrhizi genome is not yet available. However, the availability of other rust genomes, as well as the development of sample enrichment strategies and bioinformatics tools, has improved our knowledge of the ASR secretome and its potential effectors. In this context, we used a combination of laser capture microdissection (LCM), RNAseq and a bioinformatics pipeline to identify a total of 36 350 P. pachyrhizi contigs expressed in planta and a predicted secretome of 851 proteins. Some of the predicted secreted proteins had characteristics of candidate effectors: small size, cysteine rich, do not contain PFAM domains (except those associated with pathogenicity) and strongly expressed in planta. A comparative analysis of the predicted secreted proteins present in Pucciniales species identified new members of soybean rust and new Pucciniales- or P. pachyrhizi-specific families (tribes). Members of some families were strongly up-regulated during early infection, starting with initial infection through haustorium formation. Effector candidates selected from two of these families were able to suppress immunity in transient assays, and were localized in the plant cytoplasm and nuclei. These experiments support our bioinformatics predictions and show that these families contain members that have functions consistent with P. pachyrhizi effectors.

Asunto(s)

Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Metaboloma , Nicotiana/microbiología , Phakopsora pachyrhizi/metabolismo , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Análisis por Conglomerados , Proteínas Fúngicas/química , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Ontología de Genes , Metaboloma/genética , Familia de Multigenes , Phakopsora pachyrhizi/genética , Filogenia , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Inmunidad de la Planta , Hojas de la Planta/microbiología , Glycine max/microbiología , Nicotiana/inmunología , Transcriptoma/genética

RESUMEN

AIM: This study aims to understand which Candida orthopsilosis protein aids fungus adaptation upon its switching from planktonic growth to biofilm. MATERIALS & METHODS: Ion mobility separation within mass spectrometry analysis combination were used. RESULTS: Proteins mapped for different biosynthetic pathways showed that selective ribosome autophagy might occur in biofilms. Glucose, used as a carbon source in the glycolytic flux, changed to glycogen and trehalose. CONCLUSION: Candida orthopsilosis expresses proteins that combine a variety of mechanisms to provide yeasts with the means to adjust the catalytic properties of enzymes. Adjustment of the enzymes helps modulate the biosynthesis/degradation rates of the available nutrients, in order to control and coordinate the metabolic pathways that enable cells to express an adequate response to nutrient availability.

Asunto(s)

Biopelículas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Candida/metabolismo , Candida/fisiología , Metaboloma/fisiología , Plancton/crecimiento & desarrollo , Aminoácidos/biosíntesis , Aminoácidos/genética , Candida/genética , Candida/crecimiento & desarrollo , Carbono/metabolismo , Ciclo del Ácido Cítrico , Proteínas Fúngicas/biosíntesis , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Proteínas Fúngicas/fisiología , Regulación Fúngica de la Expresión Génica/genética , Regulación Fúngica de la Expresión Génica/fisiología , Ontología de Genes , Glucosa/metabolismo , Glucógeno/metabolismo , Glucólisis , Análisis de Flujos Metabólicos , Redes y Vías Metabólicas/genética , Redes y Vías Metabólicas/fisiología , Metaboloma/genética , Familia de Multigenes , Plancton/metabolismo , Plancton/fisiología , Proteoma/genética , Proteoma/metabolismo , Proteoma/fisiología , Trehalosa/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance ([(1)H]-NMR) spectroscopy has been used to investigate metabolites in serum and several types of tissue. We used NMR spectroscopy to explore the differential metabolic profiles in serum from nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients. Moreover, metabolites with potential as biomarkers for identifying NPC patients were primarily identified. Serum samples were collected from 40 enrolled participants comprising 20 healthy subjects and 20 NPC patients. Samples were analyzed using a 600-MHz NMR spectrometer. The [(1)H]-NMR spectra were further analyzed with partial least squares-discriminant analysis for screening differential metabolites. NMR spectroscopy identified a total of eight metabolites that were present at different levels when the sera of NPC patients were compared with those of healthy individuals. Methionine, taurine (P < 0.05), and choline-like metabolites (P < 0.05) were mostly elevated in the sera of NPC patients. In contrast, the levels of lipids (P < 0.01), isoleucine (P < 0.05), unsaturated lipids (P < 0.01), trimethylamine oxidase (P < 0.05), and carbohydrates (P < 0.05) were lower in the sera of the NPC patients than in the healthy controls. We explored the differential metabolic profiles in sera from NPC patients. [(1)H]-NMR spectroscopy can be used to identify specific metabolites, and is capable of distinguishing between NPC patients and healthy individuals.

Asunto(s)

Biomarcadores/sangre , Metaboloma/genética , Metabolómica , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/sangre , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Carcinoma , Colina/sangre , Humanos , Lípidos/sangre , Masculino , Metionina/sangre , Persona de Mediana Edad , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/patología , Espectroscopía de Protones por Resonancia Magnética , Taurina/sangre

RESUMEN

ABA has been proposed as the main signal triggering the onset of the ripening process in grapes, and modulating the secondary metabolism in grape berry skins. To determine the effect of ABA on secondary metabolism in berries, clusters of Carménère were sprayed with 0 µLL(-1) ABA; 50 µLL(-1) ABA and 100 µLL(-1) ABA during pre-véraison, and the gene expression of the transcription factors and enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway were assessed from véraison to 70 days after véraison (DAV). Additionally, flavonols, tannins and anthocyanins were assessed from véraison until harvest (110 DAV). ABA accelerated sugar and anthocyanin accumulation at véraison. The grape transcript abundance of VvDFR, VvANS, VvUFGT and VvMybA1, all peaking around véraison mimicked the concentration of ABA throughout the season. The highest anthocyanin concentration occurred 35 DAV for all treatments, but higher pigment concentrations were observed in ABA-treated berries at véraison and from 60 to 70 DAV to harvest. VvPAL was also increased by treatment at the higher concentration of ABA from véraison to 40 DAV. Regarding flavanol synthesis, VvLAR2 and VvMyb4A decreased from véraison until 40 DAV and then increased again until 70 DAV. Compared to the control, both ABA treatments resulted in a less-than-proportional reduction of the expression of both genes compared to the control and, after 40 DAV, in a more-than-proportional increase compared to the control, suggesting a long-term effect of the pre-véraison ABA spray on the berries. A concomitant increase in flavanols was observed in berries after 40 DAV, and this occurred at a higher extent in berries treated with the highest ABA concentration.

Asunto(s)

Ácido Abscísico/farmacología , Frutas/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Metaboloma/efectos de los fármacos , Propanoles/metabolismo , Vitis/genética , Vitis/metabolismo , Antocianinas/metabolismo , Flavonoles/metabolismo , Frutas/efectos de los fármacos , Frutas/metabolismo , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Metaboloma/genética , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Taninos/metabolismo , Factores de Tiempo , Vitis/efectos de los fármacos

RESUMEN

Microbialites are sedimentary deposits formed by the metabolic interactions of microbes and their environment. These lithifying microbial communities represent one of the oldest ecosystems on Earth, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying the function of these communities are poorly understood. In this study, we used comparative metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses to characterize the spatial organization of the thrombolites of Highborne Cay, The Bahamas, an actively forming microbialite system. At midday, there were differences in gene expression throughout the spatial profile of the thrombolitic mat with a high abundance of transcripts encoding genes required for photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation and exopolymeric substance production in the upper three mm of the mat. Transcripts associated with denitrification and sulfate reduction were in low abundance throughout the depth profile, suggesting these metabolisms were less active during midday. Comparative metagenomics of the Bahamian thrombolites with other known microbialite ecosystems from across the globe revealed that, despite many shared core pathways, the thrombolites represented genetically distinct communities. This study represents the first time the metatranscriptome of living microbialite has been characterized and offers a new molecular perspective on those microbial metabolisms, and their underlying genetic pathways, that influence the mechanisms of carbonate precipitation in lithifying microbial mat ecosystems.

Asunto(s)

Metabolismo Energético/genética , Sedimentos Geológicos/microbiología , Metaboloma/genética , Agua de Mar/microbiología , Transcriptoma/genética , Bahamas , Metagenómica/métodos

RESUMEN

A higher frequency of chronic renal disease is observed in obese patients, suggesting a pathogenic association between both conditions. Obesity unmasks clinical manifestations of chronic kidney disease such as high blood pressure, which may accelerate its progression. Obesity also promotes hyper filtration and the appearance of microalbuminuria, activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and is associated with high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore weight reduction may slow the progression of chronic renal disease and reduce its associated cardiovascular risk factors.

Asunto(s)

Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Adiposidad/genética , Variación Genética/genética , Proteínas Sustrato del Receptor de Insulina/genética , Metaboloma/genética , Obesidad/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Adiponectina/sangre , Alelos , Distribución de la Grasa Corporal , Índice de Masa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana , Metaanálisis como Asunto , Grasa Subcutánea

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Diets are the important players in regulating plasma lipid profiles. And the R219K polymorphism at the gene of ATP-binding cassette transporter 1(ABCA1) was reported to be associated with the profiles. However, no efforts have been made to investigate the changes of lipid profiles after a high-carbohydrate and low-fat diet in different subjects with different genotypes of this polymorphism. This study was to evaluate the effects of ABCA1 R219K polymorphism on serum lipid and apolipoprotein (apo) ratios induced by a high-carbohydrate/low-fat (high-CHO) diet. After a washout diet of 54.1% carbohydrate for 7 days, 56 healthy young subjects (22.89 ± 1.80 years old) were given a high-CHO diet of 70.1% carbohydrate for 6 days. Height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, glucose (Glu), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apoA-1 and apoB-100 were measured on the 1st, 8th and 14th days of this study. Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratios (WHR), log(TG/HDL-C), TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C and apoA-1/apoB-100 were calculated. ABCA1 R219K was analyzed by a PCR-RFLP method. RESULTS: The results indicate that the male subjects of all the genotypes had higher WHR than their female counterparts on the 1st, 8th and 14th days of this study. The male K carriers had higher log(TG/HDL-C) and TC/HDL-C than the female carriers on the 1st and 14th days, and higher LDL-C/HDL-C on the 14th day. When compared with that on the 8th day, TC/HDL-C was decreased regardless of the genotypes and genders on the 14th day. Log(TG/HDL-C) was increased in the males with the RR genotype and the female K carriers. Lowered BMI, Glu and LDL-C/HDL-C were found in the male K carriers, but only lowered BMI in the female K carriers and only lowered LDL-C/HDL-C in the females with the RR genotype. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that ABCA1 R219K polymorphism is associated differently in males and females with elevated log(TG/HDL-C) and decreased LDL-C/HDL-C induced by the high-CHO diet.

Asunto(s)

Transportadoras de Casetes de Unión a ATP/genética , Apolipoproteínas/sangre , Colesterol/sangre , Dieta con Restricción de Grasas , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/metabolismo , Polimorfismo Genético/fisiología , Adulto , Alelos , Apolipoproteína B-100/sangre , Apolipoproteínas A/sangre , Glucemia/análisis , HDL-Colesterol/sangre , LDL-Colesterol/sangre , Femenino , Genotipo , Humanos , Masculino , Metaboloma/genética , Factores Sexuales , Triglicéridos/sangre , Adulto Joven

RESUMEN

Peaches are highly perishable and deteriorate quickly at ambient temperature. Cold storage is commonly used to prevent fruit decay; however, it affects fruit quality causing physiological disorders collectively termed 'chilling injury' (CI). To prevent or ameliorate CI, heat treatment is often applied prior to cold storage. In the present work, metabolic profiling was performed to determine the metabolic dynamics associated with the induction of acquired CI tolerance in response to heat shock. 'Dixiland' peach fruits exposed to 39 °C, cold stored, or after a combined treatment of heat and cold, were compared with fruits ripening at 20 °C. Dramatic changes in the levels of compatible solutes such as galactinol and raffinose were observed, while amino acid precursors of the phenylpropanoid pathway were also modified due to the stress treatments, as was the polyamine putrescine. The observed responses towards temperature stress in peaches are composed of both common and specific response mechanisms to heat and cold, but also of more general adaptive responses that confer strategic advantages in adverse conditions such as biotic stresses. The identification of such key metabolites, which prime the fruit to cope with different stress situations, will likely greatly accelerate the design and the improvement of plant breeding programs.

Asunto(s)

Frío , Frutas/metabolismo , Frutas/fisiología , Calor , Redes y Vías Metabólicas , Prunus/metabolismo , Prunus/fisiología , Frutas/genética , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Redes y Vías Metabólicas/genética , Metaboloma/genética , Metabolómica , Nitrógeno/metabolismo , Análisis de Componente Principal , Prunus/genética , Carácter Cuantitativo Heredable , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Rafinosa/metabolismo

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Diets are the important players in regulating plasma lipid profiles. And the R219K polymorphism at the gene of ATP-binding cassette transporter 1(ABCA1) was reported to be associated with the profiles. However, no efforts have been made to investigate the changes of lipid profiles after a high-carbohydrate and low-fat diet in different subjects with different genotypes of this polymorphism. This study was to evaluate the effects of ABCA1 R219K polymorphism on serum lipid and apolipoprotein (apo) ratios induced by a high-carbohydrate/low-fat (high-CHO) diet. After a washout diet of 54.1% carbohydrate for 7 days, 56 healthy young subjects (22.89 ± 1.80 years old) were given a high-CHO diet of 70.1% carbohydrate for 6 days. Height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, glucose (Glu), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apoA-1 and apoB-100 were measured on the 1st, 8th and 14th days of this study. Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratios (WHR), log(TG/HDL-C), TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C and apoA-1/apoB-100 were calculated. ABCA1 R219K was analyzed by a PCR-RFLP method. RESULTS: The results indicate that the male subjects of all the genotypes had higher WHR than their female counterparts on the 1st, 8th and 14th days of this study. The male K carriers had higher log(TG/HDL-C) and TC/HDL-C than the female carriers on the 1st and 14th days, and higher LDL-C/HDL-C on the 14th day. When compared with that on the 8th day, TC/HDL-C was decreased regardless of the genotypes and genders on the 14th day. Log(TG/HDL-C) was increased in the males with the RR genotype and the female K carriers. Lowered BMI, Glu and LDL-C/HDL-C were found in the male K carriers, but only lowered BMI in the female K carriers and only lowered LDL-C/HDL-C in the females with the RR genotype. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that ABCA1 R219K polymorphism is associated differently in males and females with elevated log(TG/HDL-C) and decreased LDL-C/HDL-C induced by the high-CHO diet.

Asunto(s)

Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Joven , Transportadoras de Casetes de Unión a ATP/genética , Apolipoproteínas/sangre , Colesterol/sangre , Dieta con Restricción de Grasas , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/metabolismo , Polimorfismo Genético/fisiología , Alelos , /sangre , Apolipoproteínas A/sangre , Glucemia/análisis , HDL-Colesterol/sangre , LDL-Colesterol/sangre , Genotipo , Metaboloma/genética , Factores Sexuales , Triglicéridos/sangre

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: CAH patients have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and it remains unknown if lifelong glucocorticoid (GC) treatment is a contributing factor. In the general population, glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) polymorphisms are associated with an adverse metabolic profile. Our aim was to analyze the association between the NR3C1 polymorphisms and the metabolic profile of CAH patients. METHODOLOGY: Sixty-eight adult patients (34SV/34SW) with a mean age of 28.4±9 years received dexamethasone (mean 0.27±0.11 mg/day) to obtain normal androgen levels. SW patients also received fludrocortisone (50 µg/day). Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined by the NCEP ATPIII criteria and obesity by BMI ≥30 kg/m². NR3C1 alleles were genotyped, and association analyses with phenotype were carried out with Chi-square, t-test and regression analysis. RESULTS: Obesity and MetS were observed in 23.5% and 7.3% of patients, respectively, and were not correlated with GC doses and treatment duration. BMI was positively correlated with blood pressure (BP), triglycerides (TG), LDL-c levels and HOMA-IR and inversely correlated with HDL-c levels. BclI and A3669G variants were found in 26.4% and 9.6% of alleles, respectively. Heterozygotes for the BclI polymorphism presented with higher BMI (29 kg/m²±5.3 vs. 26 kg/m²±5.3, respectively) and waist circumference (89 cm±12.7 vs. 81 cm±13, respectively) compared to wild-type subjects. Hypertension was found in 12% of patients and heterozygotes for the BclI polymorphism presented higher systolic BP than wild type subjects. Low HDL-c and high TG levels were identified in 30% and 10% of patients, respectively, and were not associated with the NR3C1 polymorphisms. A3669G carriers and non-carriers did not differ. CONCLUSION: In addition to GC therapy, the BclI GR variant might play an important role in obesity susceptibility in CAH patients. Genotyping of GR polymorphisms could result in the identification of a subgroup at risk patients, allowing for the establishment of personalized treatment and the avoidance of long-term adverse consequences.

Asunto(s)

Hiperplasia Suprarrenal Congénita/genética , Hiperplasia Suprarrenal Congénita/metabolismo , Metaboloma/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/genética , Hiperplasia Suprarrenal Congénita/complicaciones , Hiperplasia Suprarrenal Congénita/fisiopatología , Adulto , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Presión Sanguínea/genética , Índice de Masa Corporal , Femenino , Heterocigoto , Humanos , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólico/complicaciones , Obesidad/complicaciones , Circunferencia de la Cintura/genética

RESUMEN

Enzootic pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a major constraint to efficient pork production throughout the world. This pathogen has a small genome with 716 coding sequences, of which 418 are homologous to proteins with known functions. However, almost 42% of the 716 coding sequences are annotated as hypothetical proteins. Alternative methodologies such as threading and comparative modeling can be used to predict structures and functions of such hypothetical proteins. Often, these alternative methods can answer questions about the properties of a model system faster than experiments. In this study, we predicted the structures of seven proteins annotated as hypothetical in M. hyopneumoniae, using the structure-based approaches mentioned above. Three proteins were predicted to be involved in metabolic processes, two proteins in transcription and two proteins where no function could be assigned. However, the modeled structures of the last two proteins suggested experimental designs to identify their functions. Our findings are important in diminishing the gap between the lack of annotation of important metabolic pathways and the great number of hypothetical proteins in the M. hyopneumoniae genome.

Asunto(s)

Proteínas Bacterianas/química , Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae/genética , Sistemas de Lectura Abierta/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Metaboloma/genética , Modelos Moleculares , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae/metabolismo , Homología Estructural de Proteína , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Porcinos/microbiología