RESUMEN
Reserves of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) stored in living cells are essential for drought tolerance of trees. However, little is known about the phenotypic plasticity of living storage compartments (SC) and their interactions with NSC reserves under changing water availability. Here, we examined adjustments of SC and NSC reserves in stems and roots of seedlings of two temperate tree species, Acer negundo L. and Betula pendula Roth., cultivated under different substrate water availability. We found that relative contents of soluble NSC, starch and total NSC increased with decreasing water availability in stems of both species, and similar tendencies were also observed in roots of A. negundo. In the roots of B. pendula, soluble NSC contents decreased along with the decreasing water availability, possibly due to phloem decoupling or NSC translocation to shoots. Despite the contrast in organ responses, NSC contents (namely starch) positively correlated with proportions of total organ SC. Individual types of SC showed markedly distinct plasticity upon decreasing water availability, suggesting that water availability changes the partitioning of organ storage capacity. We found an increasing contribution of parenchyma-rich bark to the total organ NSC storage capacity under decreasing water availability. However, xylem SC showed substantially greater plasticity than those in bark. Axial storage cells, namely living fibers in A. negundo, responded more sensitively to decreasing water availability than radial parenchyma. Our results demonstrate that drought-induced changes in carbon balance affect the organ storage capacity provided by living cells, whose proportions are sensitively coordinated along with changing NSC reserves.
Asunto(s)
Acer , Almidón , Agua , Agua/metabolismo , Acer/metabolismo , Acer/fisiología , Almidón/metabolismo , Betula/metabolismo , Betula/fisiología , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/fisiología , Tallos de la Planta/metabolismo , Tallos de la Planta/fisiología , Árboles/metabolismo , Árboles/fisiología , Sequías , Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono , Xilema/metabolismo , Madera/metabolismo , Plantones/metabolismo , Plantones/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are natural macromolecular carbohydrates with good functional activity and physiological activities, which can be utilized as an emulsifier, viscosity enhancer, stabilizer, gelling agent, and water retention agent in a wide range of food products. In this study, the whole genome of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens D189, an EPS-producing bacteria, was sequenced. The result showed that D189 contains a single, circular chromosome of 3,963,356 bp with an average GC content of 45.74% and 3996 coding genes. The gene annotation results showed that D189 is a potentially safe strain and confirmed to be safe associated with hemolytic assay, and antibiotic resistance test. Meanwhile, D189 genome possessed 240 genes related to carbohydrate metabolism. More importantly, D189 could transport 9 sugars and contained a complete biosynthetic pathway for 8 nucleotide sugars. Based on the validation experiments, strain D189 could metabolize 8 sugars (glucose, sucrose, trehalose, fructose, cellobiose, maltose, mannitol, and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine) to produce EPS, with the highest yield of 1.212 g/L when sucrose was the carbon source. Therefore, the whole genome sequencing preliminarily elucidated the physiological mechanism of EPS, providing several pathways for engineering D189 to further enhance the yield of EPS.
Asunto(s)
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens , Genoma Bacteriano , Polisacáridos Bacterianos , Polisacáridos Bacterianos/biosíntesis , Polisacáridos Bacterianos/metabolismo , Bacillus amyloliquefaciens/genética , Bacillus amyloliquefaciens/metabolismo , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma , Composición de Base , Fenotipo , Metabolismo de los Hidratos de CarbonoRESUMEN
Clinical biomarkers such as fasting glucose, HbA1c, and fasting insulin, which gauge glycemic status in the body, are highly influenced by diet. Indians are genetically predisposed to type 2 diabetes and their carbohydrate-centric diet further elevates the disease risk. Despite the combined influence of genetic and environmental risk factors, Indians have been inadequately explored in the studies of glycemic traits. Addressing this gap, we investigate the genetic architecture of glycemic traits at genome-wide level in 4927 Indians (without diabetes). Our analysis revealed numerous variants of sub-genome-wide significance, and their credibility was thoroughly assessed by integrating data from various levels. This identified key effector genes, ZNF470, DPP6, GXYLT2, PITPNM3, BEND7, and LORICRIN-PGLYRP3. While these genes were weakly linked with carbohydrate intake or glycemia earlier in other populations, our findings demonstrated a much stronger association in the Indian population. Associated genetic variants within these genes served as expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) in various gut tissues essential for digestion. Additionally, majority of these gut eQTLs functioned as methylation quantitative trait loci (meth-QTLs) observed in peripheral blood samples from 223 Indians, elucidating the underlying mechanism of their regulation of target gene expression. Specific co-localized eQTLs-meth-QTLs altered the binding affinity of transcription factors targeting crucial genes involved in glucose metabolism. Our study identifies previously unreported genetic variants that strongly influence the diet-glycemia relationship. These findings set the stage for future research into personalized lifestyle interventions integrating genetic insights with tailored dietary strategies to mitigate disease risk based on individual genetic profiles.
Asunto(s)
Glucemia , Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Sitios de Carácter Cuantitativo , Humanos , India/epidemiología , Glucemia/metabolismo , Masculino , Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono/genética , Femenino , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Adulto , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Persona de Mediana Edad , Metilación de ADN/genética , MultiómicaRESUMEN
This study investigates the impact of carbohydrate accumulation in mangrove and halophytic plants on their response to abiotic stress. Using soil analysis and FT-IR spectroscopy, key species (Sueda nudiflora, Aeluropus lagopoides, Avicennia marina) were examined for seasonal changes in sugar content (reducing sugars, total soluble sugars, starch). The elevated carbohydrate levels may serve as an indication of the plant's ability to adapt to different environmental conditions throughout the year. This accumulation enables plants to adapt to variations in their environment, assuring their survival and functionality during periods of environmental fluctuation. Halophytic plants' sugar content peaked during the monsoon, suggesting biotic adaptations. The mangrove Avicennia marina had year-round sugar levels. PCA and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis revealed sugar accumulation trends across species and seasons. Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis revealed correlations between soil characteristics and sugar content, suggesting plant-microbe interactions. K-means clustering and correlation analysis of FT-IR data revealed sugar composition and resource allocation trade-offs. These findings shed light on the role of carbohydrate metabolism in enabling coastal plants to endure stress. Gaining insight into these mechanisms can enhance sustainable agriculture in challenging environments and shed light on plant adaptations to evolving environmental conditions, especially biotic interactions.
Asunto(s)
Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono , Plantas Tolerantes a la Sal , Estaciones del Año , Plantas Tolerantes a la Sal/metabolismo , Suelo/química , Avicennia/metabolismo , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , Carbohidratos/análisis , Estrés Fisiológico , HumedalesRESUMEN
Topicality: Providing assistance to patients with polytrauma, in a state of alcohol intoxication, complicated by alcoholic delirium, is a serious problem when providing anesthesia care and, in particular, choosing drugs for sedation. Considering the severity of mechanical damage, complications associated with alcohol intoxication and serious biochemical disorders of the body, namely carbohydrate, lipid metabolism, electrolyte changes, on which the activity of all systems depends, it is necessary to study the influence on the course of these processes, depending on the choice of their medicinal corrections. PURPOSE: The purpose of the work is to choose a sedation method to improve the results of treatment of patients with polytrauma and alcohol withdrawal, based on the study of changes in carbohydrate metabolism indicator. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The paper analyzes the results of a study of 80 patients with polytrauma and chronic alcohol intoxication with a state of alcohol withdrawal, complicated by alcoholic delirium, who received intensive therapy in the 12-bed department of anesthesiology and intensive therapy for patients with combined trauma of the KNP «Kharkiv City Clinical Hospital of Emergency Medical Care¼ named after Prof. O. I. Meschaninov¼ KhMR. All patients were diagnosed with polytrauma (thoracic and/or abdominal trauma: rib fractures, hemo-, pneumothorax, hematomas of the liver or spleen, fracture of the bones of the waist, and/or upper and/or lower limbs, fracture of the pelvis). In the course of the research, to achieve the goal, the main indicators of carbohydrate metabolism were determined, which were evaluated by the content of key metabolites: glucose, pyruvic acid, lactate. The study was conducted on the 1st, 3rd and 7th day of hospitalization of the patients. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In all traumatized patients with alcohol withdrawal syndrome and alcoholic delirium with the use of dexmedetomidine for sedation (group 1) and in patients who were used as sedatives, diazepam and haloperidol (group 2), changes in these parameters were observed in the blood, compared to healthy people of the control group. As for the glucose content in the blood of the patients of the 1st group, on the first day, persistent hyperglycemia was observed in them 1.7 times higher than this indicator in healthy people. Next, patients' blood glucose levels were determined on the 3rd and 7th day after hospitalization. Glucose content on the 3rd day decreased by 9.4% compared to the level determined on the first day. On the 7th day, the content of glucose in the blood decreased to normal values, which is 26.5% lower compared to the content of glucose in the blood on the first day. In the 2nd group of patients, where diazepam and haloperidol were used on the first day, hyperglycemia was also observed - 1.9 times higher than this indicator in the control group of healthy individuals. On the third day, the level of glucose in the blood decreased by 6%. And on the 7th day, it decreased by 20.5%. Thus, hyperglycemia was observed in the blood of victims with alcohol withdrawal syndrome, complicated by delirium during hospitalization, on the 3rd day of hospitalization (first and second groups) and on the 7th day in patients of the second group, which indicates violation of carbohydrate metabolism and the development of hypoxia, with impaired liver and pancreas function. In accordance with the aim and objectives of the study, the blood content of the main metabolites of glucose metabolism - pyruvate and lactate - was also studied upon admission to the hospital and one week after treatment, which made it possible to comprehensively assess possible carbohydrate metabolism disorders and characterize the features of the body's energy supply in the combination of polytrauma and withdrawal alcohol, complicated by alcoholic delirium. According to the results of the research, there is an increase in the content of lactate and pyruvate in patients with polytrauma against the background of chronic alcoholism compared to healthy people. When analyzing the content of lactate in the blood of patients with polytrauma and alcohol withdrawal syndrome, complicated by alcoholic delirium upon admission to the intensive care unit, a significant increase of this indicator was observed by 97.1% and 113.0%, respectively, in patients of the first and second groups. One week after the intensive therapy, the patients of the 1st group had a significant decrease in the lactate content in the blood - by 13% (Ð <0.0001) compared to the content of this indicator at the time of admission to the hospital. In the blood of the patients of the 2nd group, on the 7th day, the lactate content remained unchanged, and by 106.3% it exceeded this biochemical indicator in the blood of the control group. Hyperpyruvatemia was also observed - when entering the hospital in patients of the 2nd group, the content was 55.4% higher compared to healthy people, remained elevated after a week of treatment - by 30.1%, and did not return to normal values. In the patients of the first group, upon admission to the hospital, the pyruvate content in the blood was 53.0% higher compared to the control group, and on the 7th day it significantly decreased by 18.9%, but did not reach the values of the control group (remained at 24, 1% higher compared to the control). The cause of hyperpyruvatemia and hyperlactatemia in patients may also be a violation of their enzymatic transformation into decay products. Lactate is the final product of anaerobic oxidation of glucose, it is formed due to the transformation of pyruvate, under the conditions of action of the lactate dehydrogenase enzyme in conditions of hypoxia. An important indicator of the state of carbohydrate metabolism, namely the balance of anaerobic and aerobic processes in the body, is the lactate / pyruvate ratio, which in the control group was 14.33 [13.82; 14.49]. In the patients of the first group, an increase in this ratio was observed - and it was 18.46 [18.3; 20.59] and 19.81 [18.96; 21,17] upon admission to the intensive care unit and one week after treatment, respectively. Practically the same value of this ratio was observed in patients of the second group - 19.65 [18.97; 22.3] and 22.73 [21.32 23.91], respectively, according to the time of intensive therapy. The latest figures indicate the restructuring of the energy supply of body tissues during the stay of patients in the intensive care unit. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, in patients with polytrauma and alcohol withdrawal syndrome, complicated by alcoholic delirium, there is an intensification of the processes of anaerobic glycolysis, which is evidenced by an increase in the content of pyruvate, lactate, the lactate/pyruvate ratio, and is accompanied by a hypoxic state. When comparing the terms of stay in the intensive care unit, it was determined that the use of dexmedetomidine for the treatment of alcoholic delirium compared to benzodiazepines allows reducing the time of intensive care by 34 hours. Thus, in group 2, the duration of intensive therapy for alcoholic delirium was 89 [82-96.2] hours, while in group 1 it was reduced to 55 [52.2-59.8] (p=0.020427). In addition, it was found that the consumption of drugs by patients was different. During the first day, it was 20 [20-30] mg in group 1, and 40 [40-50] mg in group 2. The groups also differed significantly in terms of the total dose of the drug during intensive therapy, so in patients of group 1, the total consumption was 30 [30-40] mg, in group 2 - 80 [80-90] mg (p=0.033011).
Asunto(s)
Delirio por Abstinencia Alcohólica , Hipnóticos y Sedantes , Traumatismo Múltiple , Humanos , Traumatismo Múltiple/complicaciones , Traumatismo Múltiple/metabolismo , Masculino , Hipnóticos y Sedantes/uso terapéutico , Hipnóticos y Sedantes/administración & dosificación , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Delirio por Abstinencia Alcohólica/sangre , Femenino , Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono/efectos de los fármacos , Intoxicación Alcohólica/metabolismo , Intoxicación Alcohólica/complicaciones , Intoxicación Alcohólica/sangre , Glucemia/metabolismo , Dexmedetomidina , Alcoholismo/complicaciones , Alcoholismo/metabolismoRESUMEN
Prolonged adaptation of ancestors of indigenous peoples of the Far North of Asia and America to extreme natural and climatic conditions of the Arctic has resulted in changes in genes controlling various metabolic processes. However, most genetic variability observed in the Eskimo and Paleoasians (the Chukchi and Koryaks) is related to adaptation to the traditional Arctic diet, which is rich in lipids and proteins but extremely poor in plant carbohydrates. The results of population genetic studies have demonstrated that specific polymorphic variants in genes related to lipid metabolism (CPT1A, FADS1, FADS2, and CYB5R2) and carbohydrate metabolism (AMY1, AMY2A, and SI) are prevalent in the Eskimo and Paleoasian peoples. When individuals deviate from their traditional dietary patterns, the aforementioned variants of genetic polymorphism can lead to the development of metabolic disorders. American Eskimo-specific variants in genes related to glucose metabolism (TBC1D and ADCY) significantly increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. These circumstances indicate the necessity for a large-scale genetic testing of indigenous population of the Far North and the need to study the biochemical and physiological consequences of genetically determined changes in the activity of enzymes of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.
Asunto(s)
Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Humanos , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/genética , Regiones Árticas , Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono/genética , delta-5 Desaturasa de Ácido Graso , Ácido Graso Desaturasas/genética , Ácido Graso Desaturasas/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Carnitina O-Palmitoiltransferasa/genética , Carnitina O-Palmitoiltransferasa/metabolismo , Polimorfismo GenéticoRESUMEN
Men generally favor carbohydrate metabolism, while women lean towards lipid metabolism, resulting in significant sex-based differences in energy oxidation across various metabolic states such as fasting and feeding. These differences are influenced by body composition and inherent metabolic fluxes, including increased lipolysis rates in women. However, understanding how sex influences organ-specific metabolism and systemic manifestations remains incomplete. To address these gaps, we developed a sex-specific, whole-body metabolic model for feeding and fasting scenarios in healthy young adults. Our model integrates organ metabolism with whole-body responses to mixed meals, particularly high-carbohydrate and high-fat meals. Our predictions suggest that differences in liver and adipose tissue nutrient storage and oxidation patterns drive systemic metabolic disparities. We propose that sex differences in fasting hepatic glucose output may result from the different handling of free fatty acids, glycerol, and glycogen. We identified a metabolic pathway, possibly more prevalent in female livers, redirecting lipids towards carbohydrate metabolism to support hepatic glucose production. This mechanism is facilitated by the TG-FFA cycle between adipose tissue and the liver. Incorporating sex-specific data into multi-scale frameworks offers insights into how sex modulates human metabolism.
Asunto(s)
Ayuno , Hígado , Modelos Biológicos , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Ayuno/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/fisiología , Tejido Adiposo/metabolismo , Glucosa/metabolismo , Adulto , Caracteres Sexuales , Metabolismo Energético/fisiología , Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Obesity remains one of the largest health problems in the world, arising from the excess storage of triglycerides (TAGs). However, the full complement of genes that are important for regulating TAG storage is not known. The Glut1 gene encodes a Drosophila glucose transporter that has been identified as a potential obesity gene through genetic screening. Yet, the tissue-specific metabolic functions of Glut1 are not fully understood. Here, we characterized the role of Glut1 in the fly brain by decreasing neuronal Glut1 levels with RNAi and measuring glycogen and TAGs. Glut1RNAi flies had decreased TAG and glycogen levels, suggesting a nonautonomous role of Glut1 in the fly brain to regulate nutrient storage. A group of hormones that regulate metabolism and are expressed in the fly brain are Drosophila insulin-like peptides (Ilps) 2, 3, and 5. Interestingly, we observed blunted Ilp3 and Ilp5 expression in neuronal Glut1RNAi flies, suggesting Glut1 functions in insulin-producing neurons (IPCs) to regulate whole-organism TAG and glycogen storage. Consistent with this hypothesis, we also saw fewer TAGs and glycogens and decreased expression of Ilp3 and Ilp5 in flies with IPC-specific Glut1RNAi. Together, these data suggest Glut1 functions as a nutrient sensor in IPCs, controlling TAG and glycogen storage and regulating systemic energy homeostasis.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Drosophila , Drosophila melanogaster , Transportador de Glucosa de Tipo 1 , Glucógeno , Insulina , Neuronas , Triglicéridos , Animales , Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Proteínas de Drosophila/genética , Neuronas/metabolismo , Insulina/metabolismo , Transportador de Glucosa de Tipo 1/metabolismo , Transportador de Glucosa de Tipo 1/genética , Triglicéridos/metabolismo , Glucógeno/metabolismo , Drosophila melanogaster/metabolismo , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/genética , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono/genética , Interferencia de ARN , Drosophila/metabolismo , Drosophila/genética , Neuropéptidos , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular , InsulinasRESUMEN
Bone is a dynamic tissue that can always regenerate itself through remodeling to maintain biofunctionality. This tissue performs several vital physiological functions. However, bone scaffolds are required for critical-size damages and fractures, and these can be addressed by bone tissue engineering. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) has the potential to develop scaffolds for repairing critical-size damaged bone. BTE is a multidisciplinary engineered scaffold with the desired properties for repairing damaged bone tissue. Herein, we have provided an overview of the common carbohydrate polymers, fundamental structural, physicochemical, and biological properties, and fabrication techniques for bone tissue engineering. We also discussed advanced biofabrication strategies and provided the limitations and prospects by highlighting significant issues in bone tissue engineering. There are several review articles available on bone tissue engineering. However, we have provided a state-of-the-art review article that discussed recent progress and trends within the last 3-5 years by emphasizing challenges and future perspectives.
Asunto(s)
Huesos , Carbohidratos , Cerámica , Ingeniería de Tejidos , Humanos , Animales , Ingeniería de Tejidos/métodos , Huesos/química , Huesos/metabolismo , Carbohidratos/química , Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono , Materiales Biocompatibles , Fenómenos QuímicosRESUMEN
There is a limited number of studies analyzing the molecular and biochemical processes regulating the metabolism of the maturation of Cocos nucifera L. zygotic embryos. Our research focused on the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolic pathways occurring at three developmental stages of embryos from the Mexican Pacific tall (MPT) and the Yucatan green dwarf (YGD) cultivars. We used the TMT-synchronous precursor selection (SPS)-MS3 strategy to analyze the dynamics of proteomes from both embryos; 1044 and 540 proteins were determined for the MPT and YGD, respectively. A comparison of the differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) revealed that the biological processes (BP) enriched in the MPT embryo included the glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism along with fatty acid degradation, while in YGD, the nitrogen metabolism and pentose phosphate pathway were the most enriched BPs. Findings suggest that the MPT embryos use fatty acids to sustain a higher glycolytic/gluconeogenic metabolism than the YGD embryos. Moreover, the YGD proteome was enriched with proteins associated with biotic or abiotic stresses, e.g., peroxidase and catalase. The goal of this study was to highlight the differences in the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolic pathways during the maturation of coconut YGD and MPT zygotic embryos.
Asunto(s)
Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono , Cocos , Ácidos Grasos , Proteínas de Plantas , Semillas , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Semillas/metabolismo , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Cocos/metabolismo , Proteómica/métodos , Proteoma/metabolismo , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las PlantasRESUMEN
Poor grain filling in inferior spikelets (IS), which is influenced by the remobilization of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) stored in the sheath and internode of rice plants, limits the expected high yield of large-panicle rice. NSC remobilization from the sheath to the panicle is regulated by the T6P/SnRK1 pathway. However, in large-panicle rice, it is unclear whether IS grain filling is related to the NSC remobilization mediated by T6P/SnRK1 signaling. In this study, two large-panicle cultivars-W1844 and CJ03-with distinct differences in IS grain filling were used to explore the physiological mechanism mediating IS development. Compared to W1844, CJ03 IS showed lower expression of the genes related to sucrose uploading, later sucrose peaking, and delayed starch accumulation. In the CJ03, low OsSUTs expression and NSC output, transport rate, and contribution rate were detected in the sheaths and internodes. These results suggest that poor NSC remobilization results in insufficient assimilate supply for the IS, and consequently, poor IS grain filling. Furthermore, poor NSC remobilization coincided with the increased T6P content and decreased SnRK1 activity during grain filling in CJ03 IS. The expression levels of genes related to T6P metabolism and those encoding the catalytic subunit of SnRK1 were consistent with the observed T6P content and SnRK1 activity in the sheaths and internodes. Therefore, IS grain filling is potentially affected by T6P/SnRK1 signaling-mediated NSC remobilization in large-panicle rice.
Asunto(s)
Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Oryza , Proteínas de Plantas , Oryza/genética , Oryza/metabolismo , Oryza/crecimiento & desarrollo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Almidón/metabolismo , Sacarosa/metabolismo , Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono/genética , Grano Comestible/genética , Grano Comestible/metabolismo , Grano Comestible/crecimiento & desarrollo , Semillas/genética , Semillas/metabolismo , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
The study aimed to investigate the potential of hesperetin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (HSPCNPs) in alleviating hyperglycemia by modulating key enzymes in diabetic rats. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with hesperetin were prepared using the ionic gelation method and characterized with Electron microscope (SEM), zeta potential, particle size analysis, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Encapsulation efficiency and Loading efficiency. To induce diabetes, rats were fed a high-fat beef tallow diet for 28 days, then given a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ) at 35 mg/kg b.w in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 4.0). Rats were treated with HSPCNPs at doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg b.w. The analyzed parameters included body weight, food and water intake, plasma glucose and insulin, liver and skeletal muscle glycogen levels, and carbohydrate metabolism. SEM imaging revealed dimensions between 124.2 and 251.6 nm and a mean particle size of 145.0 nm. FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups in the chitosan nanoparticles, and the zeta potential was 35.5 mV. HSPCNP 40 mg/kg b.w significantly (p < 0.05) reduced blood glucose levels and glycosylated hemoglobin, improving body weight, food intake, and reducing water intake. In diabetic rats, enzymes for carbohydrate metabolism like fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and glucose 6-phosphatase are evaluated in the liver, while glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase and hexokinase activity were significantly lower. Additionally, plasma insulin levels increased, indicating enhanced insulin sensitivity. The results show that HSPCNPs at 40 mg/kg b.w. ameliorate hyperglycemia to provide robust protection against diabetic complications and significantly improve metabolic health.
Asunto(s)
Quitosano , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental , Hesperidina , Hiperglucemia , Nanopartículas , Animales , Quitosano/química , Quitosano/farmacología , Hesperidina/farmacología , Hesperidina/administración & dosificación , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Nanopartículas/química , Ratas , Masculino , Hiperglucemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Hiperglucemia/metabolismo , Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas Wistar , Glucemia/metabolismoRESUMEN
A mechanistic understanding of host-microbe interactions in the gut microbiome is hindered by poorly annotated bacterial genomes. While functional genomics can generate large gene-to-phenotype datasets to accelerate functional discovery, their applications to study gut anaerobes have been limited. For instance, most gain-of-function screens of gut-derived genes have been performed in Escherichia coli and assayed in a small number of conditions. To address these challenges, we develop Barcoded Overexpression BActerial shotgun library sequencing (Boba-seq). We demonstrate the power of this approach by assaying genes from diverse gut Bacteroidales overexpressed in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. From hundreds of experiments, we identify new functions and phenotypes for 29 genes important for carbohydrate metabolism or tolerance to antibiotics or bile salts. Highlights include the discovery of a D-glucosamine kinase, a raffinose transporter, and several routes that increase tolerance to ceftriaxone and bile salts through lipid biosynthesis. This approach can be readily applied to develop screens in other strains and additional phenotypic assays.
Asunto(s)
Ácidos y Sales Biliares , Carbono , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Carbono/metabolismo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Ácidos y Sales Biliares/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Estrés Fisiológico/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron/genética , Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron/metabolismo , Regulación Bacteriana de la Expresión Génica , Bacteroidetes/genética , Bacteroidetes/metabolismo , Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono/genética , Humanos , Genes Bacterianos/genética , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Genoma BacterianoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The activities and products of carbohydrate metabolism are involved in key processes of cancer. However, its relationship with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unclear. METHODS: The cancer genome atlas (TCGA)-HCC and ICGC-LIRI-JP datasets were acquired via public databases. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between HCC and control samples in the TCGA-HCC dataset were identified and overlapped with 355 carbohydrate metabolism-related genes (CRGs) to obtain differentially expressed CRGs (DE-CRGs). Then, univariate Cox and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) analyses were applied to identify risk model genes, and HCC samples were divided into high/low-risk groups according to the median risk score. Next, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed on the risk model genes. The sensitivity of the risk model to immunotherapy and chemotherapy was also explored. RESULTS: A total of 8 risk model genes, namely, G6PD, PFKFB4, ACAT1, ALDH2, ACYP1, OGDHL, ACADS, and TKTL1, were identified. Moreover, the risk score, cancer status, age, and pathologic T stage were strongly associated with the prognosis of HCC patients. Both the stromal score and immune score had significant negative/positive correlations with the risk score, reflecting the important role of the risk model in immunotherapy sensitivity. Furthermore, the stromal and immune scores had significant negative/positive correlations with risk scores, reflecting the important role of the risk model in immunotherapy sensitivity. Eventually, we found that high-/low-risk patients were more sensitive to 102 drugs, suggesting that the risk model exhibited sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs. The results of the experiments in HCC tissue samples validated the expression of the risk model genes. CONCLUSION: Through bioinformatic analysis, we constructed a carbohydrate metabolism-related risk model for HCC, contributing to the prognosis prediction and treatment of HCC patients.
Asunto(s)
Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono , Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/inmunología , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patología , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/inmunología , Humanos , Pronóstico , Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono/genética , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Perfilación de la Expresión GénicaRESUMEN
Plant non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs), which largely comprise starch and soluble sugars, are essential energy reserves to support plant growth and physiological functions. While it is known that increasing global deposition of nitrogen (N) affects plant concentration of NSCs, quantification of seasonal responses and drivers of woody species leaf and root NSCs to N addition at larger spatial scales remains lacking. Here, we systematically analyzed data from 53 field experiments distributed across China, comprising 1202 observations, to test for effects of N addition on woody plant leaf and root NSCs across and within growing and non-growing seasons. We found (1) no overall effects of N addition on the concentrations of leaf and root NSCs, soluble sugars or starch during the growing season or the non-growing season for leaves. However, N addition decreased root NSC and starch concentrations by 13.8 % and 39.0 %, respectively, and increased soluble sugars concentration by 15.0 % during the non-growing season. (2) Shifts in leaf NSC concentration under N addition were driven by responses by soluble sugars in both seasons, while shifts in root NSC were driven by soluble sugars in the non-growing season and starch and soluble sugars in the growing season. (3) Relationships between N, carbon, and phosphorus stoichiometry with leaf and root NSCs indicated effects of N addition on woody plant NSCs allocation through impacts on plant photosynthesis, respiration, and growth. (4) Effects of N addition on leaf and root NSCs varied with plant functional types, where effects were more pronounced in roots than in leaves during the non-growing season. Overall, our results reveal divergent responses of woody plant leaf and root NSCs to N addition within non-growing season and highlight the role of ecological stoichiometry and plant functional types in woody plant allocation patterns of NSCs in response to ongoing N deposition under global change.
Asunto(s)
Nitrógeno , Hojas de la Planta , Raíces de Plantas , Estaciones del Año , China , Carbohidratos/análisis , Metabolismo de los Hidratos de CarbonoRESUMEN
Nuclear receptor action is mediated in part by the nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCOR1) and the silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptor (SMRT). NCOR1 and SMRT regulate metabolic pathways that govern body mass, insulin sensitivity, and energy expenditure, representing an understudied area in the realm of metabolic health and disease. Previously, we found that NCOR1 and SMRT are essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and their knockout (KO) leads to rapid weight loss and hypoglycemia, which is not survivable. Because of a potential defect in glucose absorption, we sought to determine the role of NCOR1 and SMRT specifically in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). We used a postnatal strategy to disrupt NCOR1 and SMRT throughout IECs in adult mice. These mice were characterized metabolically and underwent metabolic phenotyping, body composition analysis, and glucose tolerance testing. Jejunal IECs were isolated and profiled by bulk RNA sequencing. We found that the postnatal KO of NCOR1 and SMRT from IECs leads to rapid weight loss and hypoglycemia with a significant reduction in survival. This was accompanied by alterations in glucose metabolism and activation of fatty acid oxidation in IECs. Metabolic phenotyping confirmed a reduction in body mass driven by a loss of body fat without altered food intake. This appeared to be mediated by a reduction of key intestinal carbohydrate transporters, including SGLT1, GLUT2, and GLUT5. Intestinal NCOR1 and SMRT act in tandem to regulate glucose levels and body weight. This in part may be mediated by regulation of intestinal carbohydrate transporters.
Asunto(s)
Mucosa Intestinal , Ratones Noqueados , Co-Represor 1 de Receptor Nuclear , Co-Represor 2 de Receptor Nuclear , Animales , Co-Represor 1 de Receptor Nuclear/metabolismo , Co-Represor 1 de Receptor Nuclear/genética , Co-Represor 2 de Receptor Nuclear/metabolismo , Co-Represor 2 de Receptor Nuclear/genética , Ratones , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Glucosa/metabolismo , Masculino , Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono/genética , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Transportador 1 de Sodio-Glucosa/metabolismo , Transportador 1 de Sodio-Glucosa/genética , Transporte Biológico , Femenino , Metabolismo Energético , Transportador de Glucosa de Tipo 2/metabolismo , Transportador de Glucosa de Tipo 2/genéticaRESUMEN
The investigation aimed to augment carbohydrate accumulation in the marine cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya valderiana BDU 41001 to facilitate bioethanol production. Under the standardised physiochemical condition (SPC), i.e. 90 µmol photon m-2 s-1 light intensity, initial culture pH 8.5, 35 °C temperature and mixing at 150 rpm increased the carbohydrate productivity â¼70 % than the control, while a 47 % rise in content was obtained under the nitrate (N)-starved condition. Therefore, a two-stage cultivation strategy was implemented, combining SPC at the 1st stage and N starvation at the 2nd stage, resulting in 80 % augmentation of carbohydrate yield, which enhanced the bioethanol yield by â¼86 % as compared to the control employing immobilised yeast fermentation. Moreover, biomass utilisation was maximised by extracting C-phycocyanin, where a â¼77 % rise in productivity was recorded under the SPC. This study highlights the potential of L. valderiana for pilot-scale biorefinery applications, advancing the understanding of sustainable biofuel production.
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Biocombustibles , Cianobacterias , Etanol , Ficocianina , Cianobacterias/metabolismo , Cianobacterias/crecimiento & desarrollo , Etanol/metabolismo , Ficocianina/metabolismo , Fermentación , Biomasa , Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono , Nitratos/metabolismoRESUMEN
Many studies showed NAC transcription factors play an important role in fruit ripening. Moreover, sucrose and starch metabolism is also closely related to fruit ripening. However, there are a few studies focus on whether NAC regulates sucrose and starch metabolism to influence fruit ripening. In this study, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of SlNAP1 suppressed fruit ripening and delayed color transformation. The chlorophyll (including Chla, Chlb, and Chla + b) degradation and carotenoid synthesis in SlNAP1-silenced fruits were dramatically suppressed. Silencing SlNAP1 decreased soluble sugar and reducing sugar accumulation in fruits, and increased starch content. The activity of starch degrading enzymes, including α amylase (AMY) and ß amylase (BAM) was significantly lower in SlNAP1-silenced fruits than in the control fruits, whereas denosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) activity was significantly higher. In addition, the expression of starch degradation-related genes (SlAMY1, SlAMY2, SlBAM1, SlBAM7, SlGWD, SlPWD) in SlNAP1-silenced fruits was significantly suppressed, while starch synthesis-related genes (SlAGPase1, SlAGPase2) was significantly increased. Compared with the control fruits, SlNAP1-silenced fruits showed significantly lower sucrose and glucose content. The expression level of sucrose and glucose metabolism-related genes such as Slsus1, Slsus3, SlSPS, SlHxk1, SlHxk2, SlPK1, and SlPK2 was significantly lower in SlNAP1-silenced fruits than in the control fruits. Overall, this study revealed that SlNAP1 gene might positively regulate fruit ripening by influencing carbohydrate metabolism.
Asunto(s)
Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono , Frutas , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas , Solanum lycopersicum , Frutas/metabolismo , Frutas/genética , Frutas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Solanum lycopersicum/genética , Solanum lycopersicum/metabolismo , Solanum lycopersicum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono/genética , Almidón/metabolismo , Silenciador del Gen , Sacarosa/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Clorofila/metabolismoRESUMEN
A study on 81 individuals (18-75 years old) with mildly impaired fasting blood glucose (FBG) concentrations (98-125 mg/dL) was undertaken to investigate the tolerability of a food supplement (FS) based on Zea mays and Gymnema sylvestre extracts, zinc, and chromium and its efficacy on glucose and lipid metabolism. The subjects were randomized into three groups (27 in each group) and supplemented with one or two tablet(s)/day of FS (groups 1 and 2, respectively), or two tablets/day of placebo (group 3). Blood sampling was carried out at baseline (t0) and after a 3-month treatment (t1), and biochemical parameters associated with glucose and lipid metabolism and kidney and liver toxicity were evaluated. Compared to the placebo, FBG and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) were significantly (p < 0.001) reduced in group 1 subjects. In contrast, at the doses of one and two tablet(s)/day, the FS exerted no effect on the other parameters examined. We conclude that in subjects with slightly impaired FBG, ingestion of a FS based on Z. mays and G. sylvestre extracts, zinc, and chromium over 3 months lowers FBG and modulates glucose homeostasis by improving glucose metabolism. These beneficial effects occur in the absence of biochemical evidence of kidney and liver toxicity.
Asunto(s)
Glucemia , Cromo , Suplementos Dietéticos , Gymnema sylvestre , Zea mays , Zinc , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Método Doble Ciego , Masculino , Adulto , Cromo/administración & dosificación , Anciano , Femenino , Glucemia/efectos de los fármacos , Glucemia/metabolismo , Adulto Joven , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Adolescente , Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono/efectos de los fármacos , Hemoglobina Glucada/metabolismo , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Abiotic stress seriously affects the growth and yield of crops. It is necessary to search and utilize novel abiotic stress resistant genes for 2.0 breeding programme in quinoa. In this study, the impact of drought stress on glucose metabolism were investigated through transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses in quinoa seeds. Candidate drought tolerance genes on glucose metabolism pathway were verified by qRT-PCR combined with yeast expression system. RESULTS: From 70 quinoa germplasms, drought tolerant material M059 and drought sensitive material M024 were selected by comprehensive evaluation of drought resistance. 7042 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were indentified through transcriptomic analyses. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that these DEGs were closely related to carbohydrate metabolic process, phosphorus-containing groups, and intracellular membrane-bounded organelles. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis detected that DEGs were related to pathways involving carbohydrate metabolisms, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Twelve key differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs), (D-galactose, UDP-glucose, succinate, inositol, D-galactose, D-fructose-6-phosphate, D-glucose-6-phosphate, D-glucose-1-phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, ribulose-5-phosphate, citric acid and L-malate), and ten key candidate DEGs (CqAGAL2, CqINV, CqFrK7, CqCELB, Cqbg1x, CqFBP, CqALDO, CqPGM, CqIDH3, and CqSDH) involved in drought response were identified. CqSDH, CqAGAL2, and Cqß-GAL13 were candidate genes that have been validated in both transcriptomics and yeast expression screen system. CONCLUSION: These findings provide a foundation for elucidating the molecular regulatory mechanisms governing glucose metabolism in quinoa seeds under drought stress, providing insights for future research exploring responses to drought stress in quinoa.