RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a condition that is characterized by symptoms such as inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The influence of mothers with ADHD and their attitude towards their wards' oral health has not been explored in the Indian scenario. AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of ADHD in mother-child dyads in western Tamil Nadu and the mothers' dental neglect toward their children. METHODOLOGY: The prevalence of ADHD in mothers and children was assessed using the Adult ADHD Self-report Scale screener and ADHD Rating Scale, respectively. The Child Dental Neglect Scale (CDNS) was used to assess dental neglect in children. The responses were recorded on a Likert scale and statistical analyses were done. RESULTS: The prevalence of ADHD in mothers and children was 10.65% and 10.57%, respectively. The impulsivity and hyperactivity type of ADHD was commonly seen in both the mothers and their children. Mothers without ADHD felt that their children maintained their oral health well. Mothers with ADHD deferred the needed dental treatment for their children. CONCLUSION: Mothers with ADHD have four times more risk of having children with ADHD. Maternal ADHD influences their child's oral health. Child dental neglect was more prevalent among mothers with ADHD.
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Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad , Madres , Humanos , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/epidemiología , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/psicología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Niño , India/epidemiología , Madres/psicología , Prevalencia , Adulto , Masculino , Preescolar , Salud Bucal , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
A literature review of recent prevalence and prospective studies on interpersonal violence (IPV) identifies a link among child abuse, intimate partner violence, and elder abuse that had not emerged from life-stage-specific studies on abuse, neglect, and violence against older persons. In line with a developmental understanding of IPV from a life course perspective, early life trauma is emerging as an explanatory theory of IPV across the life course. This paradigm shift in the field of elder abuse challenges more traditional explanations of IPV in old age, such as ageism, but opens up new opportunities for interventions leading to prevention and treatment of abuse, neglect, and violence against older adults. Prevalence studies that include older subjects and questions about violence experienced as children and younger adults consistently identify child abuse as a risk factor for IPV experienced in old age. Similarly, prospective studies on IPV that follow subjects from childhood to old age identify lifetime patterns of abuse. Qualitative studies of IPV in old age that include retrospective data suggest a link as well. IPV perpetrated against children and adults of all ages by persons in positions of trust can lead to trauma that has adverse lifelong behavioral and relational implications. This provides a link between trauma theory and violence against older people. Until recently, abuse, neglect, and violence were conceptualized differently based on the life stage of the victim. While historically the definitions for partner and non-partner violence diverged based on the life stage of victims, more recently this has begun to converge. Understanding violence from a life course and trauma-informed perspective better identifies risk factors and interventions for IPV against older adults. Intersectionality of age and gender variables demonstrate differences and similarities among populations studied.
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Abuso de Ancianos , Humanos , Abuso de Ancianos/estadística & datos numéricos , Abuso de Ancianos/psicología , Anciano , Violencia de Pareja/psicología , Violencia de Pareja/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Niño , Factores de Riesgo , AdultoRESUMEN
Existing research suggests that prior victimizations during a person's lifetime, particularly childhood traumas and maltreatment, are risk factors for abuse and revictimization in adulthood, although longitudinal evidence is sparse. Using data from a 30-year ongoing longitudinal study of the long-term consequences of childhood maltreatment, this paper describes the extent to which childhood maltreatment predicts subsequent victimization and partner violence victimization at two time points in adulthood. Data were obtained from a prospective cohort design study in which children with court-substantiated cases of maltreatment (ages 0-11 years) and demographically matched controls were followed into adulthood and interviewed over several waves. Childhood maltreatment was assessed through juvenile and adult court records from 1967 to 1971 in a midwestern county area in the United States. Victimization experiences were assessed from 2000 to 2002 (Mage = 39.5 years) and 2009 to 2010 (Mage = 47.5) and included two types based on information from the lifetime trauma and victimization history instrument and questions about past year partner violence victimization. Individuals with histories of childhood maltreatment were more likely to report physical and sexual assaults and kidnapping and stalking victimization than controls through age 39.5. In contrast, the two groups did not differ at the later assessment at age 47.5, except maltreated individuals reported greater risk for sexual assault/abuse than controls. For intimate partner violence victimization at age 39.5, maltreated and control groups differed only in terms of victimization involving injury. Later in adulthood, more individuals with histories of childhood maltreatment reported partner physical violence victimization compared to controls. Although these longitudinal findings showed a general decline in victimization experiences over the two time points, these results demonstrate that childhood maltreatment increases risk for subsequent revictimization in middle adulthood, specifically for sexual assault/abuse and intimate partner physical violence victimization. These findings have implications for prevention and intervention efforts targeting maltreated children.
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Adultos Sobrevivientes del Maltrato a los Niños , Víctimas de Crimen , Violencia de Pareja , Humanos , Víctimas de Crimen/estadística & datos numéricos , Víctimas de Crimen/psicología , Femenino , Adulto , Masculino , Estudios Longitudinales , Violencia de Pareja/estadística & datos numéricos , Violencia de Pareja/psicología , Estudios Prospectivos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Niño , Adultos Sobrevivientes del Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Adultos Sobrevivientes del Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Preescolar , Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Adolescente , Factores de Riesgo , Lactante , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively describe whether experiencing a variety of childhood maltreatment types predicts a variety of substance use/misuse types among youth, beyond the narrow scope covered in previous systematic reviews on similar topics. A literature search was conducted in June, 2022 using PubMed, PsycInfo, and Embase. 58 studies (total participant n=170,749) were included. These studies were primarily organized by substance type outcomes including alcohol (n=43), cannabis (n=25), unspecified substances (n=25), and other specific substances (n=10). Results were further stratified by maltreatment type. For specific maltreatment and substance type combinations, the majority of studies indicated that childhood maltreatment was a significant predictor of substance use/misuse in youth. Of the 10 meta-analyses we conducted, significant associations were found for the majority (9/10) of maltreatment and substance type combinations. For instance, unspecified childhood maltreatment increased the probability of youth alcohol use by about four times, which was the highest relative risk found. In conclusion, this study shows that childhood maltreatment is a predictor of youth substance use/misuse.
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Maltrato a los Niños , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias , Humanos , Adolescente , Niño , Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Experiencias Adversas de la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) affect up to half the general population, they are known to co-occur, and are particularly common among those experiencing poverty. Yet, there are limited studies examining specific patterns of ACE co-occurrence considering their developmental timing. OBJECTIVE: To examine the longitudinal co-occurrence patterns of ACEs across childhood and adolescence, and to examine the role of poverty in predicting these. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: The sample was 8859 children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a longitudinal prospective population-based UK birth cohort. METHODS: Repeated measures of ten ACEs were available, occurring in early childhood (birth-5 years), mid-childhood (6-10 years), and adolescence (11-16 years). Latent class analysis was used to identify groups of children with similar developmental patterns of ACEs. Multinomial regression was used to examine the association between poverty during pregnancy and ACE classes. RESULTS: Sixteen percent of parents experienced poverty. A five-class latent model was selected: "Low ACEs" (72·0 %), "Early and mid-childhood household disharmony" (10·6 %), "Persistent parental mental health problems" (9·7 %), "Early childhood abuse and parental mental health problems" (5·0 %), and "Mid-childhood and adolescence ACEs" (2·6 %). Poverty was associated with a higher likelihood of being in each of the ACE classes compared to the low ACEs reference class. The largest effect size was seen for the "Early and mid-childhood household disharmony" class (OR 4·70, 95 % CI 3·68-6·00). CONCLUSIONS: A multifactorial approach to preventing ACEs is needed - including support for parents facing financial and material hardship, at-risk families, and timely interventions for those experiencing ACEs.
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Experiencias Adversas de la Infancia , Pobreza , Humanos , Experiencias Adversas de la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Pobreza/estadística & datos numéricos , Niño , Femenino , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , Reino Unido/epidemiología , Estudios Longitudinales , Preescolar , Lactante , Análisis de Clases Latentes , Recién Nacido , Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Labor market inactivity is common among young adults with a history of childhood abuse, which might be attributable to elevated psychopathology in adolescence. OBJECTIVE: We examined and decomposed the effect of adolescent psychopathology in the association between frequent or severe childhood abuse and labor market inactivity in young adulthood. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: This study used data from the population and high-risk samples of the Dutch prospective TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (N = 2172). METHODS: Childhood abuse included measures of emotional, physical and sexual abuse. We operationalized adolescent psychopathology using the broadband emotional and behavioral problem scales. Labor market inactivity in young adulthood was defined as being neither in education, employment nor training or receiving benefits. We applied causal mediation analysis combined with a four-way decomposition approach to estimate our effects of interest. RESULTS: Individuals who reported frequent or severe childhood abuse were 1.51 (95 % CI: 1.13 to 2.22) times more likely to report labor market inactivity, constituting an excess relative risk (ERR) of 0.51. Most of this excess relative risk is due to mediation by psychopathology at 64.7 % (ERR: 0.33, 95 % CI: 0.16 to 0.50). We found no evidence for a mediated interactive effect (ERR: -0.04, 95 % CI: -0.24 to 0.24). CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent psychopathology largely explains the association between frequent and severe childhood abuse and labor market inactivity in young adulthood. Intervening in the occurrence of adolescent psychopathology following frequent and severe childhood abuse may reduce the risk of subsequent labor market inactivity.
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Maltrato a los Niños , Humanos , Femenino , Adolescente , Masculino , Adulto Joven , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Países Bajos/epidemiología , Análisis de Mediación , Estudios Prospectivos , Niño , Desempleo/psicología , Desempleo/estadística & datos numéricos , Psicopatología , Adulto , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Experiencias Adversas de la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Experiencias Adversas de la Infancia/psicologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The global prevalence of violence against children is alarmingly high, with millions facing violent discipline and physical punishment. In Mongolia, domestic violence-related criminal offenses have sharply increased, with a 46.92% surge in the first quarter of 2020 compared to 2019. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of and identify factors associated with physical punishment and/or psychological aggression experienced by children under 5 years old from their caregivers. METHODS: We used data from the nationally representative 2018 MICS6 dataset. To examine the association between independent and dependent variables, we used multilevel Poisson regression because it provides a better estimate and is more interpretable when the prevalence is relatively high. RESULTS: The prevalence of psychological aggression was reported at 32.3% and physical punishment at 31.6%, including severe forms. Nonviolent techniques were common, with 77.5% exclusively using nonviolent discipline. Psychological aggression was more likely to occur in older children (3 and 4 years old) and in households with Buddhist heads. Additionally, 3-year-olds are more likely to experience physical punishment compared to 2-year-olds. CONCLUSION: These findings underscore the need for targeted policy interventions, including age-sensitive parental education programs and religious and cultural sensitivity measures. Comprehensive educational and awareness programs are essential to foster a culture of nonviolence across all educational levels, highlighting the need for context-specific policies to safeguard the well-being of children in Mongolia.
Main finding The study highlights concerning rates of physical punishment and psychological aggression toward children under five in Mongolia.Added Knowledge The study findings contribute novel insights into the intricate relationship between sociocultural factors and disciplinary practices, emphasizing the influence of religious affiliations and maternal education on child-rearing approaches.Global health impact for policy and action Urgent policy interventions are warranted to address violence against children, with an emphasis on culturally sensitive parental education programs and comprehensive awareness campaigns.
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Agresión , Maltrato a los Niños , Castigo , Humanos , Mongolia , Castigo/psicología , Preescolar , Masculino , Femenino , Agresión/psicología , Prevalencia , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Lactante , Adulto , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Violencia Doméstica/psicología , Violencia Doméstica/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Child protective services (CPS) reports are spatially concentrated in disadvantaged neighborhoods and Black children are more likely than White children to reside in these neighborhoods. Entrenched patterns of racial residential segregation reflect the lasting impact of historical redlining - a racist practice spearheaded by the federally sponsored Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) in the 1930s that assigned worst risk grades to minoritized neighborhoods. Research has established links between historically redlined areas and the present-day wellbeing of children and families; however, little is known about the relationship between historical redlining and CPS report rates in neighborhoods. OBJECTIVE: Using census tracts as a proxy for neighborhood, this study examines the relationship between historical redlining and the number of CPS reports within neighborhoods. PARTICIPANTS, SETTING, AND METHOD: This study combines data on HOLC risk grades and sociodemographic data from the American Community Survey with the aggregate number of CPS reports per census tract in Los Angeles County, CA (n = 1137). RESULTS: We used Bayesian conditionally autoregressive models to examine the relationship between historical redlining score (A = 1, B = 2, C = 3, D = 4) and the number of CPS reports within neighborhoods. In the unadjusted model, each unit increase in redlining score is associated with a 21.6 % higher number of CPS reports (95 % CI; 1.140, 1.228). In adjusted models that included concentrated disadvantage, each unit increase in redlining score is associated with a 7.3 % higher number of CPS reports (95 % CI; 1.021, 1.136). CONCLUSION: Housing policy reforms through a racial equity lens should be considered as a part of a national strategy to prevent child maltreatment.
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Maltrato a los Niños , Servicios de Protección Infantil , Humanos , Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Niño , Masculino , Femenino , Servicios de Protección Infantil/estadística & datos numéricos , Los Angeles/epidemiología , Características de la Residencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Población Urbana/estadística & datos numéricos , Teorema de Bayes , Características del Vecindario/estadística & datos numéricos , Segregación Social , Adolescente , Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Poblaciones Vulnerables/estadística & datos numéricos , Preescolar , Racismo/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Childhood Maltreatment (CM) is linked to adverse outcomes, including Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and increased propensity for offending behaviors. However, research on the specific role that BPD plays between the two is limited and highly relevant given the high prevalence of CM in Australia. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to investigate (1) the relationship between CM and subsequent offending behaviors, (2) whether BPD mediates the relation between CM and offending behaviors, and (3) which type of CM (physical, sexual, emotional abuse, neglect, exposure to domestic violence, multitype maltreatment) predicts BPD. PARTICIPANTS: The sample comprised 106 self-identified Australian female survivors of interpersonal violent crimes. METHODS: Participants completed an online survey consisting of the Adverse Childhood Events Questionnaire, the McLean Screening Instrument for BPD, and a self-created questionnaire to measure offending behaviors. Regression, mediation analysis, and logistic regression were conducted. RESULTS: CM significantly predicted offending behaviors (path c, B = 1.39, p <. 001) with BPD partially mediating the relationship (path c', B = 1.04, 95 % CI [0.31, 1.77], p = .006; path a, B = 0.47, 95 % CI [0.12, 0.83], p = .009, path b, B = 0.34, 95 % CI [0.07, 0.61], p = .014). Emotional abuse and multitype exposure were identified as predictors of BPD symptom development (OR = 9.42, 95 % CI OR [2.58, 34.40]; OR = 3.81, 95 % CI OR [1.41; 10.28], respectively). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate the necessity of early interventions addressing CM, with a particular focus on emotional abuse and exposure to more than one type of maltreatment, to reduce the risk of developing BPD symptomatology and mitigate future offending behaviors.
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Adultos Sobrevivientes del Maltrato a los Niños , Trastorno de Personalidad Limítrofe , Humanos , Trastorno de Personalidad Limítrofe/psicología , Trastorno de Personalidad Limítrofe/epidemiología , Femenino , Adulto , Australia/epidemiología , Adultos Sobrevivientes del Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Adultos Sobrevivientes del Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto Joven , Persona de Mediana Edad , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adolescente , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Niño , Criminales/psicología , Criminales/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Childhood abuse is associated with an increased risk of migraines. However, the literature on this association is limited. OBJECTIVE: To determine the pooled effect size of the association between childhood abuse and migraines. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: System review and meta-analysis. METHODS: A systematic literature search for studies published until September 20, 2023, was performed using the Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. Specifically, original articles reporting the statistical effect size (odds ratio) of the association between childhood abuse and migraines were selected. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random- or fixed-effects models. Publication bias was examined using funnel plots, and sensitivity analysis was used to explore the stability of the pooled results. RESULTS: Twelve studies involving 110,776 participants were included. Individuals with childhood abuse (OR = 1.60, 95 % CI: 1.49, 1.71) were at increased risk of migraine when compared with individuals with no childhood abuse. Of the different types of childhood abuse examined, sexual abuse (OR = 1.71, 95 % CI: 1.43, 2.04), physical abuse (OR = 1.47, 95 % CI: 1.38, 1.56), and emotional abuse (OR = 1.71, 95 % CI: 1.52, 1.93) were associated with an increased risk of migraine. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood abuse increases migraine risk. Multifaceted interventions to curb abuse and related behaviors can effectively reduce migraine risk. However, considering that multiple factors, such as obesity and anxiety, are causatively associated with both childhood abuse and migraines, our findings should be interpreted with caution.
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Maltrato a los Niños , Trastornos Migrañosos , Humanos , Trastornos Migrañosos/epidemiología , Niño , Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Factores de Riesgo , Adultos Sobrevivientes del Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Adultos Sobrevivientes del Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Globally, one in two children experience violence; experiences which may lead to later risky behaviors such as substance use. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), however, the association between childhood violence and substance use remains underexplored. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the association between childhood violence and substance use among LMIC youth. PARTICIPANTS: Data from the Violence Against Children and Youth Surveys (VACS) in eight LMICs (2017-2019) were analyzed, comprising 33,408 children and young adults (ages 13-24). METHODS: Exposure variables included the experience of childhood violence (physical, sexual, emotional) and polyvictimization (experience of two or more types). Outcomes were current smoking and past-month alcohol and drug use. Multivariable logistic regressions with country-fixed effects were estimated. Stratified analyses were performed based on participant's sex and age, and effect modification analyses examined whether associations differ by the presence of peer support. RESULTS: Childhood physical violence was the most prevalent type of violence (40.7 %), and about 10 % of the participants experienced polyvictimization. All types of violence increased the odds of smoking, binge drinking, and drug use, and polyvictimization elevated the risk substantially. Stronger associations were observed in young women with a history of childhood sexual violence (current smoking aOR: 1.5, 95 % CI: 1.2-1.9; binge-drinking aOR: 2.1, 95 % CI: 1.7-2.5; and drug-use aOR: 2.3, 95 % CI: 1.5-3.5) compared to young men. Additionally, the associations between childhood sexual violence and substance use were more pronounced among adolescents (current smoking aOR: 1.7, 95 % CI: 1.2-2.2; binge-drinking aOR: 2.3, 95 % CI: 1.8-2.9; and drug-use aOR: 2.4, 95 % CI: 1.5-3.9), relative to young adults. Lack of peer support significantly increased the likelihood of drug use. CONCLUSION: Childhood violence prevention programs can reduce substance use in LMICs, and they should take into account the survivor's sex and age. Our findings suggest that peer support can mitigate risky behaviors among the survivors of childhood violence.
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Países en Desarrollo , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Adulto Joven , Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , NiñoRESUMEN
This study aimed to investigate the association between child maltreatment and human capital, measured by intelligence quotient (IQ) at age 18 years and schooling at age 22 years in 3,736 members from a population-based birth cohort in Southern Brazil. A multiple linear regression was used to assess the association between child maltreatment and human capital measurements. Physical and emotional abuse and physical neglect occurring up to 15 years of age were considered child maltreatment. Physical neglect was associated with lower IQ scores in women (ß = -4.40; 95%CI: -6.82; -1.99) and men (ß = -2.58; 95%CI: -5.17; -0.01) and lower schooling for all sexes: women (ß = -1.19; 95%CI: -1.64; -0.74) and men (ß = -0.82; 95%CI: -1.34; -0.30). Moreover, men who had experienced one type of child maltreatment and women who had experienced two or more types had lower years of schooling at 22 years (ß = -0.41; 95%CI: -0.73; -0.89 and ß = -0.57; 95%CI: -0.91; -0.22, respectively) than those who suffered no kind of maltreatment. Efforts to improve future educational and cognitive outcomes must include early prevention and intervention strategies for child maltreatment.
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Maltrato a los Niños , Escolaridad , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Brasil/epidemiología , Adolescente , Niño , Adulto Joven , Cohorte de Nacimiento , Factores Socioeconómicos , Inteligencia , Preescolar , Factores Sexuales , Lactante , Estudios de Cohortes , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Background: During the post-World War II occupation of Austria, approximately 20,000-30,000 'children born of war' (CBOW), also called occupation children were born through intimate contacts between Austrian women and occupation soldiers. Research on other CBOW populations indicates that CBOW mostly grow up under difficult conditions, sometimes with strong long-term mental health consequences.Objective: To examine whether comparable psychosocial consequences can be found in Austrian occupation children (AOC), a first quantitative study was carried out.Method: Child maltreatment, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and somatization, and general life satisfaction were assessed in a sample of 98 AOC using self-report instruments. Results were compared to a sample of German occupation children (GOC; N = 146).Results: High prevalence of above threshold full (10.2%) and partial (14.3%) PTSD, somatic (16.3%) and depressive (11.1%) symptomatology were found in AOC. They were at high risk of child maltreatment (e.g. emotional abuse: 53.6%), which was associated with current symptomatology. Notably, AOC tended to report high levels of general life satisfaction. No differences were found between GOC and AOC.Conclusions: Findings highlight the complex and long-term effects of developmental conditions and childhood maltreatment on mental health of CBOW, even decades later. Findings of high life satisfaction provide evidence of resilience and maturation processes across the lifespan.
Austrian occupation children show a notable vulnerability to childhood maltreatment and its long-term consequences, including a high prevalence of above threshold PTSD, somatic, and depressive symptomatology.Findings on the psychosocial consequences of growing up as occupation children in Austria after World War II are consistent with previous studies in similar populations and can be generalized as more or less typical common experiences of children born of war.Despite psychological distress, occupation children showed surprising levels of life satisfaction, suggesting potential resilience.
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Maltrato a los Niños , Depresión , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático , Humanos , Austria , Femenino , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/psicología , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/epidemiología , Masculino , Niño , Depresión/psicología , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Segunda Guerra Mundial , Prevalencia , Personal Militar/psicología , Personal Militar/estadística & datos numéricos , Satisfacción Personal , AdolescenteRESUMEN
According to biopsychosocial models, experiencing parental child abuse increases susceptibility to adulthood psychopathology. However, there is a paucity of studies examining potential mechanisms of the parental child abuse and adulthood psychopathology relationship. The purpose of the current study was to determine if Time 2 (T2) trait self-esteem mediated levels of Time 1 (T1) retrospectively recalled parental child abuse predicting (T3) past-year major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD), alcohol use disorder (AUD), and substance use disorder (SUD) symptoms. The 18-year Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) study included participants (N = 3294; T1 average age of 45.62 years) assessed at three different time points, each spaced about nine years apart. We performed structural equation mediation modeling analyses to determine how maternal and paternal child abuse at T1 would independently predict T3 MDD, GAD, PD, AUD, and SUD symptoms. We also examined whether T2 self-esteem mediated these relations while controlling for adulthood T1 psychopathology symptoms, demographics, socioeconomic status, somatic symptoms, and parental psychopathology. Consistent with our hypotheses, higher T1 maternal and paternal abuse predicted increased T3 GAD, PD, AUD, and SUD symptoms via diminished T2 self-esteem as the mediator (% proportion mediated = 33.0-100). However, childhood paternal, but not maternal, abuse predicted adulthood MDD symptoms via reduced self-esteem. Findings remained after adjusting for covariates. Our research highlights the importance of understanding retrospectively recalled parental child abuse-adulthood psychopathology relations, their potential mechanisms, and self-esteem as a malleable treatment target for adults with heightened child abuse.
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Trastornos de Ansiedad , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor , Autoimagen , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/psicología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto , Trastornos de Ansiedad/psicología , Trastornos de Ansiedad/epidemiología , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/psicología , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/epidemiología , Adultos Sobrevivientes del Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Adultos Sobrevivientes del Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastorno de Pánico/psicología , Trastorno de Pánico/epidemiología , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Niño , Ansiedad/psicología , Ansiedad/epidemiología , Depresión/psicología , Depresión/epidemiología , Alcoholismo/psicología , Alcoholismo/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Child maltreatment (CM) is a major risk factor across the lifespan. While research on CM and its consequences has risen strongly during the last decades, research is mainly focused on the prevalence of types of CM incidents. As valid prevalence rates on timing and chronicity of CM are lacking to date, we aimed to assess the timing of experienced CM by describing the age of onset, duration, and prevalence at each year of age for each CM subtype in a population-based sample. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional, observational study in a representative sample. METHODS: Using different sampling steps including a random route procedure, a probability sample of the German population above the age of 16, encompassing 2514 persons (50.6% female, mean age: 50.08 years) was generated. Participants were asked about sociodemographic information in a face-to-face interview, CM was assessed using the ICAST-R questionnaire. RESULTS: The earliest mean age of onset was seen in neglect with 8.07 (±3.07) years for boys and 7.90 (±2.96) years for girls, while the mean age of onset for sexual abuse was in adolescence with 13.65 (±3.86) years for boys and 13.91(±3.17) years for girls. The overall duration of CM was lowest for sexual abuse with 2.12 (±2.01) years for boys and 2.35 (±1.73) years for girls, the highest duration was seen for emotional abuse with 4.00 (±3.54) years for boys and 4.21 (±3.77) years for girls. CONCLUSIONS: Our novel results provide important epidemiological information for prevention efforts.
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Maltrato a los Niños , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Alemania/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adolescente , Niño , Prevalencia , Adulto Joven , Factores de Riesgo , Factores de Tiempo , Anciano , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Edad de InicioRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Child maltreatment and polyvictimization are known risk factors for long-term detrimental health and development outcomes, including behavioral health challenges. However, effects from specific types and combinations of maltreatments are unclear. This study examined the association between maltreatment or polyvictimization and behavioral health in a child welfare sample. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Medical records of children with child welfare involvement with at least one behavioral health condition (i.e., mental, behavioral or neurodevelopmental disorder, ICD-10 F01-F99) between 1/1/2018-12/31/2021 were extracted from a large, academic hospital system. METHODS: Behavioral health complexity was categorized as non-chronic, non-complex chronic, or complex chronic using the Pediatric Medical Complexity Algorithm. Partial proportional logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, caregiver type, and physical health complexity generated odds of behavioral health complexity by maltreatment type (physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect) and maltreatment combinations. RESULTS: The analytic sample included 3992 participants (mean age 7.6 (Standard Deviation, 5.0) 44 % female, 29 % white, 32 % black, 22 % Hispanic). Participants who experienced physical abuse (Odds Ratio [OR]: 1.79, 95 % Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.10-2.91), or neglect (OR: 1.69, 95 % CI: 1.38-2.07) were more likely to have increasing behavioral health complexity versus those without maltreatment. Participants with both physical abuse and neglect were over twice as likely (OR: 2.44, 95 % CI: 1.88-3.16) to have increasing behavioral health complexity versus those who did not experience maltreatment. CONCLUSION: Results emphasize the differential impacts of maltreatment and polyvictimization exposures on behavioral health complexity among children with child welfare involvement that can guide risk assessment and clinical care.
Asunto(s)
Maltrato a los Niños , Protección a la Infancia , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Niño , Preescolar , Protección a la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Protección a la Infancia/psicología , Factores de Riesgo , Adolescente , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/psicología , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The "Hispanic Paradox" refers to a commonly noted tendency for Hispanic immigrants to have good health outcomes relative to risks faced. This paper demonstrates the presence of the Hispanic Paradox relative to child maltreatment, with a focus on how it appears to "fade" generationally. OBJECTIVES: To use national child maltreatment and census data to determine if the protective effects of the Hispanic Paradox are weaker ("fade") for counties with fewer foreign-born Hispanics. DESIGN: Census data, including the percentage of Hispanics in a county who were foreign-born, was used to predict child maltreatment rates as observed in the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System. The analysis was done at a county level and included a number of covariates (e.g. Hispanic Median Income, Rural/Urban status ). PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: We included national child maltreatment data at the county level. RESULTS: A negative binomial mixed effects model showed that for each point of increase in the percentage of the Hispanic foreign-born population of a county, the county Hispanic child maltreatment rate was expected to drop by 1 %. Variation in Hispanic national origin (i.e. Puerto Rico) was found to significantly moderate this relationship. CONCLUSION: Counties with higher percentages of foreign-born Hispanics have lower child maltreatment rates after controlling for other factors. This is consistent with emerging findings in the child mortality data and suggests that for child maltreatment, the Hispanic Paradox may fade generationally.
Asunto(s)
Maltrato a los Niños , Hispánicos o Latinos , Humanos , Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Maltrato a los Niños/etnología , Hispánicos o Latinos/estadística & datos numéricos , Niño , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Emigrantes e Inmigrantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Preescolar , Masculino , Adolescente , LactanteRESUMEN
PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate parents' thoughts, and sensitivity levels about violence against children during the COVID-19 period after the pandemic. DESIGN AND METHODS: The population of this descriptive, cross-sectional, correlational, and multicenter study consisted of parents registered in six family health centers in a city in southern Turkey. Study data were collected between April and November 2023 using information forms that included questions about parents' personal information, and their thoughts about violence against children during the pandemic and the Sensitivity to Violence Against Children Scale and analyzed. RESULTS: According to 42.3% of parents, children's exposure to violence increased during the pandemic; 64.7% stated that children experienced emotional violence the most. Parents who thought that there was a decrease in the reports of violence due to school closures, social distancing, and restriction of children's access to health, and social and legal services had higher SVACS mean scores than those who did not think so (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Most of the parents thought that children's exposure to violence increased and reports of violence decreased during the pandemic. In addition, parents' thoughts toward violence against children during the pandemic period were associated with their level of sensitivity to violence against children. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: During the pandemic period, it is important that pediatric nurses, who are in direct contact with children, are in contact with parents and take an active role in the process in the prevention, early detection and reporting of violence against children.
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COVID-19 , Padres , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Turquía/epidemiología , Masculino , Femenino , Estudios Transversales , Padres/psicología , Niño , Adulto , SARS-CoV-2 , Pandemias , Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Preescolar , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The focus of this review was to systematically review and meta-analyse the prevalence of ACEs among university students in the UK. METHOD: The systematic searching of six electronic databases (conducted February 2024) identified ten relevant articles (peer-reviewed articles of a quantitative nature that included ACE prevalence). PROSPERO reference: CRD42022364799. RESULTS: Pooled prevalence for number of ACEs endured was 55.4% (95% CI: 32.4% - 78.4%; I2 > 99.5%) for one or more, and 31.6% (7.5% - 55.6%; I2 > 99.5%) for three or more. Pooled prevalence was: 15.9% (7.0% - 24.7%; I2 > 94.5%) for physical abuse; 27.0% (18.1% - 35.9%; I2 > 94.5%) for emotional abuse; 12.1% (5.2% - 19.0%; I2 > 94.5%) for sexual abuse; 8.4% (1.7% - 15.1%; I2 > 95.4%) for physical neglect, and 30.0% (21.5% - 38.5%; I2 > 95.4%) for emotional neglect. Pooled prevalence for household dysfunction categories were: 34.4% (22.8% - 46.0%) for parental separation; 18.4% (10.1% - 26.8%) for domestic violence; 35.2% (23.6% - 46.8%) for mental health difficulties; 21.4% (12.9% - 29.9%) for substance use; and 5.7% (2.3% - 9.1%) for incarceration (I2 > 88.8% for all household dysfunction items). Significant heterogeneity was observed between studies for most categories of adversity, and it was not possible to explain/reduce this variance by removing small numbers of influential/discrepant studies. Further analyses suggested potential influences of measurement tool used, country of data collection, and age and sex of participants. CONCLUSION: Results demonstrate considerable, largely unaccounted-for, heterogeneity in estimates of the prevalence of ACEs, impeding confidence in any summary statistics. Conclusions must be tentative due to analyses being underpowered given small numbers of papers, as well as potential confounds, meaning results may not be truly representative. However, results do suggest high prevalence rates which warrant further investigation, with appropriate support offered to students.
Asunto(s)
Experiencias Adversas de la Infancia , Estudiantes , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Experiencias Adversas de la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Prevalencia , Estudiantes/psicología , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Reino Unido/epidemiología , Universidades , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Cognitive deficits might contribute to the elevated risk of life-course psychopathology observed in maltreated children. Leading theories about the links between childhood maltreatment and cognitive deficits focus on documented exposures (objective experience), but empirical research has largely relied on retrospective self-reports of these experiences (subjective experience), and the two measures identify largely non-overlapping groups. We aimed to test the associations of objective and subjective measures of maltreatment with cognitive abilities within the same individuals. METHODS: We studied a cohort of individuals from the US Midwest with both objective, court-documented evidence of childhood maltreatment and subjective self-reports of individuals' histories at age 29 years. Between the ages of 29 years and 41 years, participants were assessed with a comprehensive set of cognitive tests, including tests of general verbal intelligence (Quick Test and Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised [WRAT]), non-verbal intelligence (Matrix Reasoning Test [MRT]), executive function (Stroop Test and Trail Making Test Part B [TMT-B]), and processing speed (Trail Making Test Part A [TMT-A]). Participants were also assessed for psychopathology (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and Beck Anxiety Inventory). We tested the associations between objective or subjective measures of childhood maltreatment with cognitive functions using ordinary least squares regression. To test whether cognitive deficits could explain previously described associations between different measures of maltreatment and subsequent psychopathology, we re-ran the analyses accounting for group differences in the Quick Test. People with lived experience were not involved in the research or writing process. FINDINGS: The cohort included 1196 individuals (582 [48·7%] female, 614 [51·3%] male; 752 [62·9%] White, 417 [34·9%] Black, 36 [3·8%] Hispanic) who were assessed between 1989 and 2005. Of the 1179 participants with available data, 173 had objective-only measures of childhood maltreatment, 492 had objective and subjective measures, 252 had subjective-only measures, and 262 had no measures of childhood maltreatment. Participants with objective measures of childhood maltreatment showed pervasive cognitive deficits compared with those without objective measures (Quick Test: ß=-7·97 [95% CI -9·63 to -6·30]; WRAT: ß=-7·41 [-9·09 to -5·74]; MRT: ß=-3·86 [-5·86 to -1·87]; Stroop Test: ß=-1·69 [-3·57 to 0·20]; TMT-B: ß=3·66 [1·67 to 5·66]; TMT-A: ß=2·92 [0·86 to 4·98]). The associations with cognitive deficits were specific to objective measures of neglect. In contrast, participants with subjective measures of childhood maltreatment did not differ from those without subjective measures (Quick Test: ß=1·73 [95% CI -0·05 to 3·50]; WRAT: ß=1·62 [-0·17 to 3·40]; MRT: ß=0·19 [-1·87 to 2·24]; Stroop Test: ß=-1·41 [-3·35 to 0·52]; TMT-B: ß=-0·57 [-2·69 to 1·55]; TMT-A: ß=-0·36 [-2·38 to 1·67]). Furthermore, cognitive deficits did not explain associations between different measures of maltreatment and subsequent psychopathology. INTERPRETATION: Previous studies based on retrospective reports of childhood maltreatment have probably grossly underestimated the extent of cognitive deficits in individuals with documented experiences of childhood maltreatment, particularly neglect. Psychopathology associated with maltreatment is unlikely to emerge because of cognitive deficits, but might instead be driven by individual appraisals, autobiographical memories, and associated schemas. FUNDING: National Institute of Justice, National Institute of Mental Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute on Aging, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, and National Institute for Health and Care Research.