RESUMEN
The two neuropeptides corticotropin-releasing-factor (CRF) and oxytocin (OT) may produce opposing behavioral effects - elevations of the former have been associated with anxiety and social vigilance and reductions of the latter with reduced social affiliation. We sought to test the hypothesis that, within the primate macaque genus, the more gregarious, affiliative, and affectively stable bonnet species (Macaca radiata) would exhibit lower cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) CRF and higher CSF OT concentrations in comparison to its close relative, the temperamentally volatile and socially distant pigtail (Macaca nemestrina). Cisternal CSF samples were obtained from young adult male and female pigtail and bonnet macaques, and CRF and OT concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Pigtail macaques exhibited significantly higher concentrations of CSF CRF and significant lower concentrations of CSF OT than bonnet macaques. Results were not attributable to age or sex differences in group composition. When included together in a multiple regression, CRF and OT showed a multiple R of 0.76, accounting for more than half of the species variance. Although species differences in the bioeffectiveness of these peptides may possibly confound the observed biobehavioral relationships, in the absence of any existing data to that effect, the current findings appear in accordance with the hypothesis and consistent with previously reported species-typical behaviors observed in these macaques.
Asunto(s)
Hormona Liberadora de Corticotropina/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Macaca nemestrina/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Macaca radiata/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Oxitocina/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Animales , Femenino , Masculino , Valores de Referencia , Análisis de Regresión , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In an earlier study, infant primates were nursed by mothers randomly assigned to variable foraging demand (VFD) or nonvariable foraging conditions (non-VFD). A group of grown VFD-reared subjects demonstrated elevations of cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) corticotropin-releasing factor concentrations and decreased CSF cortisol levels vs non-VFD counterparts. To further characterize neurobiological sequelae of disturbed early rearing, CSF concentrations of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine metabolites (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, homovanillic acid, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethyleneglycol [MHPG], respectively) and of somatostatin were determined. METHODS: Second CSF taps were obtained from the previously studied cohort of 30 subjects and from 28 age-matched ad libitum-reared control subjects. Relevant assays were performed. RESULTS: All neurochemicals assayed except MHPG were elevated in the VFD-reared compared with non-VFD subjects. In the VFD group, statistically significant positive correlations between corticotropin-releasing factor and each neurochemical was found, except for MHPG. In the non-VFD subjects, no significant correlations with corticotropin-releasing factor were observed. No effect of age was evident. CONCLUSIONS: Reducing the predictability of maternal foraging demand during early rearing was associated with elevations of cisternal somatostatin and of serotonin and dopamine metabolite concentrations in grown offspring. The corticotropin-releasing factor elevations reported previously were positively correlated with all the elevated CSF parameters of the current study. The findings support the notion that adverse early rearing experiences in primates have longstanding and complex effects on a range of neurochemicals relevant to emotional regulation. Replication in prospective age-controlled studies is warranted.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Apetitiva/fisiología , Aminas Biogénicas/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Macaca radiata/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Macaca radiata/crecimiento & desarrollo , Exposición Materna , Somatostatina/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Animales , Hormona Liberadora de Corticotropina/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Dopamina/metabolismo , Femenino , Ácido Homovanílico/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Ácido Hidroxiindolacético/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Masculino , Metoxihidroxifenilglicol/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Norepinefrina/metabolismo , Embarazo , Serotonina/metabolismoRESUMEN
There is increasing evidence for an important role of adverse early experience on the development of major psychiatric disorders in adulthood. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), an endogenous neuropeptide, is the primary physiological regulator of the mammalian stress response. Grown nonhuman primates who were exposed as infants to adverse early rearing conditions were studied to determine if long-term alterations of CRF neuronal systems had occurred following the early stressor. In comparison to monkeys reared by mothers foraging under predictable conditions, infant monkeys raised by mothers foraging under unpredictable conditions exhibited persistently elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of CRF. Because hyperactivity of CRF-releasing neurons has been implicated in the pathophysiology of certain human affective and anxiety disorders, the present finding provides a potential neurobiological mechanism by which early-life stressors may contribute to adult psychopathology.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos de Ansiedad/etiología , Proteínas del Líquido Cefalorraquídeo/análisis , Hormona Liberadora de Corticotropina/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Macaca radiata/psicología , Conducta Materna , Trastornos del Humor/etiología , Estrés Psicológico/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Animales , Trastornos de Ansiedad/fisiopatología , Conducta Apetitiva , Femenino , Hidrocortisona/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Macaca radiata/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Masculino , Trastornos del Humor/fisiopatología , Estrés Psicológico/complicacionesRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To further the understanding of lactate-induced panic in patients with panic disorder, the authors examined cisternal lactate and carbon dioxide levels in nonhuman primates after infusions of sodium lactate comparable to those used in studies of human beings. METHOD: CSF and venous blood lactate, pH, PCO2, PO2, and bicarbonate were measured in five ketamine-anesthetized nonhuman primates, without mechanical ventilation, before and after they underwent infusions of sodium lactate. In addition, the same measurements were made for three of the five subjects who were given saline infusions. RESULTS: Despite the development of the characteristic peripheral biochemical effects of infused sodium lactate--increased lactate and bicarbonate levels and metabolic alkalosis--no increases in central lactate or carbon dioxide levels were observed. Saline infusions produced no biochemical effects on venous and cisternal measures. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study are in keeping with previous findings of nonpermeability of the blood-brain barrier to anionic compounds such as lactate. They therefore support theories of lactate panic based on cognitive and/or brainstem misevaluation of peripheral somatic sensations.