RESUMEN
A captive 17-year-old male cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) developed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). This was the first report of DLBCL presenting with a mandible mass and violation of the paranasal sinus in a cynomolgus monkey. The neoplasm showed marked microscopical malignant aspects. Immunohistochemical staining showed strong positive expression of CD20. These features may contribute to the diagnosis and therapeutics of DLBCL in NHPs.
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Linfoma de Células B Grandes Difuso , Macaca fascicularis , Enfermedades de los Monos , Animales , Masculino , Linfoma de Células B Grandes Difuso/veterinaria , Linfoma de Células B Grandes Difuso/patología , Linfoma de Células B Grandes Difuso/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Monos/patología , Enfermedades de los Monos/diagnósticoRESUMEN
Purpose: Insight into the immune status of the living eye is essential as we seek to understand ocular disease and develop new treatments. The nonhuman primate (NHP) is the gold standard preclinical model for therapeutic development in ophthalmology, owing to the similar visual system and immune landscape in the NHP relative to the human. Here, we demonstrate the utility of phase-contrast adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) to visualize immune cell dynamics on the cellular scale, label-free in the NHP. Methods: Phase-contrast AOSLO was used to image preselected areas of retinal vasculature in five NHP eyes. Images were registered to correct for eye motion, temporally averaged, and analyzed for immune cell activity. Cell counts, dimensions, velocities, and frequency per vessel were determined manually and compared between retinal arterioles and venules. Based on cell appearance and circularity index, cells were divided into three morphologies: ovoid, semicircular, and flattened. Results: Immune cells were observed migrating along vascular endothelium with and against blood flow. Cell velocity did not significantly differ between morphology or vessel type and was independent of blow flood. Venules had a significantly higher cell frequency than arterioles. A higher proportion of cells resembled "flattened" morphology in arterioles. Based on cell speeds, morphologies, and behaviors, we identified these cells as nonclassical patrolling monocytes (NCPMs). Conclusions: Phase-contrast AOSLO has the potential to reveal the once hidden behaviors of single immune cells in retinal circulation and can do so without the requirement of added contrast agents that may disrupt immune cell behavior.
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Macaca mulatta , Vasos Retinianos , Animales , Masculino , Oftalmoscopía/métodos , Movimiento Celular/fisiología , Vénulas , Arteriolas , Microscopía de Contraste de Fase , Oftalmoscopios , Macaca fascicularisRESUMEN
The retinal fovea in human and nonhuman primates is essential for high acuity and color vision. Within the fovea lies specialized circuitry in which signals from a single cone photoreceptor are largely conveyed to one ON and one OFF type midget bipolar cell (MBC), which in turn connect to a single ON or OFF midget ganglion cell (MGC), respectively. Restoring foveal vision requires not only photoreceptor replacement but also appropriate reconnection with surviving ON and OFF MBCs and MGCs. However, our current understanding of the effects of cone loss on the remaining foveal midget pathway is limited. We thus used serial block-face electron microscopy to determine the degree of plasticity and potential remodeling of this pathway in adult Macaca fascicularis several months after acute photoreceptor loss upon photocoagulation. We reconstructed MBC structure and connectivity within and adjacent to the region of cone loss. We found that MBC dendrites within the scotoma retracted and failed to reach surviving cones to form new connections. However, both surviving cones and ON and OFF MBC dendrites at the scotoma border exhibited remodeling, suggesting that these neurons can demonstrate plasticity and rewiring at maturity. At six months postlesion, disconnected OFF MBCs clearly lost output ribbon synapses with their postsynaptic partners, whereas the majority of ON MBCs maintained their axonal ribbon numbers, suggesting differential timing or extent in ON and OFF midget circuit remodeling after cone loss. Our findings raise rewiring considerations for cell replacement approaches in the restoration of foveal vision.
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Fóvea Central , Macaca fascicularis , Células Bipolares de la Retina , Células Fotorreceptoras Retinianas Conos , Animales , Células Fotorreceptoras Retinianas Conos/metabolismo , Células Fotorreceptoras Retinianas Conos/patología , Células Bipolares de la Retina/metabolismo , Células Bipolares de la Retina/fisiología , Células Ganglionares de la Retina/fisiología , Células Ganglionares de la Retina/patología , Plasticidad Neuronal/fisiología , Dendritas/fisiología , Vías Visuales , MasculinoRESUMEN
Purpose: We aimed to examine the normative profile of crystalline lens power (LP) and its associations with ocular biometric parameters including age, axial length (AL), spherical equivalent refraction (SE), corneal radius (CR), lens thickness, anterior chamber depth, and AL/CR ratio among a cynomolgus monkey colony. Methods: This population-based cross-sectional Non-human Primate Eye Study recruited middle-aged subjects in South China. All included macaques underwent a detailed ophthalmic examination. LP was calculated using the modified Bennett's formula, with biometry data from an autorefractometer and A-scan. SPSS version 25.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 301 macaques with an average age of 18.75 ± 2.95 years were collected in this study. The mean LP was 25.40 ± 2.96 D. Greater LP was independently associated with younger age, longer AL, and lower SE (P = 0.028, P = 0.025, and P = 0.034, respectively). LP showed a positive correlation with age, SE, CR, AL, lens thickness, and anterior chamber depth, whereas no correlation was observed between LP and AL/CR ratio. Conclusions: Our results suggested the LP distribution in the nonhuman primate colony and indicated that AL and SE strongly influenced the rate of LP. Therefore, this study contributed to a deeper understanding of the relative significance of the LP on the optics of the crystalline lens study.
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Longitud Axial del Ojo , Biometría , Cristalino , Macaca fascicularis , Refracción Ocular , Animales , Cristalino/anatomía & histología , Estudios Transversales , Refracción Ocular/fisiología , Masculino , Femenino , Biometría/métodos , Cámara Anterior/anatomía & histología , Córnea/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Early pregnancy Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is associated with major brain damage in fetuses, leading to microcephaly in 0.6-5.0% of cases, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. METHODS: To understand the kinetics of ZIKV infection during fetal development in a nonhuman primate model, four cynomolgus macaque fetuses were exposed in utero through echo-guided intramuscular inoculation with 103 PFU of ZIKV at 70-80 days of gestation, 2 controls were mock inoculated. Clinical, immuno-virological and ultrasound imaging follow-ups of the mother/fetus pairs were performed until autopsy after cesarean section 1 or 2 months after exposure (n = 3 per group). RESULTS: ZIKV was transmitted from the fetus to the mother and then replicate in the peripheral blood of the mother from week 1 to 4 postexposure. Infected fetal brains tended to be smaller than those of controls, but not the femur lengths. High level of viral RNA ws found after the first month in brain tissues and placenta. Thereafter, there was partial control of the virus in the fetus, resulting in a decreased number of infected tissue sections and a decreased viral load. Immune cellular and humoral responses were effectively induced. CONCLUSIONS: ZIKV infection during the second trimester of gestation induces short-term brain injury, and although viral genomes persist in tissues, most of the virus is cleared before delivery.
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Encéfalo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Feto , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo , Carga Viral , Infección por el Virus Zika , Virus Zika , Animales , Femenino , Embarazo , Infección por el Virus Zika/virología , Feto/virología , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/virología , Encéfalo/virología , Macaca fascicularis/virología , ARN Viral , Placenta/virología , Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad InfecciosaRESUMEN
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to define the normal range of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL), macular ganglion cell layer (mGCL), and macular inner plexiform layer (mIPL) thickness in cynomolgus macaques, and explore their inter-relationship and correlation with age, refractive errors, and axial length (AL). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we measured biometric and refractive parameters, and pRNFL/mGCL/mIPL thickness in 357 healthy cynomolgus macaques. Monkeys were divided into groups by age and spherical equivalent (SE). Correlation and regression analyses were used to explore the relationship between pRNFL and mGCL/mIPL thickness, and their correlation with the above parameters. Results: The mean age, SE, and AL were 14.46 ± 6.70 years, -0.96 ± 3.23 diopters (D), and 18.39 ± 1.02 mm, respectively. The mean global pRNFL thickness was 95.06 ± 9.42 µm (range = 54-116 µm), with highest values in the inferior quadrant, followed by the superior, temporal, and nasal quadrants (P < 0.001). Temporal pRNFL thickness correlated positively with age (r = 0.218, P < 0.001) and AL (r = 0.364, P < 0.001), and negatively with SE (r = -0.270, P < 0.001). In other quadrants, pRNFL thickness correlated negatively with age and AL, but positively with SE. In the multivariable linear regression model, adjusted for sex and AL, age (ß = -0.350, P < 0.001), and SE (ß = 0.206, P < 0.001) showed significant associations with global pRNFL thickness. After adjusting for age, sex, SE, and AL, pRNFL thickness positively correlated with mGCL (ß = 0.433, P < 0.001) and mIPL thickness (ß = 0.465, P < 0.001). Conclusions: The pRNFL/mGCL/mIPL thickness distribution and relationship with age, AL, and SE in cynomolgus macaques were highly comparable to those in humans, suggesting that cynomolgus monkeys are valuable animal models in ophthalmic research.
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Macaca fascicularis , Fibras Nerviosas , Células Ganglionares de la Retina , Tomografía de Coherencia Óptica , Animales , Células Ganglionares de la Retina/citología , Masculino , Estudios Transversales , Tomografía de Coherencia Óptica/métodos , Femenino , Disco Óptico/anatomía & histología , Disco Óptico/diagnóstico por imagen , Longitud Axial del Ojo/anatomía & histología , Valores de Referencia , Biometría , Errores de Refracción/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
Inherited bleeding disorders such as Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) lack prophylactic treatment options. As a result, serious bleeding episodes are treated acutely with blood product transfusions or frequent, repeated intravenous administration of recombinant activated coagulation factor VII (rFVIIa). Here we describe HMB-001, a bispecific antibody designed to bind and accumulate endogenous FVIIa and deliver it to sites of vascular injury by targeting it to the TREM (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells)-like transcript-1 (TLT-1) receptor that is selectively expressed on activated platelets. In healthy nonhuman primates, HMB-001 prolonged the half-life of endogenous FVIIa, resulting in its accumulation. Mouse bleeding studies confirmed antibody-mediated potentiation of FVIIa hemostatic activity by TLT-1 targeting. In ex vivo models of GT, HMB-001 localized FVIIa on activated platelets and potentiated fibrin-dependent platelet aggregation. Taken together, these results indicate that HMB-001 has the potential to offer subcutaneous prophylactic treatment to prevent bleeds in people with GT and other inherited bleeding disorders, with a low-frequency dosing regimen.
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Anticuerpos Biespecíficos , Animales , Anticuerpos Biespecíficos/farmacología , Anticuerpos Biespecíficos/uso terapéutico , Anticuerpos Biespecíficos/inmunología , Humanos , Factor VIIa , Plaquetas/metabolismo , Plaquetas/efectos de los fármacos , Plaquetas/inmunología , Ratones , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Hemorragia/prevención & control , Hemorragia/tratamiento farmacológico , Agregación Plaquetaria/efectos de los fármacos , Trombastenia/tratamiento farmacológico , Trombastenia/inmunología , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Femenino , Masculino , Macaca fascicularis , Activación Plaquetaria/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Filoviruses, like the Marburg (MARV) and Ebola (EBOV) viruses, have caused outbreaks associated with significant hemorrhagic morbidity and high fatality rates. Vaccines offer one of the best countermeasures for fatal infection, but to date only the EBOV vaccine has received FDA licensure. Given the limited cross protection between the EBOV vaccine and Marburg hemorrhagic fever (MHF), we analyzed the protective efficacy of a similar vaccine, rVSV-MARV, in the lethal cynomolgus macaque model. NHPs vaccinated with a single dose (as little as 1.6 × 107 pfu) of rVSV-MARV seroconverted to MARV G-protein prior to challenge on day 42. Vaccinemia was measured in all vaccinated primates, self-resolved by day 14 post vaccination. Importantly, all vaccinated NHPs survived lethal MARV challenge, and showed no significant alterations in key markers of morbid disease, including clinical signs, and certain hematological and clinical chemistry parameters. Further, apart from one primate (from which tissues were not collected and no causal link was established), no pathology associated with Marburg disease was observed in vaccinated animals. Taken together, rVSV-MARV is a safe and efficacious vaccine against MHF in cynomolgus macaques.
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Macaca fascicularis , Enfermedad del Virus de Marburg , Marburgvirus , Vesiculovirus , Vacunas Virales , Animales , Enfermedad del Virus de Marburg/prevención & control , Enfermedad del Virus de Marburg/inmunología , Enfermedad del Virus de Marburg/virología , Marburgvirus/inmunología , Marburgvirus/genética , Vacunas Virales/inmunología , Vacunas Virales/administración & dosificación , Vacunas Virales/genética , Vesiculovirus/genética , Vesiculovirus/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Vacunas Sintéticas/inmunología , Vacunas Sintéticas/administración & dosificación , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Vacunación , Masculino , Femenino , Eficacia de las Vacunas , Vectores Genéticos , Inmunogenicidad VacunalRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Trachoma is a leading cause of infection-related blindness worldwide. This disease is caused by recurrent Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infections of the conjunctiva and develops in two phases: i) active (acute trachoma, characterized by follicular conjunctivitis), then long-term: ii) scarring (chronic trachoma, characterized by conjunctival fibrosis, corneal opacification and eyelid malposition). Scarring trachoma is driven by the number and severity of reinfections. The immune system plays a pivotal role in trachoma including exacerbation of the disease. Hence the immune system may also be key to developing a trachoma vaccine. Therefore, we characterized clinical and local immune response kinetics in a non-human primate model of acute conjunctival Ct infection and disease. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The conjunctiva of non-human primate (NHP, Cynomolgus monkeys-Macaca fascicularis-) were inoculated with Ct (B/Tunis-864 strain, B serovar). Clinical ocular monitoring was performed using a standardized photographic grading system, and local immune responses were assessed using multi-parameter flow cytometry of conjunctival cells, tear fluid cytokines, immunoglobulins, and Ct quantification. Clinical findings were similar to those observed during acute trachoma in humans, with the development of typical follicular conjunctivitis from the 4th week post-exposure to the 11th week. Immunologic analysis indicated an early phase influx of T cells in the conjunctiva and elevated interleukins 4, 8, and 5, followed by a late phase monocytic influx accompanied with a decrease in other immune cells, and tear fluid cytokines returning to initial levels. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Our NHP model accurately reproduces the clinical signs of acute trachoma, allowing for an accurate assessment of the local immune responses in infected eyes. A progressive immune response occurred for weeks after exposure to Ct, which subsided into a persistent innate immune response. An understanding of these local responses is the first step towards using the model to assess new vaccine and therapeutic strategies for disease prevention.
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Chlamydia trachomatis , Conjuntiva , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Macaca fascicularis , Tracoma , Animales , Tracoma/inmunología , Tracoma/microbiología , Conjuntiva/inmunología , Conjuntiva/patología , Conjuntiva/microbiología , Chlamydia trachomatis/inmunología , Citocinas/inmunología , Citocinas/metabolismo , Masculino , FemeninoRESUMEN
Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies faced challenges due to frequent adverse events and limited efficacy, which spurred the exploration of next-generation CTLA-4 therapeutics to balance regulatory T cells (Tregs) depletion and CD8 T cells activation. CCR8, identified primarily on tumor-infiltrating Tregs, has become a target of interest due to the anti-tumor effects demonstrated by CCR8 antibody-mediated Tregs depletion. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis reveals that CCR8-positive Tregs constitute a small subset, with concurrent expression of CCR8 and CTLA-4. Consequently, we proposed a novel bispecific antibody targeting CCR8 and CTLA-4 that had the potential to enhance T cell activation while selectively depleting intratumor Tregs. The candidate molecule 2MW4691 was developed in a tetravalent symmetric format, maintaining a strong binding affinity for CCR8 while exhibiting relatively weaker CTLA-4 binding. This selective binding ability allowed 2MW4691 to target and deplete tumor-infiltrating Tregs with higher specificity. In vitro assays verified the antibody's capacity for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) to Tregs with high level of CTLA-4 expression, but not CD8 T cells with relatively low level of CTLA-4 on cell surface. Also, 2MW4691 inhibited the CTLA-4 pathway and enhanced T cell activation. The in vivo therapeutic efficacy of 2MW4691 was further demonstrated using hCCR8 or hCTLA-4 humanized mouse models and hCCR8/hCTLA-4 double knock-in mouse models. In cynomolgus monkeys, 2MW4691 was well-tolerated, exhibited the anticipated pharmacokinetic profile, and had a minimal impact on the peripheral T cell population. The promising preclinical results supported the further evaluation of 2MW4691 as a next-generation Treg-based therapeutics in clinical trials.
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Anticuerpos Biespecíficos , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos , Antígeno CTLA-4 , Linfocitos T Reguladores , Animales , Ratones , Anticuerpos Biespecíficos/farmacología , Anticuerpos Biespecíficos/inmunología , Anticuerpos Biespecíficos/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Antígeno CTLA-4/antagonistas & inhibidores , Antígeno CTLA-4/inmunología , Linfocitos T Reguladores/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Receptores CCR8/inmunología , Neoplasias/inmunología , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias/terapia , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de Xenoinjerto , Macaca fascicularisRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Obesity represents a global health crisis with significant patient burdens and healthcare costs. Despite the advances with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists in treating obesity, unmet needs remain. This study characterizes a novel glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) peptide antagonist, AT-7687, evaluating its potential to enhance obesity treatment. METHODS: We assessed the in vitro potency and pharmacokinetics of AT-7687, alongside its therapeutic effects when administered subcutaneously (SC) alone and in combination with liraglutide to high-fat-diet-fed obese non-human primates (NHP). The study spanned a 42-day treatment period and a 15-day washout period. RESULTS: AT-7687 demonstrated a subnanomolar cAMP antagonistic potency (pKB of 9.5) in HEK-293 cells and a 27.4 h half-life in NHPs. It effectively maintained weight stability in obese monkeys, whereas placebo recipients had an 8.6% weight increase by day 42 (P = 0.01). Monotherapy with liraglutide resulted in a 12.4% weight reduction compared to placebo (P = 0.03) and combining AT-7687 with liraglutide led to a 16.3% weight reduction (P = 0.0002). The combination therapy significantly improved metabolic markers, reducing insulin levels by 52% (P = 0.008), glucose by 30% (P = 0.02), triglycerides by 39% (P = 0.05), total cholesterol by 29% (P = 0.03), and LDL cholesterol by 48% (P = 0.003) compared to placebo. AT-7687 treatment was well tolerated and not associated with any side effects. CONCLUSIONS: This study underscores the potential of AT-7687 as a promising addition to current obesity treatments.
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Liraglutida , Macaca fascicularis , Obesidad , Receptores de la Hormona Gastrointestinal , Pérdida de Peso , Animales , Humanos , Liraglutida/farmacología , Liraglutida/administración & dosificación , Pérdida de Peso/efectos de los fármacos , Obesidad/tratamiento farmacológico , Obesidad/metabolismo , Masculino , Receptores de la Hormona Gastrointestinal/antagonistas & inhibidores , Receptores de la Hormona Gastrointestinal/agonistas , Receptores de la Hormona Gastrointestinal/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Receptor del Péptido 1 Similar al Glucagón/agonistas , Receptor del Péptido 1 Similar al Glucagón/metabolismo , Péptido 1 Similar al Glucagón , Glucemia/efectos de los fármacos , Glucemia/metabolismoRESUMEN
The main uric acid-lowering agents in clinical use for hyperuricemia and gout are xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors or urate transporter 1 (URAT1) inhibitors. While these therapies can partially control the disease, they have various limitations. The development of XO/URAT1 dual inhibitors offers the potential to enhance therapeutic potency and reduce toxicity compared with single-target inhibitors. Through scaffold hopping from the XO inhibitor febuxostat (2) and the URAT1 inhibitor probenecid (3), followed by structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies, we identified compound 27 as a potent dual inhibitor of XO and URAT1. Compound 27 demonstrated significant dual inhibition in vitro (XO IC50 = 35 nM; URAT1 IC50 = 31 nM) and exhibited favorable pharmacology and pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles in multiple species including monkeys. Furthermore, toxicity studies in rats and monkeys revealed general safety profiles, supporting that compound 27 emerges as a promising novel drug candidate with potent XO/URAT1 dual inhibition for the treatment of gout.
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Gota , Hiperuricemia , Transportadores de Anión Orgánico , Proteínas de Transporte de Catión Orgánico , Xantina Oxidasa , Xantina Oxidasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Xantina Oxidasa/metabolismo , Hiperuricemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Gota/tratamiento farmacológico , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Humanos , Transportadores de Anión Orgánico/antagonistas & inhibidores , Transportadores de Anión Orgánico/metabolismo , Ratas , Proteínas de Transporte de Catión Orgánico/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas de Transporte de Catión Orgánico/metabolismo , Administración Oral , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Masculino , Macaca fascicularis , Febuxostat/farmacología , Febuxostat/farmacocinética , Febuxostat/uso terapéutico , Febuxostat/química , Descubrimiento de Drogas , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacocinética , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/síntesis química , Supresores de la Gota/farmacocinética , Supresores de la Gota/farmacología , Supresores de la Gota/uso terapéutico , Supresores de la Gota/química , Supresores de la Gota/síntesis química , Disponibilidad Biológica , Probenecid/farmacologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/AIM: Ischemic stroke is a major health concern globally and developing reliable animal models is crucial for understanding its pathophysiology. This study evaluated the relationship between cerebral angiographic findings and neurologic dysfunction in an acute non-human primate thromboembolic stroke model and determined the minimum clot length for suitable middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A thromboembolic stroke model was developed by injecting autologous blood clots (length: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 cm, n=1 to 3, 14 monkeys in total) into the internal carotid artery of male cynomolgus monkeys. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and neurologic deficit observation were performed pre-; immediately after (DSA only); and 1, 3, 6, and 24 h after embolization, and the relationship between clot length, neurologic deficits, and cerebral infarction was assessed. RESULTS: DSA confirmed MCA occlusion in all animals after the clot injection. Recanalization of the MCA was observed within 6 h post-embolization in animals with shorter clots (≤3 cm). Neurologic deficits were evident in animals with MCA occlusion and correlated with the clot length. Larger clots (≥5 cm) led to permanent MCA occlusion, significant neurologic deficits, and extensive cerebral infarction. Histopathological examination revealed ischemic damage in brain regions corresponding to the infarcted areas. CONCLUSION: Clot length is critical in determining the extent of neurologic dysfunction and cerebral infarction, with larger clots producing more severe outcomes. Furthermore, the minimum clot length required for model creation is 5 cm.
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Angiografía Cerebral , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Infarto de la Arteria Cerebral Media , Animales , Infarto de la Arteria Cerebral Media/diagnóstico por imagen , Infarto de la Arteria Cerebral Media/fisiopatología , Masculino , Angiografía Cerebral/métodos , Angiografía de Substracción Digital/métodos , Macaca fascicularis , Conducta AnimalRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Molar crown configuration plays an important role in systematics, and functional and comparative morphology. In particular, the number of cusps on primate molars is often used to identify fossil species and infer their phylogenetic relationships. However, this variability deserves renewed consideration as a number of studies now highlight important developmental mechanisms that may be responsible for the presence of molar cusps in some mammalian taxa. Experimental studies of rodent molars suggest that cusps form under a morphodynamic, patterning cascade model of development (PCM) that involve the iterative formation of enamel knots. This model posits that the size, shape and location of the first-forming cusps determines the presence and positioning of later-forming cusps. DESIGN: Here we test whether variation in accessory cusp presence in 13 Macaca fascicularis mandibular second molars (M2s) is consistent with predictions of the PCM. Using micro-CT, we imaged these M2s and employed geometric morphometrics to examine whether shape variation in the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) correlates with accessory cusp presence. RESULTS: We find that accessory cusp patterning in macaque M2s is broadly consistent with the PCM. Molars with accessory cusps were larger in size and possessed shorter relative cusp heights compared to molars without accessory cusps. Peripheral cusp formation was also associated with more centrally positioned primary cusps, as predicted by the PCM. CONCLUSIONS: While these results demonstrate that a patterning cascade model is broadly appropriate for interpreting cusp variation in Macaca fascicularis molars, it does not explain all manifestations of accessory cusp expression in this sample.
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Macaca fascicularis , Mandíbula , Diente Molar , Microtomografía por Rayos X , Animales , Macaca fascicularis/anatomía & histología , Diente Molar/anatomía & histología , Diente Molar/diagnóstico por imagen , Mandíbula/anatomía & histología , Corona del Diente/anatomía & histología , Odontogénesis/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Coproporphyrin I (CP-I), Coproporphyrin III (CP-III), and glycochenodeoxycholate-3-sulfate (GCDCA-S) act as endogenous substrates of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide (OATP) 1B and have been considered for application in OATP1B-mediated drugâdrug interaction (DDI) risk assessments. Prior assays of the endogenous OATP substrates might exhibit reduced DDI detection capability and possibly overlook low DDI risk. We pioneered a simultaneous assay of the three substrates in monkey plasma using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and applied it to monkey studies to identify lower DDI risk. RESULTS: The methodology development indicated that precursors of CP-I/III were oxidized to form CP-I/III, diminishing the detection capability in DDI risk assessments. A precursor eliminated analytical (PEA) method was developed to eliminate the precursors through solid-phase extraction. This method aimed to prevent the oxidation of CP-I/III precursors by incorporating edaravone. For comparison, a precursor oxidized analytical (POA) method was also developed, wherein the precursors of CP-I/III were fully oxidized to CP-I/III. The PEA method achieved high sensitivity for CP-I/III and GCDCA-S, with lower quantification limits of 0.01 ng mL-1 and 0.5 ng mL-1, respectively. Both methods ensured that the validation parameters met the acceptance criteria. The two methods were applied to a monkey study, with CP-I/III showcasing notably enhanced DDI detection capabilities through the novel PEA method in comparison to the POA method. SIGNIFICANCE: This study's methodology has future implications for OATP-mediated DDI risk assessment using endogenous substrates. The novel PEA method can identify lower OATP-mediated DDI risks for drugs that the current methods cannot detect. Our method is likely applicable in clinical settings, and its utility should be assessed in clinical trials.
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Coproporfirinas , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Macaca fascicularis , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Animales , Coproporfirinas/sangre , Coproporfirinas/química , Coproporfirinas/metabolismo , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodos , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Transportadores de Anión Orgánico/metabolismo , Transportadores de Anión Orgánico/antagonistas & inhibidores , MasculinoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a multifunctional member of the IL-6 cytokine family that activates downstream signaling pathways by binding to the heterodimer consisting of LIFR and gp130 on the cell surface. Previous research has shown that LIF is highly expressed in various tumor tissues (e.g. pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and colorectal cancer) and promotes cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and differentiation. Moreover, the overexpression of LIF correlates with poor clinicopathological characteristics. Therefore, we hypothesized that LIF could be a promising target for the treatment of cancer. In this work, we developed the antagonist antibody 1G11 against LIF and investigated its anti-tumor mechanism and its therapeutic efficacy in mouse models. RESULTS: A series of single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) targeting LIF were screened from a naive human scFv phage library. These scFvs were reconstructed in complete IgG form and produced by the mammalian transient expression system. Among the antibodies, 1G11 exhibited the excellent binding activity to human, cynomolgus monkey and mouse LIF. Functional analysis demonstrated 1G11 could block LIF binding to LIFR and inhibit the intracellular STAT3 phosphorylation signal. Interestingly, 1G11 did not block LIF binding to gp130, another LIF receptor that is involved in forming the receptor complex together with LIFR. In vivo, intraperitoneal administration of 1G11 inhibited tumor growth in CT26 and MC38 models of colorectal cancer. IHC analysis demonstrated that p-STAT3 and Ki67 were decreased in tumor tissue, while c-caspase 3 was increased. Furthermore, 1G11 treatment improves CD3+, CD4 + and CD8 + T cell infiltration in tumor tissue. CONCLUSIONS: We developed antagonist antibodies targeting LIF/LIFR signaling pathway from a naive human scFv phage library. Antagonist anti-LIF antibody exerts antitumor effects by specifically reducing p-STAT3. Further studies revealed that anti-LIF antibody 1G11 increased immune cell infiltration in tumor tissues.
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Factor Inhibidor de Leucemia , Anticuerpos de Cadena Única , Animales , Humanos , Anticuerpos de Cadena Única/inmunología , Anticuerpos de Cadena Única/farmacología , Ratones , Factor Inhibidor de Leucemia/inmunología , Factor Inhibidor de Leucemia/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/metabolismo , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/inmunología , Receptor gp130 de Citocinas/inmunología , Receptor gp130 de Citocinas/metabolismo , Receptor gp130 de Citocinas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Biblioteca de Péptidos , Transducción de Señal , Femenino , Macaca fascicularis , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are promising therapeutics for treating various neurological disorders. However, ASOs are unable to readily cross the mammalian blood-brain barrier (BBB) and therefore need to be delivered intrathecally to the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we engineered a human transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) binding molecule, the oligonucleotide transport vehicle (OTV), to transport a tool ASO across the BBB in human TfR knockin (TfRmu/hu KI) mice and nonhuman primates. Intravenous injection and systemic delivery of OTV to TfRmu/hu KI mice resulted in sustained knockdown of the ASO target RNA, Malat1, across multiple mouse CNS regions and cell types, including endothelial cells, neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. In addition, systemic delivery of OTV enabled Malat1 RNA knockdown in mouse quadriceps and cardiac muscles, which are difficult to target with oligonucleotides alone. Systemically delivered OTV enabled a more uniform ASO biodistribution profile in the CNS of TfRmu/hu KI mice and greater knockdown of Malat1 RNA compared with a bivalent, high-affinity TfR antibody. In cynomolgus macaques, an OTV directed against MALAT1 displayed robust ASO delivery to the primate CNS and enabled more uniform biodistribution and RNA target knockdown compared with intrathecal dosing of the same unconjugated ASO. Our data support systemically delivered OTV as a potential platform for delivering therapeutic ASOs across the BBB.
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Barrera Hematoencefálica , Oligonucleótidos Antisentido , ARN Largo no Codificante , Receptores de Transferrina , Animales , Oligonucleótidos Antisentido/farmacocinética , Oligonucleótidos Antisentido/administración & dosificación , Barrera Hematoencefálica/metabolismo , Receptores de Transferrina/metabolismo , Humanos , ARN Largo no Codificante/metabolismo , ARN Largo no Codificante/genética , Ratones , Transporte Biológico , Macaca fascicularis , Técnicas de Silenciamiento del Gen , Distribución TisularRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3) is highly expressed on the cell surface of small cell lung cancer (SCLC), one of the most lethal malignancies, but minimally or not in normal tissues, making it an attractive target for SCLC. However, none of the DLL3-targeting antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have been approved for SCLC therapy yet. We developed DB-1314, the new anti-DLL3 ADC composed of a novel humanized anti-DLL3 monoclonal antibody (DB131401) conjugated with eight molecules of P1021 (topoisomerase I inhibitor), and described its preclinical profiles. METHODS: The binding epitope for DB131401 and Rovalpituzumab was tested by biolayer interferometry. The binding affinity and specificity of DB-1314 to DLL3 and other homologous proteins were respectively measured by surface plasmon resonance and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Internalization, bystander effects, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) were assessed by respective assay. DLL3 was quantified by antibodies bound per cell assay and immunohistochemistry. In vitro and in vivo growth inhibition studies were evaluated in SCLC cell lines, and cell line/patient-derived xenograft models. The safety profile was measured in cynomolgus monkeys. RESULTS: DB-1314 induces potent, durable, and dose-dependent antitumor effects in cells in vitro and in cell/patient-derived xenograft models in vivo. The killing activity of DB-1314 mechanically arises from P1021-induced DNA damage, whereby P1021 is delivered and released within tumor cells through DLL3-specific binding and efficient internalization. Bystander effects and ADCC also contribute to the antitumor activity of DB-1314. DB-1314 displays favorable pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic profiles in rats and cynomolgus monkeys; besides, DB-1314 is well-tolerated at a dose of up to 60 mg/kg in monkeys. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that DB-1314 may be a candidate ADC targeting DLL3 for the treatment of DLL3-positive SCLC, supporting further evaluation in the clinical setting.
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Inmunoconjugados , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Proteínas de la Membrana , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células Pequeñas , Inhibidores de Topoisomerasa I , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células Pequeñas/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células Pequeñas/patología , Animales , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Humanos , Inhibidores de Topoisomerasa I/farmacología , Inhibidores de Topoisomerasa I/uso terapéutico , Línea Celular Tumoral , Inmunoconjugados/farmacología , Inmunoconjugados/uso terapéutico , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/antagonistas & inhibidores , Macaca fascicularis , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de Xenoinjerto , Ratas , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/metabolismo , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/antagonistas & inhibidores , Femenino , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados/uso terapéutico , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados/farmacología , Ratones , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéutico , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/farmacología , BenzodiazepinonasRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: More robust non-human primate models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) will provide new opportunities to better understand the pathogenesis and progression of AD. METHODS: We designed a CRISPR/Cas9 system to achieve precise genomic deletion of exon 9 in cynomolgus monkeys using two guide RNAs targeting the 3' and 5' intron sequences of PSEN1 exon 9. We performed biochemical, transcriptome, proteome, and biomarker analyses to characterize the cellular and molecular dysregulations of this non-human primate model. RESULTS: We observed early changes of AD-related pathological proteins (cerebrospinal fluid Aß42 and phosphorylated tau) in PSEN1 mutant (ie, PSEN1-ΔE9) monkeys. Blood transcriptome and proteome profiling revealed early changes in inflammatory and immune molecules in juvenile PSEN1-ΔE9 cynomolgus monkeys. DISCUSSION: PSEN1 mutant cynomolgus monkeys recapitulate AD-related pathological protein changes, and reveal early alterations in blood immune signaling. Thus, this model might mimic AD-associated pathogenesis and has potential utility for developing early diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. HIGHLIGHTS: A dual-guide CRISPR/Cas9 system successfully mimics AD PSEN1-ΔE9 mutation by genomic excision of exon 9. PSEN1 mutant cynomolgus monkey-derived fibroblasts exhibit disrupted PSEN1 endoproteolysis and increased Aß secretion. Blood transcriptome and proteome profiling implicate early inflammatory and immune molecular dysregulation in juvenile PSEN1 mutant cynomolgus monkeys. Cerebrospinal fluid from juvenile PSEN1 mutant monkeys recapitulates early changes of AD-related pathological proteins (increased Aß42 and phosphorylated tau).
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Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Macaca fascicularis , Mutación , Presenilina-1 , Animales , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/genética , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/sangre , Presenilina-1/genética , Mutación/genética , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Proteínas tau/genética , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Exones/genética , Masculino , Transcriptoma , Biomarcadores/sangre , Biomarcadores/líquido cefalorraquídeoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Tolebrutinib is a covalent BTK inhibitor designed and selected for potency and CNS exposure to optimize impact on BTK-dependent signaling in CNS-resident cells. We applied a translational approach to evaluate three BTK inhibitors in Phase 3 clinical development in MS with respect to their relative potency to block BTK-dependent signaling and exposure in the CNS METHODS: We used in vitro kinase and cellular activation assays, alongside pharmacokinetic sampling of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the non-human primate cynomolgus to estimate the ability of these candidates (evobrutinib, fenebrutinib, and tolebrutinib) to block BTK-dependent signaling inside the CNS. RESULTS: In vitro kinase assays demonstrated that tolebrutinib reacted with BTK 65-times faster than evobrutinib, while fenebrutinib, a classical reversible antagonist with a Ki value of 4.7 nM and slow off-rate (1.54 x 10-5 s-1), also had an association rate 1760-fold slower (0.00245 µM-1 * s-1). Estimates of cellular potency were largely consistent with the in vitro kinase assays, with an estimated IC50 of 0.7 nM for tolebrutinib against 33.5 nM for evobrutinib and 2.9 nM for fenebrutinib. We then observed that evobrutinib, fenebrutinib, and tolebrutinib achieved similar levels of exposure in non-human primate CSF after oral doses of 10 mg/kg. However, tolebrutinib CSF exposure (4.8 ng/mL) (kp,uu CSF=0.40) exceeded the IC90 (the estimated concentration inhibiting 90% of kinase activity) value, while evobrutinib (3.2 ng/mL) (kp,uu CSF=0.13) and fenebrutinib (12.9 ng/mL) (kp,uu CSF=0.15) failed to reach the estimated IC90 values. CONCLUSIONS: Tolebrutinib was the only candidate of the three that attained relevant CSF exposure in non-human primates.