RESUMEN
PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between the kinematics of spontaneous blinks and the anterior area of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle in patients with Graves orbitopathy (GO). METHODS: This is a case-control study. The authors measured the margin reflex distance of the upper eyelid (margin reflex distance 1), the kinematics of spontaneous blinks, and the anterior area of levator palpebrae superioris muscle in CT coronal scans of patients with Graves upper eyelid retraction (GO) and a control group. The eye with the greatest margin reflex distance 1 was selected for analysis in each group. RESULTS: A total of 68 participants were included, with 36 in the GO group and 32 in the control group. In the GO group, the mean margin reflex distance 1 measured 6.5 mm, while in the control group, it was 3.9 mm. Almost all parameters related to the closing phase of spontaneous blinking activity, including amplitude, velocity, blinking rate, and interblink time, did not differ between the two groups. However, the effectiveness of the blink's amplitude (ratio of blink amplitude to margin reflex distance 1) and the main sequence (relationship between amplitude and velocity) were significantly reduced in the GO group compared with the control group. The area of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle was significantly larger in GO than in controls, with 71.4% of patients' muscles outside of the maximum range of the controls. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with GO, there is a reduction in blinking effectiveness, also known as blink lagophthalmos, which is a factor in the common occurrence of ocular surface symptoms. The increase in velocity with amplitude is also reduced in GO.
Asunto(s)
Parpadeo , Párpados , Oftalmopatía de Graves , Músculos Oculomotores , Humanos , Parpadeo/fisiología , Femenino , Oftalmopatía de Graves/fisiopatología , Oftalmopatía de Graves/complicaciones , Oftalmopatía de Graves/diagnóstico , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Músculos Oculomotores/fisiopatología , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Párpados/fisiopatología , Enfermedades de los Párpados/fisiopatología , Enfermedades de los Párpados/diagnóstico , Anciano , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , LagoftalmosRESUMEN
Purpose: To assess long-term visual and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) after strabismus surgery. Methods: A consecutive sample of five children with CZS who underwent strabismus surgery was enrolled. All children underwent a standardized pre- and postoperative protocol including binocular best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) using the Teller Acuity Cards II (TAC II), ocular alignment, functional vision using the functional vision developmental milestones test (FVDMT), and neurodevelopmental milestone evaluation using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-Third Edition (BSID-III). Scores of the FVDMT outcomes considering the child's developmental age based on the BSID-III score were compared with scores from postoperative assessment. Results: Five children with CZS (3 girls, 2 boys) were enrolled with a mean age at baseline (preoperative) of 35.0 ± 0.7 months (range, 34-36 months) and at final assessment of 64.4 ± 0.5 months (range, 64-65 months). Preoperative BCVA was 1.2 ± 0.5 logMAR and at final assessment 0.7 ± 0.1 logMAR. Successful strabismus surgery outcome was maintained in 4/5 (80.0%) of children at final assessment. The children's BSID-III scores showed significant neurodevelopment delay at the initial assessment (corresponding developmental mean age was 4.7 months) and at their final assessment (corresponding developmental mean age was 5.1 months). There was improvement or stability in 34/46 items evaluated in the FVDMT (73.9%) when comparing baseline with 2-year follow-up. Conclusions: Strabismus surgery resulted in long-term ocular alignment in the majority of children with CZS. All the children showed improvement or stability in more than 70.0% of the functional vision items assessed. Visual and neurodevelopmental dysfunction may be related to complex condition and associated disorders seen in CZS including ocular, neurological, and skeletal abnormalities.
Asunto(s)
Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Oftalmológicos , Estrabismo , Agudeza Visual , Infección por el Virus Zika , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Estrabismo/cirugía , Estrabismo/fisiopatología , Preescolar , Infección por el Virus Zika/complicaciones , Agudeza Visual/fisiología , Estudios de Seguimiento , Músculos Oculomotores/cirugía , Músculos Oculomotores/fisiopatología , Visión Binocular/fisiología , Trastornos del Neurodesarrollo/etiología , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To measure the spontaneous blinking metrics after blepharoptosis correction with frontalis muscle flap advancement. METHODS: A video system was employed to measure the amplitude and velocity of spontaneous blinking of 24 eyelids after the frontalis muscle flap surgery for blepharoptosis correction. A control group with no eyelid disorders was also measured. The data of 13 eyelids who had frontalis slings with autogenous fascia, which were previously collected with the same method in another study, were used for comparison. Digital images were used to measure the superior margin reflex distance and the presence of lagophthalmos during a gentle closure of the palpebral fissure. Superficial keratitis was assessed by corneal biomicroscopy. RESULTS: The mean amplitude of spontaneous blinking was 6.3 mm in controls, 2.6 mm in the frontalis flap patients, and 2.1 mm in the fascia sling group. The mean blink velocity was 133.8 mm/second in controls, 39.0 mm/second (3.7 standard error) after the frontalis flap, and 36.3 mm/second in patients with frontalis sling with fascia. For these 2 parameters, there was no statistical difference between the surgical groups, but a significant reduction when compared with the control group. No significant association was found between lagophthalmos and keratitis and the surgical procedure. CONCLUSIONS: There is no difference between the blinking metrics of eyelids operated using the frontalis muscle flap advancement technique or frontalis sling with autogenous fascia. The presence of lagophthalmos and keratitis also does not differ between the 2 procedures.
Asunto(s)
Blefaroplastia , Blefaroptosis , Parpadeo , Párpados , Músculos Oculomotores , Colgajos Quirúrgicos , Humanos , Parpadeo/fisiología , Blefaroptosis/cirugía , Blefaroptosis/fisiopatología , Masculino , Femenino , Músculos Oculomotores/cirugía , Músculos Oculomotores/fisiopatología , Párpados/cirugía , Párpados/fisiopatología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Blefaroplastia/métodos , Anciano , Adulto , Fenómenos BiomecánicosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Although the nonaffected side appears to be clinically normal in hemifacial spasm (HFS), it is not known whether this side can be considered normal regarding histopathological findings. The purpose of this study was to objectively evaluate and compare orbicularis oculi samples of patients with HFS (not previously treated with botulinum toxin) and control patients undergoing cosmetic upper eyelid blepharoplasty. METHODS: Orbicularis oculi samples from 22 eyelids were evaluated. There were 7 samples from the affected and 7 samples from the nonaffected sides of patients with HFS who had not been previously treated with botulinum toxin, and 8 samples from normal control patients. Muscle samples were prepared using hematoxylin and eosin staining, and a digital image analysis software was used for objective analyses. RESULTS: When compared with normal controls, endomysial and perimysial connective tissue areas were significantly increased (P = 0.015) on the affected side in HFS, suggesting that this disorder is associated with chronic alterations that lead to muscle degeneration. Cell density was significantly reduced on the affected (P = 0.028) and also on the nonaffected sides in HFS (P = 0.003) compared with normal controls. This was observed, although, clinically, there were no signs or symptoms of increased muscular contraction on the nonaffected sides in any of the patients with HFS studied. CONCLUSIONS: Significant morphological differences in the orbicularis oculi muscle in patients with HFS were observed on both the affected and nonaffected sides. Our findings suggest a potential role for muscle homeostasis disturbances on both sides for patients with HFS. Affected sides in patients with HFS did, however, demonstrate muscle degeneration that was not present on the nonaffected sides.
Asunto(s)
Párpados/fisiopatología , Músculos Faciales/fisiopatología , Espasmo Hemifacial/fisiopatología , Músculos Oculomotores/fisiopatología , Anciano , Blefaroplastia/métodos , Párpados/cirugía , Femenino , Espasmo Hemifacial/cirugía , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate three superior oblique surgical weakening procedures for correcting A-pattern strabismus: tenectomy, superior oblique hang-back recession, and that involving the use of superior oblique suture spacers. Methods: The inclusion criteria were A-pattern strabismus ≥10Δ and horizontal deviation ≥10Δ, with no other ocular abnormality and a follow-up period of ≥6 months. The 24 patients (mean age, 16.3 ± 8.1 years; mean postoperative follow-up, 9.63 ± 3.11 months) were randomly divided into three groups of 8 patients each. Sigmascan® Pro 5.0 software was used to measure the degree of torsion pre- and postoperatively. Results: Preoperatively, the mean angles of A-pattern deviation were 19.33Δ° ± 3.53Δ° (tenectomy group), 15.71Δ° ± 1.11Δ° (hang-back recession group), and 14.62Δ° ± 1.18Δ° (suture spacers group); these values did not differ significantly. At the final follow-up examination, the mean angles of A-pattern deviation were 4.67Δ° ± 0.67Δ° (tenectomy group), 6.29Δ° ± 1.48Δ° (hang-back recession group), and 4.38Δ° ± 1.03Δ° (suture spacers group), with no statistically significant difference in the correction in A-pattern strabismus among the three groups. Preoperatively, the mean torsional angles were +5.4° ± 3.9° (tenectomy group), +5.6° ± 4.9° (hang-back recession group), and +6.0° ± 3.3° (suture spacers group); these values did not differ significantly. At the final follow-up examination, the mean torsional angles were + 0.3° ± 5.6° (tenectomy group), +0.5° ± 4.6° (hang-back recession group), and +0.2° ± 5.2° (suture spacers group), with no statistically significant difference in the intorsion correction among the three groups. Conclusion: All three superior oblique weakening procedures were effective for correcting A-pattern strabismus and fundus intorsion.
RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar três procedimentos de debilitamento dos músculos oblíquos superiores para a correção de estrabismo com padrão em A: tenectomia, sutura em rédea (hang-back recession) e o uso de espaçadores de sutura oblíqua superior. Métodos: Os critérios de inclusão foram estrabismo padrão em A ≥10Δ e desvio horizontal ≥10Δ, sem outras anormalidades oculares e tempo de acompanhamento ≥6 meses. Os 24 pacientes (média de idade de 16,3 ± 8,1 anos; média de seguimento pós-operatório de 9,63 ± 3,11 meses) foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos de 8 pacientes cada. O programa Sigmascan® Pro 5.0 foi utilizado para medir o grau de torção no pré e pós-operatório. Resultados: No pré-operatório, a média e o desvio padrão dos ângulos de padrão em A foram de 19,33Δ° ± 3,53Δ° (grupo da tenectomia), 15,71Δ° ± 1,11Δ° (grupo da sutura em rédea), 14,62Δ° ± 1,18Δ° (grupo de espaçadores de sutura); esses valores não diferiram significativamente. No exame pós-operatório, a média e o desvio padrão dos ângulos de desvio do padrão em A foram de 4,67Δ° ± 0,67Δ° (grupo da tenectomia), 6,29Δ° ± 1,48Δ° (grupo da sutura em rédea), 4,38Δ° ± 1,03Δ° (grupo de espaçadores de sutura), sem diferença estatisticamente significativa na correção do estrabismo padrão em A entre os três grupos. No pré-operatório, os ângulos médios de torção foram de +5,4o ± 3,9° (grupo de tenectomia), +5,6° ± 4,9° (grupo da sutura em rédea), e +6,0° ± 3,3° (grupo de espaçadores de sutura), esses valores não diferiram significativamente. No pós-operatório, os ângulos médios de torção foram de +0,3° ± 5,6° (grupo da tenectomia), +0,5° ± 4,6° (grupo da sutura em rédea), e +0,2° ± 5,2° (grupo de espaçadores de sutura), sem diferença estatisticamente significativa na correção da intorção entre os três grupos. Conclusão: Os três procedimentos de debilitamento dos músculos oblíquos superiores foram efetivos para a correção do estrabismo com padrão em A e da intorção ocular observada na fundoscopia.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Preescolar , Niño , Adolescente , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Oftalmológicos/métodos , Estrabismo/cirugía , Músculos Oculomotores/cirugía , Tendones/cirugía , Agudeza Visual , Estrabismo/fisiopatología , Estudios Prospectivos , Periodo Preoperatorio , Fondo de Ojo , Músculos Oculomotores/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
RESUMEN La caracterización de las poleas de los músculos extraoculares ha sido de gran trascendencia en la fisiopatología del equilibrio óculo-motor. El efecto mecánico de la polea funcional es cambiar el eje de acción del músculo de acuerdo con la orientación que el globo ocular presente. Los trastornos en la localización o estabilidad de las poleas pueden crear patrones de estrabismo incomitante. Es importante el conocimiento de estas anomalías porque los procedimientos quirúrgicos estándar no corrigen los desplazamientos de las poleas. Se realizó una búsqueda del tema de los últimos 10 años utilizando la plataforma de infomed(AU)
ABSTRACT Characterization of extraocular muscle pulleys has had great relevance in the physiopathology of ocular motor balance. The mechanical effect of the functional pulley is to change the axis of action of the muscle in keeping with the orientation of the eyeball. Pulley location or stability disorders may create incomitant strabismus patterns. It is important to be aware of these anomalies because standard surgical procedures do not correct pulley displacement. A search was conducted on the Infomed platform of papers published about the topic in the past ten years(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Niño , Exotropía/diagnóstico por imagen , Estrabismo/etiología , Músculos Oculomotores/fisiopatología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To evaluate three superior oblique surgical weakening procedures for correcting A-pattern strabismus: tenectomy, superior oblique hang-back recession, and that involving the use of superior oblique suture spacers. METHODS: The inclusion criteria were A-pattern strabismus ≥10Δ and horizontal deviation ≥10Δ, with no other ocular abnormality and a follow-up period of ≥6 months. The 24 patients (mean age, 16.3 ± 8.1 years; mean postoperative follow-up, 9.63 ± 3.11 months) were randomly divided into three groups of 8 patients each. Sigmascan® Pro 5.0 software was used to measure the degree of torsion pre- and postoperatively. RESULTS: Preoperatively, the mean angles of A-pattern deviation were 19.33Δ° ± 3.53Δ° (tenectomy group), 15.71Δ° ± 1.11Δ° (hang-back recession group), and 14.62Δ° ± 1.18Δ° (suture spacers group); these values did not differ significantly. At the final follow-up examination, the mean angles of A-pattern deviation were 4.67Δ° ± 0.67Δ° (tenectomy group), 6.29Δ° ± 1.48Δ° (hang-back recession group), and 4.38Δ° ± 1.03Δ° (suture spacers group), with no statistically significant difference in the correction in A-pattern strabismus among the three groups. Preoperatively, the mean torsional angles were +5.4° ± 3.9° (tenectomy group), +5.6° ± 4.9° (hang-back recession group), and +6.0° ± 3.3° (suture spacers group); these values did not differ significantly. At the final follow-up examination, the mean torsional angles were + 0.3° ± 5.6° (tenectomy group), +0.5° ± 4.6° (hang-back recession group), and +0.2° ± 5.2° (suture spacers group), with no statistically significant difference in the intorsion correction among the three groups. CONCLUSION: All three superior oblique weakening procedures were effective for correcting A-pattern strabismus and fundus intorsion.
Asunto(s)
Músculos Oculomotores/cirugía , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Oftalmológicos/métodos , Estrabismo/cirugía , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Fondo de Ojo , Humanos , Masculino , Músculos Oculomotores/fisiopatología , Periodo Preoperatorio , Estudios Prospectivos , Estrabismo/fisiopatología , Tendones/cirugía , Agudeza Visual , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Resumen Introducción: La determinación de las diferentes subpoblaciones de los linfocitos T en las diversas patologías y el monitoreo postratamiento ayuda a que el médico tome decisiones terapéuticas teniendo como referencia la cinética de los linfocitos T localizados en sangre periférica. Métodos: Se realizó la estandarización de un perfil de moléculas de superficie para la caracterización de subpoblaciones de linfocitos T: naïve, activados y de memoria, así como las células natural killer o asesinas naturales (CD3− CD56+) en sangre periférica de individuos clínicamente sanos. Resultados: Se identificaron las subpoblaciones de linfocitos: naïve (CD3+, CD4+ o CD8+, CD45RA+, CD62L+, CCR7+), activados (CD3+, CD4+ o CD8+, CD45RA+ o CD45RO+, CD69+ y/o CRTAM+), efectores (CD3+, CD4+ o CD8+, CD45RA+, CD62L−, CCR7−), de memoria central (CD3+, CD4+ o CD8+, CD45RO+, CD62L+, CCR7+) y de memoria efectora (CD3+, CD4+ o CD8+, CD45RO+, CD62L−, CCR7−) en las poblaciones de linfocitos T CD4+ y CD8+. Se integraron los datos obtenidos con estadística descriptiva (valores mínimos, valores máximos, media, mediana). Conclusiones: Este panel será de gran utilidad para monitorear pacientes en quienes se requiera valorar el estado inmunológico desde el punto de vista celular. Particularmente, puede apoyar en el seguimiento de los pacientes en los que se requiera evaluar la reconstitución inmunológica (componente celular de estirpe T).
Abstract Background: The knowledge of the participation of different subpopulations of T lymphocytes in various pathologies helps to make therapeutic decisions, having as reference the presence of the different subpopulations of the T lymphocytes associated with the disease. Methods: A profile standardization of surface molecules for the characterization of subpopulations of T cells was conducted: naïve, activated and memory, as well as natural killer (CD3− CD56+) cells in peripheral blood of clinically healthy individuals. Results: Naïve (CD3+, CD4+ or CD8+, CD45RA+, CD62L+, CCR7+), activated (CD3+, CD4+ or CD8+, CD45RA+ or CD45RO+, CD69+ and/or CRTAM+), effectors (CD3+, CD4+ o CD8+, CD45RA+, CD62L−, CCR7−), central memory (CD3+, CD4+ o CD8+, CD45RO+, CD62L+, CCR7+), memory effectors (CD3+, CD4+ or CD8+, CD62RO+, CD62L−, CCR7−) subpopulations were analyzed by flow cytometry. Descriptive statistics parameters were calculated (minimum values, maximum values, mean values, median). Conclusions: This panel can be very useful for monitoring patients in whom the immunological status from a cellular perspective is needed. Particularly, it can support the follow-up of patients who require an immunological reconstitution (T-cell component) evaluation.
Asunto(s)
Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Movimientos Sacádicos , Depresión/diagnóstico , Depresión/psicología , Ideación Suicida , Suicidio/psicología , Movimientos Oculares , Músculos Oculomotores/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
Supernumerary extraocular muscles can cause restrictive strabismus, unusual ocular movements, and a persistent positive forced duction test. Even among patients with clinically typical strabismus, intraoperative testing and surgical exploration may reveal the presence of supernumerary extraocular muscles. We report the case of a patient with exotropic Duane syndrome found intraoperatively to have an accessory lateral rectus muscle, with histopathologically confirmed striated fibers.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome de Retracción de Duane/complicaciones , Movimientos Oculares/fisiología , Músculos Oculomotores/cirugía , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Oftalmológicos/métodos , Estrabismo/etiología , Niño , Síndrome de Retracción de Duane/fisiopatología , Síndrome de Retracción de Duane/cirugía , Femenino , Humanos , Músculos Oculomotores/fisiopatología , Estrabismo/fisiopatología , Estrabismo/cirugía , Visión Binocular/fisiologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Intermittent exotropia requires surgical resolution under some clinical circumstances. The main techniques are bilateral lateral rectus recession and unilateral recess/resection. Although bilateral recession is the most widely used, it is not clear whether it leads to better results. METHODS: To answer this question we used Epistemonikos, the largest database of systematic reviews in health, which is maintained by screening multiple information sources, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, among others. We extracted data from the systematic reviews, reanalyzed data of primary studies, conducted a meta-analysis and generated a summary of findings table using the GRADE approach. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We identified five systematic reviews including seven studies overall, of which three were randomized trials. We concluded unilateral recess/resection might achieve greater surgical success and probably decrease the rate of undercorrection/recurrence when compared to bilateral lateral rectus recession.
INTRODUCCIÓN: En determinadas circunstancias clínicas, la exotropia intermitente básica requiere resolución quirúrgica. Existen dos técnicas para ello: el retroceso bilateral de rectos laterales y el retroceso/resección unilateral. Aunque el retroceso bilateral es la técnica más utilizada, no está claro cuál de estas técnicas tiene mejores resultados. MÉTODOS: Para responder esta pregunta utilizamos Epistemonikos, la mayor base de datos de revisiones sistemáticas en salud, la cual es mantenida mediante búsquedas en múltiples fuentes de información, incluyendo MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, entre otras. Extrajimos los datos desde las revisiones identificadas, reanalizamos los datos de los estudios primarios, realizamos un metanálisis y preparamos una tabla de resumen de los resultados utilizando el método GRADE. RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES: Identificamos cinco revisiones sistemáticas que en conjunto incluyeron siete estudios primarios, de los cuales tres son ensayos aleatorizados. Concluimos que el retroceso/resección unilateral podría tener un mayor éxito quirúrgico y probablemente disminuiría la tasa de subcorrección/recurrencia, cuando se le compara al retroceso bilateral de rectos laterales.
Asunto(s)
Exotropía/cirugía , Músculos Oculomotores/cirugía , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Oftalmológicos/métodos , Bases de Datos Factuales , Exotropía/fisiopatología , Humanos , Músculos Oculomotores/fisiopatología , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Recurrencia , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
El lagoftalmo secundario a daño del nervio facial trae como consecuencia alteraciones funcionales y estéticas que pueden tributar a serias complicaciones corneales y eventualmente a la ceguera. El correcto manejo depende de su severidad y del tiempo de recuperación. El implante de pesas de oro en el párpado superior juega un importante papel en el tratamiento a mediano y largo plazo de esta afección. Se presenta un paciente masculino de 74 años con síntomas y signos de parálisis facial periférica derecha, incluyendo lagoftalmo ipsilateral con gran deterioro corneal. Se le implantó una pesa de oro pretarsal en el párpado superior para corregir el lagoftalmo paralítico y se obtuvieron excelentes resultados funcionales y estéticos. Mientras novedosas modalidades de tratamiento se encuentran en el horizonte con gran potencial para alterar el algoritmo de tratamiento actual, este proceder continúa siendo una técnica confiable, segura y efectiva para la rehabilitación permanente del párpado superior(AU)
Lagophthalmos secondary to facial nerve damage brings about functional and esthetic alterations which may result in serious corneal complications and eventual blindness. Appropriate management depends on severity and recovery time. Gold weight implantation in the upper eyelid plays an important role in the medium- and long-term treatment of this condition. A male 74-year-old patient presents with signs and symptoms of right-side peripheral facial paralysis, including ipsilateral lagophthalmos with great corneal deterioration. A pretarsal gold weight was implanted in the upper eyelid to correct the paralytic lagophthalmos, and excellent functional and esthetic results were obtained. While novel treatment modes lie in the horizon with great potential to alter the algorithm of current treatment, this procedure continues to be a reliable, safe and effective technique for the permanent rehabilitation of the upper eyelid(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Anciano , Prótesis e Implantes , Blefaroptosis/cirugía , Enfermedades de los Párpados/cirugía , Músculos Oculomotores/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
El lagoftalmo secundario a daño del nervio facial trae como consecuencia alteraciones funcionales y estéticas que pueden tributar a serias complicaciones corneales y eventualmente a la ceguera. El correcto manejo depende de su severidad y del tiempo de recuperación. El implante de pesas de oro en el párpado superior juega un importante papel en el tratamiento a mediano y largo plazo de esta afección. Se presenta un paciente masculino de 74 años con síntomas y signos de parálisis facial periférica derecha, incluyendo lagoftalmo ipsilateral con gran deterioro corneal. Se le implantó una pesa de oro pretarsal en el párpado superior para corregir el lagoftalmo paralítico y se obtuvieron excelentes resultados funcionales y estéticos. Mientras novedosas modalidades de tratamiento se encuentran en el horizonte con gran potencial para alterar el algoritmo de tratamiento actual, este proceder continúa siendo una técnica confiable, segura y efectiva para la rehabilitación permanente del párpado superior(AU)
Lagophthalmos secondary to facial nerve damage brings about functional and esthetic alterations which may result in serious corneal complications and eventual blindness. Appropriate management depends on severity and recovery time. Gold weight implantation in the upper eyelid plays an important role in the medium- and long-term treatment of this condition. A male 74-year-old patient presents with signs and symptoms of right-side peripheral facial paralysis, including ipsilateral lagophthalmos with great corneal deterioration. A pretarsal gold weight was implanted in the upper eyelid to correct the paralytic lagophthalmos, and excellent functional and esthetic results were obtained. While novel treatment modes lie in the horizon with great potential to alter the algorithm of current treatment, this procedure continues to be a reliable, safe and effective technique for the permanent rehabilitation of the upper eyelid(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Anciano , Prótesis e Implantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Blefaroptosis/cirugía , Enfermedades de los Párpados/cirugía , Músculos Oculomotores/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
Purpose: A group of keratoconus subjects (KG) and a control group (CG) were evaluated for sensory and motor status. We tried to clarify the factors (best-corrected visual acuity [BCVA]), heterophorias, fusional amplitude, anisometropia, astigmatism) that may be associated with a binocular disturbance. Methods: BCVA (logMAR) was measured. Binocular vision was checked using cover tests, striate Maddox, and a 6Δ base-down prism (simultaneous perception), a prism bar (fusion and fusional convergence break point), and Titmus Fly Test (stereopsis). Results: Fifty-four subjects of the KG, 27 men (median 16 years), and 29 of the CG, 15 men (median 20 years), were evaluated. In the KG, 8 (15%) subjects had strabismus. Those whose BCVA in the worse eye was logMAR ≥0.7 had a significantly higher frequency of strabismus and absence of simultaneous perception. Spherical equivalent anisometropia ≥ 1.0 diopter (D) was significantly different in both groups as was the frequency of gross stereopsis. In comparing fine and gross stereopsis in both the KG and the CG, there was a significant difference in the frontal astigmatism between eyes in the KG (P = 0.03) and CG (P = 0.01). Conclusions: In our study, the KG presented a higher frequency of strabismus and impaired binocular vision. Frontal astigmatism was different between groups with gross and fine stereopsis, in both the CG and KG. Future studies are needed to elucidate or reinforce the factors associated with the loss of binocularity in keratoconus. Testing for stereopsis may be helpful to consider in the treatment guidelines for keratoconus.
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Percepción de Profundidad/fisiología , Queratocono/fisiopatología , Músculos Oculomotores/fisiopatología , Trastornos de la Visión/fisiopatología , Visión Binocular/fisiología , Agudeza Visual/fisiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anisometropía/fisiopatología , Astigmatismo/fisiopatología , Niño , Movimientos Oculares/fisiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Estrabismo/fisiopatología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Resumen INTRODUCCIÓN: En determinadas circunstancias clínicas, la exotropia intermitente básica requiere resolución quirúrgica. Existen dos técnicas para ello: el retroceso bilateral de rectos laterales y el retroceso/resección unilateral. Aunque el retroceso bilateral es la técnica más utilizada, no está claro cuál de estas técnicas tiene mejores resultados. MÉTODOS: Para responder esta pregunta utilizamos Epistemonikos, la mayor base de datos de revisiones sistemáticas en salud, la cual es mantenida mediante búsquedas en múltiples fuentes de información, incluyendo MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, entre otras. Extrajimos los datos desde las revisiones identificadas, reanalizamos los datos de los estudios primarios, realizamos un metanálisis y preparamos una tabla de resumen de los resultados utilizando el método GRADE. RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES: Identificamos cinco revisiones sistemáticas que en conjunto incluyeron siete estudios primarios, de los cuales tres son ensayos aleatorizados. Concluimos que el retroceso/resección unilateral podría tener un mayor éxito quirúrgico y probablemente disminuiría la tasa de subcorrección/recurrencia, cuando se le compara al retroceso bilateral de rectos laterales.
Abstract INTRODUCTION: Intermittent exotropia requires surgical resolution under some clinical circumstances. The main techniques are bilateral lateral rectus recession and unilateral recess/resection. Although bilateral recession is the most widely used, it is not clear whether it leads to better results. METHODS: To answer this question we used Epistemonikos, the largest database of systematic reviews in health, which is maintained by screening multiple information sources, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, among others. We extracted data from the systematic reviews, reanalyzed data of primary studies, conducted a meta-analysis and generated a summary of findings table using the GRADE approach. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We identified five systematic reviews including seven studies overall, of which three were randomized trials. We concluded unilateral recess/resection might achieve greater surgical success and probably decrease the rate of undercorrection/recurrence when compared to bilateral lateral rectus recession.
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Humanos , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Oftalmológicos/métodos , Exotropía/cirugía , Músculos Oculomotores/cirugía , Recurrencia , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Exotropía/fisiopatología , Bases de Datos Factuales , Resultado del Tratamiento , Músculos Oculomotores/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
Abstract Purpose: to determine the prevalence of different types of strabismus submitted to a surgical procedure in a public hospital in the Brazilian Federal District. Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional review of medical records of patients who underwent strabismus surgery performed by the same surgeon from 2004 to 2014. Incomplete records were excluded from the study. Variables included sex, age, type of strabismus, type of surgery, and re-surgeries. Strabismus was classified into three main types (esotropia, exotropia, and pure vertical deviation), and their subtypes. The type of surgery was determined by the number of muscles operated on (up to two, or more than two), the involvement of oblique and vertical rectus muscles, and muscle displacement. Results: 563 patients were reviewed and 531 were included in the study. The average age was 12.7 years, and females accounted for 54.4% of total patients. Esotropia was the most frequent type of strabismus (74%), followed by exotropia (23.7%) and pure vertical deviation (2.3%). The most frequent subtype of esotropia was infantile (49.1%), with 16.1% of these surgeries performed before the age of 2. Constant exotropia was the most frequent subtype of exotropia (27.8%). The prevalence of esotropia decreased with age, whereas that of exotropia increased. 52.3% of surgeries involved more than two muscles. An association between different types of deviation was found in 58.9% of patients. In cases of paralytic strabismus, the sixth nerve was the most affected (46%). Re-surgeries accounted for 10.7% of total surgeries. Conclusion s: Esotropias were the most common types of strabismus, especially infantile esotropia. Most cases were associated with other types of deviation, and needed more complex surgeries, involving more than two muscles. This study expects to contribute to the planning of health measures that may effectively improve the assistance provided to the population.
Resumo Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência dos diferentes tipos de estrabismo submetidos a intervenção cirúrgica em um hospital público de Brasília, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de corte transversal de prontuários médicos dos pacientes submetidos a cirurgias de estrabismo por um mesmo cirurgião, de 2004 e 2014. Foram excluídos prontuários incompletos. Variáveis pesquisadas incluíram sexo, idade, classificação do estrabismo, tipo da cirurgia e reoperações. Os estrabismos foram classificados em três tipos principais (esotropia, exotropia e desvio vertical puro) e seus subtipos. Avaliação do tipo da cirurgia considerou o número de músculos operados (intervenção em até 2 ou em mais músculos), o envolvimento de músculos oblíquos, retos verticais e transposição muscular. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 563 pacientes e 531 foram incluídas na análise. A média de idade foi 12,7 anos e o sexo feminino respondeu por 54,4%. A esotropia foi o tipo de estrabismo mais frequente (74%), seguido pela exotropia (23,7%) e desvio vertical puro (2,3%). O subtipo de esotropia mais frequente foi o infantil (49,1%), com 16,1% destas cirurgias realizadas antes dos 2 anos de vida. A exotropia constante foi o subtipo mais observado (27,8%) de exotropia. A proporção de esotropia diminuiu com a idade, enquanto a de exotropia aumentou. 52,3% das cirurgias envolveram mais de dois músculos. Associação de diferentes tipos de desvio foi observada em 58,9% dos pacientes. Dentre os estrabismos paralíticos, o VI nervo foi o mais acometido (46%). Reoperações corresponderam a 10,7% do total. Conclusão: As esotropias foram os estrabismos cirúrgicos mais comuns, especialmente a esotropia infantil. A maioria dos casos estava associada a outras formas de desvio e necessitaram de cirurgias mais complexas, envolvendo mais de 2 músculos. Espera-se que dados do estudo possam contribuir no planejamento de ações de saúde efetivas para melhorar a assistência à população.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Lactante , Preescolar , Niño , Adolescente , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Oftalmológicos/estadística & datos numéricos , Estrabismo/cirugía , Reoperación , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Oftalmológicos/métodos , Brasil , Registros Médicos/estadística & datos numéricos , Estrabismo/clasificación , Estrabismo/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Estudios Transversales , Estudios Retrospectivos , Distribución por Sexo , Distribución por Edad , Músculos Oculomotores/cirugía , Músculos Oculomotores/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
This article evaluates the effects of Muller's muscle-conjunctival resection (MMCR) on ocular surface scores and dry eye symptoms. Forty-six patients were enrolled in the study. Eighteen underwent bilateral upper eyelid skin excision with MMCR and 28 underwent bilateral upper eyelid skin-only excision (control group). The Salisbury Eye Evaluation Questionnaire and an ocular surface evaluation protocol consisting of Schirmer's test, tear break-up time (TBUT), fluorescein and rose bengal corneal staining were performed during the pre-operative consultation and on postoperative days 7, 30, and 90. Improvement in symptoms questionnaire scores from baseline was observed on postoperative day 90 in the blepharoplasty plus MMCR group. There was no change in questionnaire scores in patients who underwent blepharoplasty alone. No between-group difference in Schirmer's test, TBUT, or fluorescein and rose bengal staining was found at any time point. In the blepharoplasty-only (control group), the fluorescein staining score was reduced on postoperative day 30 as compared to baseline, but not on day 90. In this sample, addition of MMCR to upper eyelid blepharoplasty did not worsen ocular surface scores or dry eye symptoms.
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Blefaroplastia , Blefaroptosis/cirugía , Conjuntiva/cirugía , Síndromes de Ojo Seco/fisiopatología , Párpados/cirugía , Músculos Oculomotores/cirugía , Anciano , Blefaroptosis/fisiopatología , Conjuntiva/fisiopatología , Párpados/fisiopatología , Femenino , Fluorofotometría , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Músculos Oculomotores/fisiopatología , Estudios Prospectivos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Lágrimas/fisiologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin type A injection to cause orbicularis eyelid muscle paralysis to improve dry eye signs and symptoms. METHODS: A prospective, randomized, comparative eye-to-eye and interventional study was performed. Patients with dry eye symptoms and positive fluorescein corneal staining were included. Randomly one eyelid received a subcutaneous injection of botulinum toxin in the medial orbicularis muscle portion of the lower eyelid, and the other eye received placebo. The subjective evaluation was achieved with a questionnaire assessing symptoms, quality of vision and ocular comfort level. The objective evaluation included the measurement of the tear film break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer's test and corneal and conjunctival staining. RESULTS: Twenty patients were included with a mean age of 59.5 years. Two weeks after the botulinum toxin injection, all patients showed a decrease in the horizontal movement of the lower eyelid when blinking. The eyes in the active treatment group showed better scores compared with the sham group in four symptoms 4 weeks after the treatment. The TBUT was higher at 1 and 3 months in the active treatment group. The corneal and conjunctival staining were significantly lower in the active treatment group at 1 and 3 months, and the Schirmer's test showed better measurements in the same group at 2 weeks, 1 month and 3 months. There were no adverse events reported. CONCLUSIONS: The injection of botulinum toxin A in the medial part of the lower eyelid is an effective and safe procedure that temporally improves some of the signs and symptoms of patients with dry eye.
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Parpadeo/fisiología , Toxinas Botulínicas Tipo A/efectos adversos , Síndromes de Ojo Seco/tratamiento farmacológico , Movimientos Oculares/efectos de los fármacos , Músculos Oculomotores/efectos de los fármacos , Oftalmoplejía/inducido químicamente , Anciano , Toxinas Botulínicas Tipo A/administración & dosificación , Síndromes de Ojo Seco/diagnóstico , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fármacos Neuromusculares/administración & dosificación , Fármacos Neuromusculares/efectos adversos , Músculos Oculomotores/fisiopatología , Oftalmoplejía/diagnóstico , Oftalmoplejía/fisiopatología , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
IMPORTANCE: Although the association between suture colonization and postoperative infections remains hypothetical, measures to reduce perioperative suture colonization may minimize postoperative infections. The suture colonization rate in adjustable suture strabismus surgery is not well defined, and the effect of povidone-iodine use on suture colonization is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether povidone-iodine application at the end of adjustable suture strabismus surgery decreases the suture colonization rate. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: In this randomized clinical trial designed in 2015 and performed from June 1 through October 31, 2015, a total of 65 adjustable and 43 control suture specimens from 65 demographically similar adults undergoing adjustable suture strabismus surgery were studied. A random sampling assigned participants into group 1 (with povidone-iodine) or group 2 (without povidone-iodine) at the end of surgery. A control suture specimen was obtained if ipsilateral nonadjustable surgery was performed. Both groups received antibiotic ointment at the end of the procedure. No patients refused participation or withdrew. Data analysis was performed from October 1 to December 31, 2015. Observers were unaware of patient grouping. INTERVENTIONS: One drop of 5% povidone-iodine directly over the sliding noose of the adjustable suture at the end of surgery. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The suture colonization rate after adjustment in group 1, group 2, and the control group. RESULTS: Of 65 adults undergoing surgery, there were 17 men (49%) and 18 women (51%) in group 1 and 10 men (33%) and 20 women (67%) in group 2, as well as 20 men (47%) and 23 women (53%) in the control group. The mean (SD) age of the patients was 48.5 (16.8) years in group 1, 46.6 (18.1) years in group 2, and 47.7 (17.0) years in the control group. There was no difference in the colonization rate between group 1 (57%) and group 2 (47%) (relative risk [RR], 1.1; 95% CI, 0.6-1.7; P = .80), group 1 and the control group (44%) (RR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.5-1.8; P > .99), or group 2 and the control group (RR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.8-2.1; P = .62). Eleven bacterial species were identified. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the predominant isolate (40 of 56 [71%]). A longer interval between the end of surgery and adjustment was associated with higher culture positivity (6.3 hours in positive vs 4.4 hours in negative cultures, P = .001); however, there was no difference in bacterial growth between the groups. No adverse effects of povidone-iodine were observed. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study was not able to demonstrate that povidone-iodine at the end of adjustable suture strabismus surgery reduces the suture colonization rate. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02424357.
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Infecciones Bacterianas del Ojo/tratamiento farmacológico , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Oftalmológicos/efectos adversos , Povidona Yodada/administración & dosificación , Estrabismo/cirugía , Infección de la Herida Quirúrgica/tratamiento farmacológico , Técnicas de Sutura/efectos adversos , Suturas/microbiología , Administración Tópica , Adulto , Antiinfecciosos Locales/administración & dosificación , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Infecciones Bacterianas del Ojo/microbiología , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Músculos Oculomotores/fisiopatología , Músculos Oculomotores/cirugía , Estudios Retrospectivos , Infección de la Herida Quirúrgica/microbiología , Técnicas de Sutura/instrumentación , Suturas/efectos adversos , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To report the magnitude and stability of corrections in comitant horizontal strabismus achieved by injecting bupivacaine (BPX, optionally with epinephrine) and botulinum A toxin (BTXA) into extraocular muscles of alert adult subjects with electromyographic (EMG) guidance. METHODS: A total of 55 adults with comitant horizontal strabismus participated in a prospective observational clinical series. Of these, 29 previously had undergone 1 or more unsuccessful strabismus surgeries; 4 had undergone other orbital surgeries. Thirty-one patients with esodeviations received BPX injections in a lateral rectus muscle, some with BTXA in the medial rectus; 24 patients with exodeviations received BPX in a medial rectus muscle, some with BTXA in the lateral rectus muscle. A second treatment (BPX, BTXA, or both) was administered to 27 patients who had residual strabismus after the first treatment. Five patients required additional injections. Clinical alignment was measured at 6 months and yearly thereafter through 5 years' follow-up, with mean follow-up of 28 months. A successful outcome was defined as residual deviation ≤10(Δ). RESULTS: On average, presenting misalignment of 23.8(Δ) (13.4°) was reduced at 28 months by 16.0(Δ) (9.1°), with successful outcomes in 56% of patients. Of patients with initial misalignments ≤25(Δ), 66% had successful outcomes, with corrections averaging 13.2(Δ) (7.5°); of patients with larger misalignments, 40% had successful outcomes, with corrections averaging 20.9(Δ) (11.8°). Corrected alignments were stable over follow-ups as long as 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Injection treatments resulted in stable, clinically significant corrections in comitant horizontal strabismus. Injection provides a low-cost alternative to incisional strabismus surgery, particularly where it is desirable to minimize surgical anesthesia and avoid extraocular scarring.