RESUMEN
SUMMARY: We aimed to determine the width of the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle (LLSAN) at the level of the nasal ala through cadaveric dissections and ultrasonography (US), to provide essential anatomical information for use during both invasive and noninvasive procedures in the nasal ala region. The LLSAN was investigated in the 40 hemifaces of 20 Korean cadavers, comprising 10 males and 10 females with a mean age of 73.6 years. The LLSAN width of the 40 specimens at the level of the midpoint of the nasal ala was 5.02±2.35 mm (mean±standard deviation), and ranged from 1.45 mm to 10.11 mm. The LLSAN widths were 5.96±2.36 mm and 3.93±1.89 mm in males and females, respectively, with ranges of 2.40-10.11 mm and 1.45-6.96 mm, respectively. The LLSAN widths on the left and right sides were 4.77±2.72 mm and 5.26±1.99 mm, respectively. The proportions of the LLSAN fibers inserting into the nasal ala and upper lip were similar in 13 specimens (32.5 %), while more fibers inserted into the nasal ala in 11 specimens (27.5 %) and more fibers inserted fibers of the LLSAN into the upper lip in 16 specimens (40 %). When clinicians need to target or avoid the LLSAN, the present width and range data can be helpful for ensuring the efficacy and safely of both invasive and noninvasive procedures. In addition, the possibility of asymmetry in the width of the LLSAN in the nasal ala region should be confirmed by US before performing such procedures.
Nuestro objetivo fue determinar el ancho del músculo elevador nasolabial (MENL) a nivel del ala nasal mediante disecciones cadavéricas y ecografía, para proporcionar información anatómica esencial, para su uso durante procedimientos invasivos y no invasivos, en la región del ala nasal. El MENL se estudió en 40 hemicaras de 20 cadáveres coreanos (10 hombres y 10 mujeres) con una edad media de 73,6 años. El ancho de MENL de las 40 muestras a nivel del punto medio del ala nasal fue de 5,02 ± 2,35 mm (media ± desviación estándar) y osciló entre 1,45 mm y 10,11 mm. Los anchos de MENL fueron 5,96 ± 2,36 mm y 3,93 ± 1,89 mm en hombres y mujeres, respectivamente, con rangos de 2,40 a 10,11 mm y 1,45 a 6,96 mm, respec- tivamente. Los anchos de MENL en los lados izquierdo y derecho fueron 4,77 ± 2,72 mm y 5,26 ± 1,99 mm, respectivamente. Las proporciones de fibras de MENL que se insertaban en el ala nasal y en el labio superior fueron similares en 13 muestras (32,5 %), mientras que se insertaron más fibras en el ala nasal en 11 muestras (27,5 %) y además, se insertaron fibras de MENL en el labio superior en 16 ejemplares (40 %). Cuando los médicos necesitan apuntar o evitar el MENL, los datos actuales de ancho y rango pueden ser útiles para garantizar la eficacia y seguridad de los procedimientos, tanto invasivos como no invasivos. Además, la ecografía puede ser utilizada para confirmar una posible asimetría en el ancho del MENL en la región del ala nasal antes de realizar los procedimientos.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Nariz/diagnóstico por imagen , Músculos Faciales/diagnóstico por imagen , Cadáver , Nariz/anatomía & histología , Ultrasonografía , Músculos Faciales/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
La odontología argentina ha considerado reciente- mente la incorporación de armonización orofacial en odontología, acompañando los cambios que vienen sucediendo en el mundo con respecto a este tema. Países con especialización en armonización orofacial en odontología, como Brasil, 2019 o Venezuela, 2020, son muestra de ello. La evolución de la tecnología, junto con los cambios de paradigmas de la sociedad, ha cambiado aún el con- cepto de tratamiento desde la OMS. Actualmente bus- ca, como beneficio para los pacientes, el bienestar físico mental y social, no solo tratar o prevenir patologías. Acompañando estos conceptos las ciencias se adap- tan también a las necesidades de la población. El conocimiento de la anatomía facial también ha avanzado gracias a la tecnología y volumen de trabajos científicos desarrollados para conocer en profundidad cada una de las estructuras faciales y su relación entre ellas. Para ello ha sido fundamental la preparación actualizada de profesionales que traba- jan abordando tejidos blando de cara y cuello (AU)
Argentine dentistry has recently considered the incorporation of Orofacial Harmonization in Dentistry accompanying the changes that have been happening in the world regarding this issue, countries specializing in Orofacial Harmonization in Dentistry such as Brazil 2019 or Venezuela 2020 are proof of this. The evolution of technology together with the paradigm shifts of society has changed still the concept of treatment from the OMS Looking for a benefit for patients physical mental and social well-being and not only treat or prevent pathologies. Accompanying these concepts, the sciences also adapt to the needs of the population. Knowledge of facial anatomy has also advanced thanks to technology and volume of scientific works developed to know in depth each one of the structures facial features and their relationship between them, being essential the updated preparation of the professionals who work addressing soft tissues of the face and neck (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Rejuvenecimiento , Técnicas Cosméticas , Cara/anatomía & histología , Músculos Faciales/anatomía & histología , Envejecimiento/fisiología , Tejido Adiposo/anatomía & histología , Sistema Músculo-Aponeurótico Superficial , Cuello/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
SUMMARY: This study aimed to determine the anatomical connections between the inferior fibers of M. orbicularis oculi (OOc inf.) and the M. levator labii superioris alaeque nasi (LLSAN), providing anatomical variations of the connecting fibers. This study examined the OOc and LLSAN of 44 specimens from 22 embalmed adult Korean cadavers. Connecting fibers between the OOc inf. and LLSAN were observed in 29.5 % of the specimens. Connecting patterns of the OOc inf. to the LLSAN were classified into three categories according to the directions of the connecting fibers; Type I (13.6 %), in which some of the OOc inf. coursed medially to blend with the lateral originating fibers of the LLSAN. Type II (11.4 %), in which some of the OOc inf. descended vertically to blend with the LLSAN. Type III (4.5 %), in which both types I and II were found simultaneously. Some of the OOc inf. coursed medially to blend with the lateral originating fibers of the LLSAN, and some of the OOc inf. descended vertically to blend with the LLSAN. These findings provide greater knowledge of the connecting fibers between the OOc inf. and LLSAN, thereby helping us understand complicated expressions, inject BoNT-A into related wrinkles, and analyze EMG activities.
RESUMEN: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar las conexiones anatómicas entre las fibras inferiores del músculo orbicular del ojo (MOO inf.) y el levantador nasolabial (Musculus levator nasiolabialis; M. levator labii superioris alaeque nasi) (LNL), proporcionando variaciones anatómicas de las fibras conectoras. Se examinó el orbicularis oculi (MOO) y LNL de 44 especímenes de 22 cadáveres coreanos adultos embalsamados. Se observaron fibras conectoras entre los MOO inf. y LNL en el 29,5 % de los especímenes. Patrones de conexión del OOc inf. a LNL se clasificaron en tres categorías según las direcciones de las fibras conectoras; Tipo I (13,6 %), en el que algunos de los MOO inf. cursaban medialmente para mezclarse con las fibras de origen lateral del LNL. Tipo II (11,4 %), en el que algunos de los MOO inf. descendían verticalmente para mezclarse con el LNL. Tipo III (4,5 %), en el que se encontraron simultáneamente los tipos I y II. Algunos de los MOO inf. cursaron medialmente para mezclarse con las fibras de origen lateral de la LNL y algunas de las MOO inf. descendían verticalmente para mezclarse con el LNL. Estos hallazgos aportan un mayor conocimiento de las fibras conectoras entre los MOO inf. y LNL, lo que nos ayuda a comprender expresiones complicadas, inyectar BoNT-A en las arrugas relacionadas y analizar las actividades de EMG.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Músculos Faciales/anatomía & histología , Músculos Oculomotores/anatomía & histología , CadáverRESUMEN
RESUMEN: La disposición anatómica de los músculos faciales es de una notable complejidad y requiere de un estudio pormenorizado para lograr su reconomiento preciso. La comprensión de la disposición morfológica y la funcionalidad del modiolo del ángulo oral (Modiolus angulis oris) es de gran relevancia al momento de analizar la constitución muscular de la comisura labial, y para comprender clínicamente las lesiones del ángulo de la cavidad oral, lo que permitirá un abordaje terapéutico adecuado, crucial para la preservación y reconstitución de la armonía facial.
SUMMARY: The anatomical arrangement of the facial muscles is of considerable complexity and requires a detailed study to achieve its precise recognition. The understanding of the morphological disposition and the functionality of the angle of the mouth (Modiolus angulis oris) is of great relevance when analyzing the muscular constitution of the labial commissure, and to understand clinically the injuries of the angulus oris, what that will allow an adequate therapeutic approach, crucial for the preservation and reconstitution of facial harmony.
Asunto(s)
Músculos Faciales/anatomía & histología , Boca/anatomía & histología , Labio/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
SUMMARY: Facial muscles are known to have a variable anatomy. Such anatomical variations can affect facial expressions. A natural smile is produced by contracting several muscles of facial expression, including the muscles invested in the superficial musculoaponeurotic system. Change in the width of the mouth on smiling is a known iatrogenic complication affecting the risorius muscle when using Botulinum Neurotoxin as a non-invasive treatment for masseteric hypertrophy. Also damage to the risorius muscle, with consequent clinical deficits, is a common surgical complication in facial aesthetic, oncologic and other head and neck procedures such as parotidectomy and rhytidectomy. Hence, a thorough knowledge of muscle anatomy, particularly its potential variations, is critical in reducing the associated operative morbidity. Accordingly, we report an unusual variation of the transversus nuchal muscle fused with the risorius muscle noted in an 83-year-old female body cadaver.
RESUMEN: Los músculos faciales tienen una anatomía variable. Tales variaciones anatómicas pueden afectar las expresiones faciales. Una sonrisa natural se produce al contraer varios músculos de la expresión facial, incluidos los músculos invertidos en el sistema musculoaponeurótico superficial. El cambio en el ancho de la boca al sonreír es una complicación iatrogénica conocida, que afecta el músculo risorio cuando se usa la neurotoxina botulínica como un tratamiento no invasivo para la hipertrofia masterérica. Además, el daño al músculo risorio, con los consecuentes déficits clínicos, es una complicación quirúrgica común en la estética facial, oncológica y otros procedimientos de cabeza y cuello, como la parotidectomía y la ritidectomía. Por lo tanto, un conocimiento profundo de la anatomía muscular, particularmente sus posibles variaciones, es crítico para reducir la morbilidad operativa asociada. En consecuencia, informamos una variación inusual del músculo transverso de la nuca fusionado con el músculo risorio, observado en un cadáver de cuerpo femenino de 83 años.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Expresión Facial , Músculos Faciales/anatomía & histología , Variación Anatómica , CadáverRESUMEN
Astyanax brucutu is a peculiar species of Neotropical tetra endemic from the Chapada Diamantina, a large plateau in northeastern Brazil. Individuals of this species undergo a dramatic ontogenetic shift in their diet that is accompanied by equally remarkable changes in their feeding apparatus. Whereas juveniles of A. brucutu feed mostly on algae, adults feed almost exclusively on an endemic species of hydrobiid snail and other associated living organisms that inhabit their dead shells (including infaunal invertebrates and algae). Skeletal adaptations associated with this change in diet were previously reported, but until now, the changes in the musculature remained mostly unknown. The present paper describes the facial and gular muscles, as well as the buccal ligaments of A. brucutu in different life stages, and identifies the major ontogenetic changes in these systems associated with the diet shift in the species. Such changes primarily involve expansions of specific portions of the adductor mandibulae and associated tendons and ligaments that likely represent adaptations to increase the biting power necessary to crush copious amounts of shells ingested by larger individuals of A. brucutu. Those adaptations are absent in specimens of any size of Astyanax cf. fasciatus, a sympatric congener lacking durophagous feeding habits. Anatomical comparisons and landmark-based principal components analysis (PCA) suggest that most specializations to durophagy in A. brucutu arose by peramorphosis. We also found that several of the muscular specializations of adults of A. brucutu are paralleled in species of Creagrutus and Piabina, two other characid genera distantly related to Astyanax, but that also feed on hard food items.
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Characidae/anatomía & histología , Dieta , Músculos Faciales/anatomía & histología , Conducta Alimentaria/fisiología , Ligamentos/anatomía & histología , Adaptación Fisiológica/fisiología , Animales , Músculos Faciales/fisiología , Ligamentos/fisiologíaRESUMEN
RESUMO Objetivo Comparar três métodos de aprendizagem sobre anatomia e fisiologia do sistema miofuncional orofacial, sendo dois interativos (uso de softwares educacionais) e um tradicional, quanto à aprendizagem conceitual de estudantes de graduação em Fonoaudiologia. Métodos Participaram 36 estudantes do segundo ano, alocados randomicamente em grupos: Grupo 1 (G1) - método interativo com jogo computacional 2D (n=12); Grupo 2 (G2) - método interativo com modelo computacional 3D (n=12); Grupo 3 (G3) - método tradicional (textos e figuras 2D) (n=12). Os métodos de aprendizagem foram aplicados durante estudo complementar, por sete semanas, após aula expositiva. Foi realizada uma avaliação de conhecimento antes da aplicação dos métodos de aprendizagem, imediatamente após e seis meses depois da conclusão, e o desempenho dos grupos, nos três momentos, foi comparado. Os dados foram analisados no software SPSS, versão 21 (nível de significância de 5%). Resultados Predominaram sujeitos do gênero feminino, com média de idade de 22,0 (±4,7) anos (F2,33=60,72, p=0,260). Os resultados indicaram que, no G1, apenas o pré-teste diferiu do pós-teste, enquanto no G2 e no G3 o pré-teste diferiu do pós-teste e do pós-teste tardio. Ao verificar a interação entre o desempenho dos grupos e os momentos de avaliação, observou-se que os resultados do GI foram inferiores aos dos demais grupos (F2,22=722,30 p<0,001). Conclusão O uso de modelo computacional 3D foi comparável ao do método tradicional para a aprendizagem conceitual e retenção de conhecimento, em curto e longo prazo, sendo ambos mais eficazes do que o uso de jogo computacional 2D.
ABSTRACT Purpose Compare three learning methods on Anatomy and Physiology of the Orofacial Myofunctional System (OMS): two interactive methods with educational software and one traditional method, regarding the conceptual learning of Speech-Language and Hearing Sciences (SLHS) undergraduate students. Methods Thirty-six students were randomly divided into three groups: Group 1 (G1) - 2D computer game-based method (n=12); Group 2 (G2) - 3D computational model method (n=12); Group 3 (G3) - traditional method (texts and 2D images) (n=12). The learning methods were applied during a complementary study schedule, for seven weeks, after a lecture. Knowledge assessments were conducted prior to the application of the learning methods, immediately after, and six months after completion; the performance of the groups at the three moments was compared. Data were analyzed in SPSS 21 software (p≤0.005). Results Female individuals were predominant, with mean age of 22.0 (±4.7) years (F2.33=60.72; p=0.260). The results show that only the pre-test differed from the short-term test in the G1, whereas the pre-test differed from the short- and the long-term tests in the G2 and G3. Regarding correlation between the performance of the groups and the moments of evaluation, it was observed that the results for the G1 were inferior (F2.22=722.30; p<0.001). Conclusion The 3D computational model was comparable to the traditional method for short- and long-term conceptual learning and knowledge retention, and both were more effective than the 2D computer game.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Tecnología Educacional/educación , Músculos Faciales/anatomía & histología , Músculos Faciales/fisiología , Juegos Experimentales , Aprendizaje , Estudiantes , Instrucción por Computador , Entrenamiento SimuladoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In this series of patients the cutaneous insertion and strength of voluntary contraction of the muscles in the upper third of the face were used as guidelines for botulinum toxin application named "BTA Codes." METHOD: Anatomical dissection of fresh cadavers identified the shape and cutaneous insertions of the muscles in the upper third of the face. Patient voluntary contraction of the muscles in the upper third of the face created different patterns of skin lines classified by the 4-grade Facial Wrinkle Scale. For botulinum toxin application injections points followed the muscle cutaneous insertion and dose the 4-grade Facial Wrinkle Scale. RESULTS: Injection points ranged from 3 to 23 points per patient, average of 9.4 points. Dose per point varied from 2.5 to 7.5 U, ranging from 12.5 to 72.5 U per patient, average of 33.82 U. Skin lines resulting from the voluntary contraction of the muscle prior to toxin application were stated as baseline 1. The absence of skin lines and muscle activity on day fifteen after toxin application defined baseline 2. Skin lines resulting from the recovered voluntary contraction of the muscle after toxin application like those of baseline 1 established baseline 3. The botulinum toxin effect was the time elapsed between baselines 2 and 3, ranging from 171 to 204 days, average of 183.72 days, greater than the 3 or 4 months reported in the literature. CONCLUSION: "BTA Codes" is a set of rules to apply botulinum toxin supported by muscle anatomy and degree of voluntary contraction to enhance the duration of its effect. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Asunto(s)
Toxinas Botulínicas Tipo A/administración & dosificación , Músculos Faciales/anatomía & histología , Contracción Muscular/efectos de los fármacos , Fuerza Muscular/efectos de los fármacos , Fármacos Neuromusculares/administración & dosificación , Envejecimiento de la Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Adulto , Cadáver , Estudios de Cohortes , Disección , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Esquema de Medicación , Músculos Faciales/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Frente , Humanos , Inyecciones Intralesiones , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to establish a relationship between the skin lines on the upper third of the face in cadavers, which represent the muscle activity in life and the skin lines achieved by voluntary contraction of the forehead, glabellar, and orbital muscles in patients. METHODS: Anatomical dissection of fresh cadavers was performed in 20 fresh cadavers, 11 females and 9 males, with ages ranging from 53 to 77 years. Subcutaneous dissection identified the muscle shape and the continuity of the fibers of the eyebrow elevator and depress muscles. Subgaleal dissection identified the cutaneous insertions of the muscles. They were correlated with skin lines on the upper third of the face of the cadavers that represent the muscle activity in life. Voluntary contraction was performed by 20 voluntary patients, 13 females and 7 males, with ages ranging from 35 to 62 years. Distinct patterns of skin lines on the forehead, glabellar and orbital areas, and eyebrow displacement were identified. RESULTS: The frontalis exhibited four anatomical shapes with four different patterns of horizontal parallel lines on the forehead skin. The corrugator supercilii showed three shapes of muscles creating six patterns of vertical glabellar lines, three symmetrical and three asymmetrical. The orbicularis oculi and procerus had single patterns. The skin lines exhibited in voluntary contraction of the upper third of the face in patients showed the same patterns of the skin lines achieved in cadavers. CONCLUSIONS: Skin lines in cadavers, which are the expression of the muscle activity in life, were similar to those achieved in the voluntary contraction of patients, allowing us to assert that the muscle patterns of patients were similar to those identified in cadavers. NO LEVEL ASSIGNED: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors http://www.springer.com/00266 .
Asunto(s)
Disección/métodos , Músculos Faciales/anatomía & histología , Frente/anatomía & histología , Músculos Oculomotores/anatomía & histología , Anciano , Cadáver , Músculos Faciales/cirugía , Femenino , Frente/cirugía , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Músculos Oculomotores/cirugía , Ritidoplastia/métodos , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
The sound producing apparatus of the dwarf sperm whale (Kogia sima) presents a complex anatomic structure composed of melon, spermaceti, phonic lips, vocal cap, case, papillae, spermaceti chamber and other airspaces, as well as facial muscles involved in sound production. The spermaceti chamber rests on the caudal portion of the premaxilla, with part of its mucosa covered with spherical/oval-shaped structures (approximately 1 to 2 mm in diameter), compatible with vesicles (previously referred to as papillae). Macroscopical examination revealed whitish, firm, widely and irregularly distributed vesicular mucosa on the premaxillary portion of the spermaceti chamber of a K. sima specimen stranded on the coast of Santos (southeastern Brazilian coast). Upon microscopic examination, walls of connective tissue with abundant type I collagen forming vesicles with an internal space or cavity filled with a small amount of eosinophilic substance compatible with mucoproteic fluid were observed. The base of such vesicles presented glands within the connective tissue, probably responsible for fluid production. This study describes the histology of the mucosa of the spermaceti chamber of a K. sima specimen and characterizes the glands associated with fluid production.
O sistema de produção sonora do cachalote-anão (Kogia sima) apresenta uma complexa estrutura anatômica composta por melão, espermacete, lábios fônicos, vocal cap, case, papilas, câmara do espermacete e outros espaços aéreos, além de músculos faciais envolvidos na produção sonora. A câmara do espermacete localiza-se na porção caudal da pré-maxila, apresentando parte de sua mucosa recoberta por estruturas esférico-ovaladas de aproximadamente 1 a 2 mm de diâmetro, compatíveis com vesículas (previamente denominadas papilas). Ao exame macroscópico de um espécime de K. sima encalhado no litoral de Santos (sudeste da costa brasileira), foi identificada mucosa esbranquiçada e firme ao corte, ampla e irregularmente distribuída na porção pré-maxilar da câmara do espermacete. Ao exame microscópico foram observadas vesículas compostas por abundante tecido conectivo de colágeno tipo I, dando origem a um espaço interno ou cavidade, contendo pequena quantidade de substância eosinófila, compatível com fluido mucoprotêico. Estruturas glandulares foram observadas em tecido conjuntivo na base das vesículas, provavelmente responsáveis pela produção do fluido observado no interior das mesmas. Esse estudo caracteriza histologicamente a mucosa da câmara do espermacete de um espécime de K. sima e as glândulas relacionadas a sua produção secretória.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Maxilares/anatomía & histología , Ballenas/anatomía & histología , Mucosa Bucal/anatomía & histología , Músculos Faciales/anatomía & histología , Vocalización Animal , Cetáceos/anatomía & histología , Comunicación AnimalRESUMEN
The sound producing apparatus of the dwarf sperm whale (Kogia sima) presents a complex anatomic structure composed of melon, spermaceti, phonic lips, vocal cap, case, papillae, spermaceti chamber and other airspaces, as well as facial muscles involved in sound production. The spermaceti chamber rests on the caudal portion of the premaxilla, with part of its mucosa covered with spherical/oval-shaped structures (approximately 1 to 2 mm in diameter), compatible with vesicles (previously referred to as papillae). Macroscopical examination revealed whitish, firm, widely and irregularly distributed vesicular mucosa on the premaxillary portion of the spermaceti chamber of a K. sima specimen stranded on the coast of Santos (southeastern Brazilian coast). Upon microscopic examination, walls of connective tissue with abundant type I collagen forming vesicles with an internal space or cavity filled with a small amount of eosinophilic substance compatible with mucoproteic fluid were observed. The base of such vesicles presented glands within the connective tissue, probably responsible for fluid production. This study describes the histology of the mucosa of the spermaceti chamber of a K. sima specimen and characterizes the glands associated with fluid production.(AU)
O sistema de produção sonora do cachalote-anão (Kogia sima) apresenta uma complexa estrutura anatômica composta por melão, espermacete, lábios fônicos, vocal cap, case, papilas, câmara do espermacete e outros espaços aéreos, além de músculos faciais envolvidos na produção sonora. A câmara do espermacete localiza-se na porção caudal da pré-maxila, apresentando parte de sua mucosa recoberta por estruturas esférico-ovaladas de aproximadamente 1 a 2 mm de diâmetro, compatíveis com vesículas (previamente denominadas papilas). Ao exame macroscópico de um espécime de K. sima encalhado no litoral de Santos (sudeste da costa brasileira), foi identificada mucosa esbranquiçada e firme ao corte, ampla e irregularmente distribuída na porção pré-maxilar da câmara do espermacete. Ao exame microscópico foram observadas vesículas compostas por abundante tecido conectivo de colágeno tipo I, dando origem a um espaço interno ou cavidade, contendo pequena quantidade de substância eosinófila, compatível com fluido mucoprotêico. Estruturas glandulares foram observadas em tecido conjuntivo na base das vesículas, provavelmente responsáveis pela produção do fluido observado no interior das mesmas. Esse estudo caracteriza histologicamente a mucosa da câmara do espermacete de um espécime de K. sima e as glândulas relacionadas a sua produção secretória.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Ballenas/anatomía & histología , Vocalización Animal , Músculos Faciales/anatomía & histología , Mucosa Bucal/anatomía & histología , Maxilares/anatomía & histología , Cetáceos/anatomía & histología , Comunicación AnimalRESUMEN
The sound producing apparatus of the dwarf sperm whale (Kogia sima) presents a complex anatomic structure composed of melon, spermaceti, phonic lips, vocal cap, case, papillae, spermaceti chamber and other airspaces, as well as facial muscles involved in sound production. The spermaceti chamber rests on the caudal portion of the premaxilla, with part of its mucosa covered with spherical/oval-shaped structures (approximately 1 to 2 mm in diameter), compatible with vesicles (previously referred to as "papillae"). Macroscopical examination revealed whitish, firm, widely and irregularly distributed vesicular mucosa on the premaxillary portion of the spermaceti chamber of a K. sima specimen stranded on the coast of Santos (southeastern Brazilian coast). Upon microscopic examination, walls of connective tissue with abundant type I collagen forming vesicles with an internal space or cavity filled with a small amount of eosinophilic substance compatible with mucoproteic fluid were observed. The base of such vesicles presented glands within the connective tissue, probably responsible for fluid production. This study describes the histology of the mucosa of the spermaceti chamber of a K. sima specimen and characterizes the glands associated with fluid production.(AU)
O sistema de produção sonora do cachalote-anão (Kogia sima) apresenta uma complexa estrutura anatômica composta por melão, espermacete, lábios fônicos, "vocal cap", "case", papilas, câmara do espermacete e outros espaços aéreos, além de músculos faciais envolvidos na produção sonora. A câmara do espermacete localiza-se na porção caudal da pré-maxila, apresentando parte de sua mucosa recoberta por estruturas esférico-ovaladas de aproximadamente 1 a 2 mm de diâmetro, compatíveis com vesículas (previamente denominadas "papilas"). Ao exame macroscópico de um espécime de K. sima encalhado no litoral de Santos (sudeste da costa brasileira), foi identificada mucosa esbranquiçada e firme ao corte, ampla e irregularmente distribuída na porção pré-maxilar da câmara do espermacete. Ao exame microscópico foram observadas vesículas compostas por abundante tecido conectivo de colágeno tipo I, dando origem a um espaço interno ou cavidade, contendo pequena quantidade de substância eosinófila, compatível com fluido mucoprotêico. Estruturas glandulares foram observadas em tecido conjuntivo na base das vesículas, provavelmente responsáveis pela produção do fluido observado no interior das mesmas. Esse estudo caracteriza histologicamente a mucosa da câmara do espermacete de um espécime de K. sima e as glândulas relacionadas a sua produção secretória.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Músculos Faciales/anatomía & histología , Maxilares/anatomía & histología , Mucosa Bucal/anatomía & histología , Vocalización Animal , Ballenas/anatomía & histología , Comunicación Animal , Cetáceos/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
The nasal region of the skull has undergone dramatic changes during the course of cetacean evolution. In particular, mysticetes (baleen whales) conserve the nasal mammalian pattern associated with the secondary function of olfaction, and lack the sound-producing specializations present in odontocetes (toothed whales, dolphins and porpoises). To improve our understanding of the morphology of the nasal region of mysticetes, we investigate the nasal anatomy, osteology and myology of the southern right whale, Eubalaena australis, and make comparisons with other mysticetes. In E. australis external deflection surfaces around the blowholes appear to divert water off the head, and differ in appearance from those observed in balaenopterids, eschrichtiids and cetotherids. In E. australis the blowholes are placed above hypertrophied nasal soft tissues formed by fat and nasal muscles, a pattern also observed in balaenopterids (rorqual mysticetes) and a cetotherid (pygmy right whale, Caperea marginata). Blowhole movements are due to the action of five nasofacial muscles: dilator naris superficialis, dilator naris profundus, depressor alae nasi, constrictor naris, and retractor alae nasi. The dilator naris profundus found in E. australis has not been previously reported in balaenopterids. The other nasofacial muscles have a similar arrangement in balaenopterids, with minor differences. A novel structure, not reported previously in any mysticete, is the presence of a vascular tissue (rete mirabile) covering the lower nasal passage. This vascular tissue could play a role in warming inspired air, or may engorge to accommodate loss of respiratory space volume due to gas compression from increased pressure during diving.
Asunto(s)
Músculos Faciales/anatomía & histología , Hueso Nasal/anatomía & histología , Cavidad Nasal/anatomía & histología , Nasofaringe/anatomía & histología , Ballenas/anatomía & histología , Animales , Argentina , Especificidad de la EspecieAsunto(s)
Humanos , Cráneo/anatomía & histología , Músculos Faciales/anatomía & histología , Odontología , Huesos Faciales/anatomía & histología , Sistema Estomatognático/anatomía & histología , Sistema Estomatognático/fisiología , Sistema Linfático , Boca/anatomía & histología , Cavidad Pulpar , Dentición Permanente , Educación en Odontología , Glándulas Salivales/anatomía & histología , Lengua/anatomía & histología , Oclusión DentalRESUMEN
Comparative research concerning masticatory musculature in squirrel, muskrat and rabbit, take into account the emphasizing and morphofunctional interpretation of the osteomuscular particularities involved in the prehension and mastication processes. The development of the coronoid process on the muskrat and squirrel demonstrates the growing of the force when raising the mandible by increasing the action force attached to the temporal muscle, with insertion on the coronoid process. In comparison with that, in the case of rabbits, both the coronoid process and the temporal muscle are reduced. From a philogenetic point of view, it has been found that the species that have the articular condyle lowered at or under the level of the dental tables (carnivores) present a greater pressure force between the dental tables. Analyzing this aspect of the rodents taken into discussion, we noticed the lowering of the articular condyle up to the inferior molars' plane, in the case of squirrels and muskrats, but through obliquity, namely through cranial caudal and dorsoventral movement. This peculiarity is emphasized through the analysis of the angle formed by the axis of the mandible recurved branch (passing through the mandibular condyle) with the axis of the horizontal branch of the mandible, where it was noticed that along with the increase in the angle formed by the two axes, which becomes an obtuse 160 degree angle on the squirrel and 130 degrees on the muskrat, there is also a lowering of the articular condyle up to the molar level, while in the case of carnivores, the lowering of the condyle is done without the modification of the angle between the two axes, which measures approximately 90 degrees.
Investigações comparativas com respeito à musculatura mastigatória do esquilo, do rato-almiscarado e do coelho buscam o realçamento e a interpretação morfo-funcional das particularidades do sistema dos músculos esqueléticos envolvido no processo de agarramento e mastigação. O desenvolvimento do processo coronoide no rato-almiscarado e no esquilo demonstra o aumento da força no levantamento da mandíbula por meio do aumento do braço da força de ação do músculo temporal com inserção sobre o processo coronoide, em comparação com os leporídeos, que têm tanto o processo coronoide como o músculo temporal mais reduzidos. Do ponto de vista filogenético, observa-se que as espécies que apresentam o côndilo articular baixado igual ou inferior ao nível das placas dentárias (carnívoros) apresentam uma força de pressão maior entre as placas dentárias. Em relação aos roedores estudados, nota-se a descida do côndilo articular perto do plano dos molares inferiores no esquilo e no rato-almiscarado, mas por meio da obliquidade, isto é, por meio do movimento do côndilo articular da borda craniana e dorsoventral. Esta particularidade evidencia-se em virtude do ângulo formado pelo eixo do ramo dobrado da mandíbula (que atravessa o côndilo mandibular) junto ao eixo do ramo horizontal da mandíbula, resultando no aumento do valor do ângulo formado pelos dois eixos, que se tornam obtusos a 160º no esquilo e a 130º no rato-almiscarado, em função da descida do côndilo articular quase ao nível do plano dos molares, em comparação com os carnívoros, nos quais a descida do côndilo realiza-se sem a modificação do ângulo formado pelos dois eixos de, aproximadamente, 90 graus.
Asunto(s)
Mandíbula/anatomía & histología , Músculos Faciales/anatomía & histología , Esqueleto , Roedores/clasificaciónRESUMEN
Comparative research concerning masticatory musculature in squirrel, muskrat and rabbit, take into account the emphasizing and morphofunctional interpretation of the osteomuscular particularities involved in the prehension and mastication processes. The development of the coronoid process on the muskrat and squirrel demonstrates the growing of the force when raising the mandible by increasing the action force attached to the temporal muscle, with insertion on the coronoid process. In comparison with that, in the case of rabbits, both the coronoid process and the temporal muscle are reduced. From a philogenetic point of view, it has been found that the species that have the articular condyle lowered at or under the level of the dental tables (carnivores) present a greater pressure force between the dental tables. Analyzing this aspect of the rodents taken into discussion, we noticed the lowering of the articular condyle up to the inferior molars' plane, in the case of squirrels and muskrats, but through obliquity, namely through cranial caudal and dorsoventral movement. This peculiarity is emphasized through the analysis of the angle formed by the axis of the mandible recurved branch (passing through the mandibular condyle) with the axis of the horizontal branch of the mandible, where it was noticed that along with the increase in the angle formed by the two axes, which becomes an obtuse 160 degree angle on the squirrel and 130 degrees on the muskrat, there is also a lowering of the articular condyle up to the molar level, while in the case of carnivores, the lowering of the condyle is done without the modification of the angle between the two axes, which measures approximately 90 degrees.(AU)
Investigações comparativas com respeito à musculatura mastigatória do esquilo, do rato-almiscarado e do coelho buscam o realçamento e a interpretação morfo-funcional das particularidades do sistema dos músculos esqueléticos envolvido no processo de agarramento e mastigação. O desenvolvimento do processo coronoide no rato-almiscarado e no esquilo demonstra o aumento da força no levantamento da mandíbula por meio do aumento do braço da força de ação do músculo temporal com inserção sobre o processo coronoide, em comparação com os leporídeos, que têm tanto o processo coronoide como o músculo temporal mais reduzidos. Do ponto de vista filogenético, observa-se que as espécies que apresentam o côndilo articular baixado igual ou inferior ao nível das placas dentárias (carnívoros) apresentam uma força de pressão maior entre as placas dentárias. Em relação aos roedores estudados, nota-se a descida do côndilo articular perto do plano dos molares inferiores no esquilo e no rato-almiscarado, mas por meio da obliquidade, isto é, por meio do movimento do côndilo articular da borda craniana e dorsoventral. Esta particularidade evidencia-se em virtude do ângulo formado pelo eixo do ramo dobrado da mandíbula (que atravessa o côndilo mandibular) junto ao eixo do ramo horizontal da mandíbula, resultando no aumento do valor do ângulo formado pelos dois eixos, que se tornam obtusos a 160º no esquilo e a 130º no rato-almiscarado, em função da descida do côndilo articular quase ao nível do plano dos molares, em comparação com os carnívoros, nos quais a descida do côndilo realiza-se sem a modificação do ângulo formado pelos dois eixos de, aproximadamente, 90 graus.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Músculos Faciales/anatomía & histología , Mandíbula/anatomía & histología , Esqueleto , Roedores/clasificaciónRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to analyse the macroscopic aspect of the depressor septi nasi muscle in cadavers according to its relations with the nasolabial region, and to describe a surgical technique developed out of the knowledge gained from its study to take care of nasal tip drooping and gummy smile. Twenty fresh adult cadavers were studied. All of them were men. A transverse incision was done at the gingivo-labial sulcus, through the frenulum, to expose the orbicularis oris and the depressor nasi muscles. These muscles were isolated and their anatomical aspect, localisation, origin, and insertion were registered. Sixteen of the cadavers presented the muscle. From these, 14 were bilateral and two were unilateral. Four cadavers did not present the muscle. Muscular fibres were vertically disposed and presented oblique direction towards the midline, in a quadrangular shape. From the 16 cadavers of the subgroup in whom the muscle was present, 14 originated in the orbicularis oris and its insertion was in the maxilla. Two of the cadavers presented the origin and insertion at the maxilla. According to these findings, a surgical approach of the muscles was proposed to treat the gummy smile deformity during rhinoplasty and two clinical cases are presented. The depressor nasi muscles presented an anatomical variation. In most cases it is intimately related with the orbicularis oris and the maxilla, being a relatively thick structure. We suggest its treatment simultaneously during rhinoplasty for a better result of the nasal tip and it benefits the "tense nose" aspect and the smiling deformity.
Asunto(s)
Músculos Faciales/cirugía , Labio/anomalías , Labio/cirugía , Tabique Nasal/anatomía & histología , Tabique Nasal/cirugía , Surco Nasolabial/cirugía , Rinoplastia/métodos , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Cadáver , Músculos Faciales/anatomía & histología , Femenino , Encía , Humanos , Labio/anatomía & histología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Sonrisa , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Introdução: na face estão inseridos numerosos músculos, artérias, glândulas, veias e nervos. O arranjo anatômico do músculo frontal permite uma grande mobilidade à região frontal, sendo, pois considerado o músculo mimético do couro cabeludo. A interpretação de cada uma das emoções apresenta diferenças substanciais: o temor, conforme esperado, é detectado quase que exclusivamente na parte superior do rosto. Objetivo: classificar os padrões de contração do músculo frontal de estudantes do curso de fisioterapia de uma Universidade da cidade de Bauru, estado de São Paulo. Material e Método: Trata-se de uma análise retrospectiva de fotografias de 105 sujeitos. Resultados: obteve-se uma imagem da face do sujeito com o músculo frontal em repouso e a segunda durante a contração máxima do músculo frontal. Quatro padrões foram identificados por quatro examinadores em: total, medial, lateral, hipocinesia. O padrão total foi observado em 32,4 por cento examinador A, 36,1 por cento examinadores B e C, 30,4 por cento examinador D. O padrão medial foi de 25,7 por cento examinador A, 23,8 por cento examinador B, 27,6 por cento examinador C, 29,5 por cento examinador D. O padrão lateral foi de 11,4 por cento examinadores A e D, 16,1 por cento examinador B e 14,2 por cento examinador C. O padrão hipocinesia foi de 30,5 por cento examinador A, 23,8 por cento examinador B, 21,9 por cento examinador C e 28,5 por cento examinador D. Conclusão: conclui-se que o conhecimento dos vários padrões de contração do músculo frontal, permite um planejamento e intervenção fisioterapêutica mais eficiente e preciso.
Introduction: numerous muscles, arteries, small glands, blood vessels and nerves are inserted in the face. The anatomical arrangement of the frontalis muscle allows vast mobility to the frontal region, and is therefore considered the mimetic muscle of the scalp. The interpretation of each of the emotions shows essential differences: the fear, as expected, is detected almost exclusively in the upper face. Objective: classify the patterns of frontalis muscle contractions in students of physiotherapy in a University, located in Bauru, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Material and Method: this is a retrospective analysis of pictures taken from 105 subjects. Results: The first picture of the subject's face was taken with the frontalis muscle at rest and the second one, in maximal contraction of the frontalis muscle. Four patterns were identified by four examinators: total, medial, lateral, hypokinesia. The total pattern was observed in 32.4 per cent, examinator A; 36.1 per cent by examinators B and C; and 30.4 per cent, examinator D. The medial pattern was observed in 25.7 per cent, examinator A; 23.8 per cent examinator B; 27.6 per cent , examinator C and 29.5 per cent, examinator D. The lateral pattern was observed in 11,4 per cent, examinators A and D; 16,1 per cent, examinator B; and 14,2 per cent examinator C. The hypokinesia pattern was observed in 30,5 per cent, examinator A; 23,8 per cent, examinator B; 21,9 per cent examinator C; and 28,5 per cent, examinator D. Conclusion: we conclude that the knowledge of the several patterns of frontalis muscle contractions, allows a more efficient and accurate planning and interventions in physioytherapy.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto Joven , Persona de Mediana Edad , Contracción Muscular , Manipulaciones Musculoesqueléticas , Músculos Faciales/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
This study sought to evaluate changes in the soft tissue contour after chin bone graft harvesting. Thirty selected patients underwent chin bone graft harvesting and evaluations were made using lateral cephalograms preoperatively and postoperatively at 30 and 180 days. Fixed points and lines were established on cephalometric tracings and used to measure the selected vertical and sagittal parameters. Results showed statistically significant alterations to the vertical position values of the vermilion (V-VPV) which increased from 9.70 to 11.01 and the exposure of lower incisors (V-ELI) which increased from 1.85 to 3.5, showing an increase in their distance from the plane of reference and a lowering of their position, the clinical equivalent of a labial ptosis condition. None of the sagittal parameters analysed showed any statistically significant variation in the final evaluation. The study concluded that the alterations to patients' soft tissue contours resulted mainly from failure to ensure precise reattachment of the mentalis muscles and identified the need for further investigation of that aspect.
Asunto(s)
Trasplante Óseo/métodos , Mentón/cirugía , Cara/anatomía & histología , Recolección de Tejidos y Órganos/métodos , Adulto , Anciano , Aumento de la Cresta Alveolar/métodos , Cefalometría/métodos , Mentón/anatomía & histología , Músculos Faciales/anatomía & histología , Músculos Faciales/cirugía , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Incisivo/anatomía & histología , Labio/anatomía & histología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Diente Molar/anatomía & histología , Osteotomía/métodos , Estudios Prospectivos , Cinta Quirúrgica , Técnicas de Sutura , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Reconstrução facial forense é uma técnica utilizada com a finalidade de reconhecimento e posterior identificação, nas situações em que inexiste uma identidade atribuível ao esqueleto submetido à perícia médico-legal. Objetivou-se neste estudo mensurar as espessuras de tecidos moles que recobrem a face em cadáveres que deram entrada no Instituto Médico Legal (IML) de Guarulhos no período de setembro de 2010 a setembro de 2011. Foram efetuadas mensurações de 49 pontos anatômicos da face em cadáveres com menos de 24 horas do óbito; tais mensurações foram analisadas por meio do teste t com p bicaudal. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da FOUSP (protocolo 144/2010). Um total de 100 cadáveres foi estudado, sendo 64 do sexo masculino e 26 do sexo feminino. Eles pertenciam majoritariamente à faixa etária de 41 a 60 anos. Optou-se por utilizar nomenclatura em língua inglesa com a finalidade de facilitar comparações com trabalhos internacionais
Dos 49 marcos mensurados, apenas cinco apresentaram um p menor que 0,05, ou seja, para os seguintes pontos as medidas entre homens e mulheres não são as mesmas quando comparadas em relação ao sexo: upper lip margin (p=0,006), superior labius sulcus (p=0,006), stomion (p=o,001), lateral orbits direito (p=0,008) e chelion esquerdo (p=0,009). Os pontos anatômicos analisados permitiram estabelecer parâmetros mais precisos de espessuras faciais aplicáveis na reconstrução facial de cadáveres da população brasileira. Além disso, os marcos anatômicos analisados permitiram a construção de uma tabela com finalidade de reconstrução facial forense.
Forensic facial reconstruction is a technique that has the aim of recognition and identification, in situations in which a known identity of the sketelon submetted to medico-legal procedures is not available. The objective of the study was to study the soft tissue thicknesses that cover the face of autopsied corpses that were sent to Guarulho´s Medical-Legal Institute from September 2010 to September 2011. Measurements of 49 anatomic references were performed in the face of corpses with less than 24 hours of death; data were analysed using t test with bicaudal p. The project was approved by the University of São Paulo´s School of Dentistry Ethics Committee (protocol number 144/2010). One hundred corpses were studied, being 64 male and 26 female. They were mainly 41 to 60 years old. Among all the 49 studied anatomic references, just five presented a p value lower than 0.05, that is, these references showed differences between sex: upper lip margin (p=0.006), superior labius sulcus (p=0.006), stomion (p=0,001), right lateral orbits (p=0.008) and left chelion (p=0.009). The studied anatomic references allowed to establish more precise parameters of the faces thicknesses that can be applied in corpses facial reconstructions in the Brazilian population, and some anatomic references presented a higher discriminant Power with regard to sex. Furthermore, the anatomic landmarks offered information to a reference table with the objective of forensic facial reconstruction.