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O conhecimento da localização dos órgãos nas diferentes regiões do corpo do animal é essencial para a prática clínica, cirúrgica e para o diagnóstico por imagem. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever a anatomia topográfica abdominal do Didelphisalbiventris. Foram utilizados quatro cadáveres (animais jovens), dois destes destinados para o estudo macroscópico em peças a fresco e os outros fixados em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10%. Os cadáveres foram dissecados e as estruturas anatômicas identificadas, analisadas e fotografadas. A maioria dos órgãos localizados na região abdominal dos cadáveres da espécie D. albiventris apresentou posição similar aos dos caninos, porém, alguns órgãos e a localização de determinadas estruturas apresentaram particularidades importantes, como a presença dos ossos epipúbicos, a ausência do lobo hepático quadrado, a presença de um ceco desenvolvido e o cólon dividido em três segmentos.

The knowledge about localization of organs in different regions of the animal’s body is essential for clinical, surgical and diagnostic imaging practice. The purpose of this study was to describe the abdominal topographic anatomy of Didelphis albiventris. Was used four dead bodys (young animals), two of these was intended for the macroscopic study of fresh pieces and the others fixed in 10% aqueous formaldehyde solution. The corpses was dissected and the anatomic structures was identified, analyzed and photographed. Most of the organs located in the abdominal region of cadavers from species D. albiventris presented structure and position similar to canines, however some of these organs and localization of structures presented important particularities, like the presence of epipubic bones, absence of square hepatic lobe, presence of an developed cecum and colon divided into three segments.

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O conhecimento da localização dos órgãos nas diferentes regiões do corpo do animal é essencial para a prática clínica, cirúrgica e para o diagnóstico por imagem. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever a anatomia topográfica abdominal do Didelphisalbiventris. Foram utilizados quatro cadáveres (animais jovens), dois destes destinados para o estudo macroscópico em peças a fresco e os outros fixados em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10%. Os cadáveres foram dissecados e as estruturas anatômicas identificadas, analisadas e fotografadas. A maioria dos órgãos localizados na região abdominal dos cadáveres da espécie D. albiventris apresentou posição similar aos dos caninos, porém, alguns órgãos e a localização de determinadas estruturas apresentaram particularidades importantes, como a presença dos ossos epipúbicos, a ausência do lobo hepático quadrado, a presença de um ceco desenvolvido e o cólon dividido em três segmentos.

The knowledge about localization of organs in different regions of the animal's body is essential for clinical, surgical and diagnostic imaging practice. The purpose of this study was to describe the abdominal topographic anatomy of Didelphis albiventris. Was used four dead bodys (young animals), two of these was intended for the macroscopic study of fresh pieces and the others fixed in 10% aqueous formaldehyde solution. The corpses was dissected and the anatomic structures was identified, analyzed and photographed. Most of the organs located in the abdominal region of cadavers from species D. albiventris presented structure and position similar to canines, however some of these organs and localization of structures presented important particularities, like the presence of epipubic bones, absence of square hepatic lobe, presence of an developed cecum and colon divided into three segments.

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O conhecimento da localização dos órgãos nas diferentes regiões do corpo do animal é essencial para a prática clínica, cirúrgica e para o diagnóstico por imagem. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever a anatomia topográfica abdominal do Didelphisalbiventris. Foram utilizados quatro cadáveres (animais jovens), dois destes destinados para o estudo macroscópico em peças a fresco e os outros fixados em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10%. Os cadáveres foram dissecados e as estruturas anatômicas identificadas, analisadas e fotografadas. A maioria dos órgãos localizados na região abdominal dos cadáveres da espécie D. albiventris apresentou posição similar aos dos caninos, porém, alguns órgãos e a localização de determinadas estruturas apresentaram particularidades importantes, como a presença dos ossos epipúbicos, a ausência do lobo hepático quadrado, a presença de um ceco desenvolvido e o cólon dividido em três segmentos.(AU)

The knowledge about localization of organs in different regions of the animals body is essential for clinical, surgical and diagnostic imaging practice. The purpose of this study was to describe the abdominal topographic anatomy of Didelphis albiventris. Was used four dead bodys (young animals), two of these was intended for the macroscopic study of fresh pieces and the others fixed in 10% aqueous formaldehyde solution. The corpses was dissected and the anatomic structures was identified, analyzed and photographed. Most of the organs located in the abdominal region of cadavers from species D. albiventris presented structure and position similar to canines, however some of these organs and localization of structures presented important particularities, like the presence of epipubic bones, absence of square hepatic lobe, presence of an developed cecum and colon divided into three segments.(AU)

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BACKGROUND: Core muscles play an important role in lower limb stability and alignment, with their weakness being associated with poor alignment and, consequently, with injuries. Despite muscle structure being critical to muscle strength production, we did not find studies associating the morphology of the core muscles and lower limb alignment during functional tasks. RESEARCH QUESTION: Is there association between thickness of core muscles (external oblique - EO, internal oblique - IO, transversus abdominis - TrA and gluteus medius - GMed) and lower limb alignment during the single-leg squat in healthy subjects? METHODS: Forty-six healthy participants (27 male and 19 female) performed the following evaluations: (i) measurements of muscle thickness of the EO, IO, TrA and GMed using ultrasound and (ii) measurements of lower limb alignment using the knee frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) during the single-leg squat. A Spearman rank correlation coefficient (rs) was performed between the thickness of selected core muscles (OE, OI, TrA and GMed) and the knee FPPA. In addition, a partial correlation (r) was performed, using sex, physical activity level and body mass index as control variables. RESULTS: We did not observe significant correlations between the knee FPPA and the thickness of the EO (rs = 0.194; p = 0.197), IO (rs = 0.182; p = 0.225), TrA (rs = 0.073; p = 0.627) and GMed (rs = -0.092; p = 0.542). When controlling for sex, physical activity level and body mass index, similar results were observed [EO (r = 0.157; p = 0.316), IO (r = 0.261; p = 0.092), TrA (r = 0.030; p = 0.850) and GMed (r = -0.144; p = 0.356)] SIGNIFICANCE: Our results demonstrated that core muscles' thickness is not associated with lower limb alignment during the single-leg squat in healthy people.

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OBJECTIVES: To compare trunk muscle thickness of women with and without patellofemoral pain (PFP) and to assess the association of trunk muscle thickness with self-reported pain of women with PFP. METHODS: Forty-four women were recruited and divided into 2 groups: a PFP group (n = 22) and a pain-free group (n = 22). The thickness of the following trunk muscles was obtained by B-mode ultrasound imaging: transversus abdominis, obliquus internus (OI), obliquus externus (OE), rectus abdominis, and multifidus. Self-reported pain was measured on a visual analog scale. RESULTS: The 44 participants were 18 to 35 years old. Women with PFP had lower thickness of the OI and OE than pain-free women, with moderate or large effect sizes ranging from -0.78 to -0.98, which was negatively related to self-reported pain correlations (r = -0.53 to -0.40). The contraction ratios of the OI and OE were also lower in women with PFP than in pain-free women (P < .05). No differences between groups were found for the transversus abdominis, multifidus, and rectus abdominis, with also no correlation with self-reported pain. CONCLUSIONS: Lower thickness of the OI and OE is present in women with PFP, which is related to self-reported pain. These findings might help in understanding the alterations in trunk biomechanics of individuals with PFP and the mechanisms by which interventions targeting trunk muscle strength are beneficial to individuals with PFP.

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OBJECTIVE: The present quasi-experimental study aimed to assess the transversus abdominis (TrA), internal oblique (IO) and external oblique (EO) thickness in healthy subjects with the proprioceptive Stabilizer™ training in abdominal wall muscles. METHODS: A sample of 41 healthy participants (age: 31.9 ± 4.5 y; height: 1.7 ± 0.1 m; weight: 68.3 ± 13.1 kg; body mass index, BMI: 22.9 ± 2.7 kg/m2) were recruited to participate in this study. Ultrasound images of the EO, IO, TrA, rectus anterior (RA) and interrecti distance (IRD) were measured and analyzed by the ImageJ software. Measurements were made at rest and during the abdominal drawing-maneuver (ADIM) developed by the patients with the Stabilizer™ located in the low back holding 40 mmHg for 10 seconds with a visual stimulus provided by a circular pressure marker. RESULTS: Ultrasound measurements for the abdominal wall muscles showed statistically significant differences (Π < .05) for a thickness decrease of the EO, IO and a thickness increase of TrA. A proprioceptive Stabilizer™ training produced a thickness increase in TrA muscle and a thickness decrease in EO and IO muscles in healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that a proprioceptive Stabilizer™ training could be useful in individuals with low back pain and lumbopelvic pain.

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SUMMARY The present quasi-experimental study aimed to assess the transversus abdominis (TrA), internal oblique (IO) and external oblique (EO) thickness in healthy subjects with the proprioceptive Stabilizer™ training in abdominal wall muscles. A sample of 41 healthy participants (age: 31.9 ± 4.5 y; height: 1.7 ± 0.1 m; weight: 68.3 ± 13.1 kg; body mass index, BMI: 22.9 ± 2.7 kg/m2) were recruited to participate in this study. Ultrasound images of the EO, IO, TrA, rectus anterior (RA) and interrecti distance (IRD) were measured and analyzed by the ImageJ software. Measurements were made at rest and during the abdominal drawing-maneuver (ADIM) developed by the patients with the Stabilizer™ located in the low back holding 40 mmHg for 10 seconds with a visual stimulus provided by a circular pressure marker. Ultrasound measurements for the abdominal wall muscles showed statistically significant differences (Π < .05) for a thickness decrease of the EO, IO and a thickness increase of TrA. A proprioceptive Stabilizer™ training produced a thickness increase in TrA muscle and a thickness decrease in EO and IO muscles in healthy subjects. These findings suggest that a proprioceptive Stabilizer™ training could be useful in individuals with low back pain and lumbopelvic pain.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o transverso abdominal (TrA), o oblíquo interno (OI) e a espessura oblíqua externa (EO) em indivíduos saudáveis com o treinamento proprioceptivo Stabilizer™ nos músculos da parede abdominal. Uma amostra de 41 participantes saudáveis (idade: 31,9±4,5 y, altura: 1,7±0,1 m; peso: 68,3±13,1 kg; índice de massa corporal, IMC: 22,9±2,7 kg / m2) foram recrutados para participar deste estudo. As imagens de ultrassom do EO, IO, TrA, reto anterior (RA) e distância interrecti (IRD) foram medidas e analisadas pelo software ImageJ. As medidas foram feitas em repouso e durante a manobra de desenho abdominal (Adim) desenvolvida pelos pacientes com o StabilizerTM localizado na parte inferior das costas segurando 40 mmHg por 10 segundos com um estímulo visual fornecido por um marcador de pressão circular. As medidas de ultrassom para os músculos da parede abdominal apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas (P<0,05) para uma diminuição da espessura do EO, IO e um aumento de espessura do TrA. Um treinamento proprioceptivo Stabilizer™ produziu um aumento de espessura no músculo TrA e uma diminuição da espessura nos músculos EO e IO em indivíduos saudáveis. Esses achados sugerem que um treinamento de Stabilizer™ proprioceptivo poderia ser útil em indivíduos com dor lombar e dor lombo-pélvica.

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La anatomía de la región inguinal está bien descrita y detallada en la literatura, pero existen algunas controversias vinculadas al ligamento reflejo y a su inserción medial. El objetivo fue analizar la inserción del ligamento inguinal reflejo del músculo oblicuo externo en la línea alba, mediante lo observado en disecciones cadavéricas. Se utilizaron 30 cadáveres formolizados, en los que el ligamento reflejo fue disecado hasta su inserción en la línea alba. Se encontró la presencia del ligamento inguinal reflejo en 25 (83,33%) casos, 16 (64%) hombres y 9 (36%) mujeres, de los cuales sólo en 2 (8%) casos se observó la inserción interdigitada del ligamento inguinal reflejo con el contralateral; y en 5 (16,67%) casos (3 mujeres y 2 hombres), se constató ausencia del mencionado ligamento. El ligamento reflejo fue identificado en la mayoría de nuestros ejemplares. Este ligamento contribuye a la formación de la pared posteromedial del anillo inguinal superficial, siendo importante la necesidad de su conocimiento anatómico para su aplicación en la reparación quirúrgica de hernias inguinales con colocación protésica por vía anterior.

Anatomy of the inguinal region is well described in literature, but there is lack of information related to the reflected ligament and a dichotomy regarding its medial insertion. The aim was to carry out an observational analysis, through dissections, of the insertion of the reflected ligament of the external oblique muscle at the linea alba. We used 30 formolized corpses were, on which the reflected ligament was dissected to its insertion into the linea alba. Of the 30 bodies, we found the reflected ligament in 25 (83.33%), being 16 male (64%) and 9 females (36%), but only in 2 of them (8%) its insertion interdigitated with the contralateral. In 5 (16.67%) cases, 3 female (60%) and 2 male (40%), the absence of that ligament was found. The reflected ligament was identified in most of our specimens. Being part of the posterior limit of the superficial inguinal ring, its anatomical knowledge is important for the surgical repair of inguinal hernias with prosthetic placement, using anterior access.

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Some authors in the past based their conclusions about the limits of the metapostnotum of Chrysidoidea based on the position of the mesophragmo-metaphragmal muscle, rather than aspects of the skeleton and musculature associated with the metapectal-propodeal complex. The latter character system suggests another interpretation of the metapostnotum delimitation. Given this scenario, the main goal of this work is to present a new perspective on the metapostnotum in Chrysidoidea, especially Bethylidae, helping to resolve questions related to the evolution of the metapostnotum. This is based on homologies established by associating of insertion points of ph2-ph3 and ph3-T2 muscles with the delimitation of the respective sclerite the muscles insert into. Our results indicate that, according the position of the metaphragmal muscles, the metapostnotum in Bethylidae is medially expanded in the propodeal disc and has different forms of configuration. Internally, the limits of the metapostnotum can be tracked by the shape of the mesopostnotum, and vice versa. Thus, the anteromedian area of the propodeal disc sensu Evans was reinterpreted in the current study as the metapostnotum. In conjunction with associated structures, we provide evidence to clarify the relationships between the families within Chrysidoidea, although certain families like Embolemidae, Dryinidae and Chrysididae exhibit extreme modifications of the condition found in Aculeata, as observed in Bethylidae. We review the terminology used to describe anatomical features on the metapectal-propodeal complex in Bethylidae in general, and provide a list of recommended terms in accordance with the online Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology. The morphology of the studied subfamilies are illustrated. Studies that focus on a single structure, across a larger number of taxa, are more insightful and present specific questions that can contribute to broader issues, thus providing a better understanding of the morphology and evolution of insects.

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Em 2002 foi descrito o retalho neurovascular de músculo oblíquo interno com um pedículo vascular e dois pedículos nervosos longos para tratamento em tempo único da paralisia facial, que permitiu a reanimação da região bucal e orbital, simultaneamente. Apesar das inúmeras vantagens teóricas deste retalho, há escassez de informações a respeito de suas características anatômicas. Neste estudo foi realizada dissecção em dezoito cadáveres frescos e não formolizados, num total de 36 retalhos retalhos neurovasculares do musculo oblíquo interno (MOI). Foram realizadas medidas diretas com o uso de paquímetro digital de alta precisão, onde foram analizados o comprimento dos pedículos vasculares, o comprimento dos pedículos nervosos e a espessura, área e volume do músculo. Um fragmento de 0,5 cm proximal dos pedículos vasculares foram coletados e enviados para análise histomorfométrica. Na histomorfometria foi mensurado o diâmetro externo dos pedículos arteriais e venosos. A incidência de alterações degenerativas das artérias foi estudada, analisando alterações da camada íntima e da camada média. A vascularização do retalho neurovascular do músculo oblíquo interno tem como pedículo dominante a circunflexa Iiaca profunda (CIP) e pedículos secundários oriundos da subcostal e 11ª intercostal posterior (11ª ITC). Os pedículos subcostal e 11ªITC tem origem no forâmen intervertebral de T11 e T12, e são pedículos neurovasculares. O comprimento médio dos pedículo CIP, subcostal e 11ªITC foi de, respectivamente, 10,8cm (± 2), 13,2cm (± 0,70) e 12,5cm (± 1,25). Houve diferença estatística no comparação entre as médias dos comprimentos (p < 0,001), sendo subcostal > 11ªITC > CIP. Os nervos subcostal e 11ªITC tiveram o mesmo comprimento do pedículo vascular, uma vez que foram seccionados no mesmo ponto, e mediram respectivamente, 13,2cm (± 0,70) e 12,5cm (± 1,25). O músculo do retalho teve espessura média de 0,8 m (±0,14), área média de 4,4cm² (± 1,55) e volume médio de 3,47cm3...

In 2002, the neurovascular internal oblique muscle flap, with one vascular pedicle and two long nerve pedicles, was described for single stage treatment of facial paralysis, allowing the simultaneous reanimation of the oral and orbital regions. Despite the numerous theoretical advantages of this flap, limited information is available regarding its anatomical features. Eighteen fresh, nonembalmed cadavers were dissected, providing a total of 36 flaps. The lengths of the vascular and nerve pedicles and the thickness, area, and volume of the muscle were analyzed. A 0.5-cm proximal fragment of the vascular pedicles was collected and subjected to histomorphometric analysis. The outer diameter of the arterial and venous pedicles and degenerative changes in the intima and medial layers were measured by histomorphometry. The dominant vascular pedicle of the neurovascular internal oblique muscle flap is the deep circumflex iliac (DCI), and secondary neurovascular pedicles arise from the subcostal and 11th posterior intercostal (11th ITC). The mean lengths of the DCI, subcostal and 11th ITC pedicles were 10.8 ± 2 cm, 13.2 ± 0.70 cm and 12.5 ± 1.25 cm, respectively. A significant difference was observed in the mean lengths of the pedicles (p < 0.001), with the length of the subcostal being greater than that of the 11th ITC, which was in turn greater than that of the DCI. The subcostal and 11th ITC nerves were of the same length as the vascular pedicle because they were sectioned at the same point. The muscle had a thickness of 0.8 ± 0.14 cm, an area of 4.4 ± 1.55 cm2 and a volume of 3.47 ± 1.24 cm3. The diameters of the DCI, subcostal and 11th ITC arteries were 1.3 ± 0.32 mm, 0.74 ± 0.24 mm and 0.71 ± 0.23 mm, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that DCI diameter > subcostal diameter = 11th ITC diameter. Degenerative changes of the artery wall in the intima and medial layers were analyzed. Changes in the intima were observed in 32.4% of the...

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BACKGROUND: Ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging of abdominal wall has increasingly been used for hernia diagnosis when clinical examination is uncertain. Anatomical study of abdominal wall along with the ultrasound of transversus abdominis muscle aponeurosis can help identify a Spigelian hernia in this region, a disease of difficult diagnosis. AIM: To compare the ultrasound findings of anterolateral wall of the abdomen, focusing on Spigelian aponeurosis, to the anatomy of abdominal wall studied in cadavers. METHODS: The evaluation of the transversus abdominis aponeurosis was performed during routine ultrasound exams of the anterolateral wall of the abdomen in 90 individuals of both genders, over 25 years, and data were correlated with 60 dissections of the abdominal wall, held on cadavers. RESULTS: Ultrasound showed no significant defects in the aponeurosis of transversus abdominis muscle in the 90 subjects studied and the width of the Spigelian aponeurosis ranged from 0.83 to 2.93 cm (mean 1.72 cm). During dissections of the transversus abdominis, some defects were found in 14 out of 60 muscles and aponeurosis studied (23.3%) and the width of the Spigelian aponeurosis ranged from 1.5 to 3.5 cm (mean 2.26 cm). Comparisons between age groups and genders evaluated by ultrasound with cadaver dissections performed were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Sonographic examinations found no defects in the aponeurosis of transversus abdominis muscle compatible with hernias, and anatomical variations and defects found during dissections were not as well accompanied by Spigelian hernias in the studied corpse.

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RACIONAL: A avaliação da parede abdominal pela ultrassonografia, tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética tem sido cada vez mais indicada para auxiliar no diagnóstico das hérnias quando o exame clínico deixa dúvidas. A correlação de estudos da anatomia da parede abdominal com o exame ultrassonográfico da aponeurose do músculo transverso do abdome pode auxiliar no diagnóstico de uma hérnia desta localização, a hérnia de Spiegel, que se apresenta como doença de diagnóstico clínico difícil. OBJETIVO: Comparar os achados ultrassonográficos da parede anterolateral do abdome, com foco na aponeurose de Spiegel, e a anatomia da parede abdominal estudada em cadáveres não fixados. MÉTODO: A avaliação da aponeurose do músculo transverso do abdome foi realizada durante exames ultrassonográficos de rotina da parede anterolateral do abdome em 90 indivíduos de ambos os gêneros, maiores de 25 anos e estes dados foram relacionados com 60 dissecções da parede abdominal realizadas em cadáveres não fixados. RESULTADOS: Os exames ultrassonográficos não evidenciaram falhas significativas na aponeurose do músculo transverso do abdome nos 90 indivíduos estudados e a largura das aponeuroses de Spiegel variou de 0,83 a 2,93 cm (média de 1,72 cm). Durante as dissecções do transverso do abdome foram encontradas alterações anatômicas em 14 de 60 músculos e aponeuroses estudadas (23,3%) e a largura da aponeurose de Spiegel variou de 1,5 a 3,5 cm (média de 2,26 cm). A comparação entre os grupos etários e gêneros avaliados pelo estudo ultrassonográfico com as dissecções efetuadas em cadáveres não apresentou significância estatística. CONCLUSÃO: Os exames ultrassonográficos não encontraram defeitos na aponeurose do músculo transverso do abdome compatíveis com hérnias, assim como as variações anatômicas e os defeitos encontrados durante as dissecções também não foram acompanhados de hérnias de Spiegel nos cadáveres estudados.

BACKGROUND: Ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging of abdominal wall has increasingly been used for hernia diagnosis when clinical examination is uncertain. Anatomical study of abdominal wall along with the ultrasound of transversus abdominis muscle aponeurosis can help identify a Spigelian hernia in this region, a disease of difficult diagnosis. AIM: To compare the ultrasound findings of anterolateral wall of the abdomen, focusing on Spigelian aponeurosis, to the anatomy of abdominal wall studied in cadavers. METHODS: The evaluation of the transversus abdominis aponeurosis was performed during routine ultrasound exams of the anterolateral wall of the abdomen in 90 individuals of both genders, over 25 years, and data were correlated with 60 dissections of the abdominal wall, held on cadavers. RESULTS: Ultrasound showed no significant defects in the aponeurosis of transversus abdominis muscle in the 90 subjects studied and the width of the Spigelian aponeurosis ranged from 0.83 to 2.93 cm (mean 1.72 cm). During dissections of the transversus abdominis, some defects were found in 14 out of 60 muscles and aponeurosis studied (23.3%) and the width of the Spigelian aponeurosis ranged from 1.5 to 3.5 cm (mean 2.26 cm). Comparisons between age groups and genders evaluated by ultrasound with cadaver dissections performed were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Sonographic examinations found no defects in the aponeurosis of transversus abdominis muscle compatible with hernias, and anatomical variations and defects found during dissections were not as well accompanied by Spigelian hernias in the studied corpse.

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PURPOSE: To describe a cadaver model and to compare different techniques to correct midline incisional hernia using the tension at the musculoaponeurotic layer as a parameter. METHODS: Twenty-four male cadavers were used to characterize the model. The tensile force applied to the anterior layers of the rectus abdominis muscle was measured after the linea alba was resected to create an abdominal wall defect. A dynamometer was used to measure the tensile force necessary to cause a 10-mm displacement of the tissues towards the midline. An index that allows comparison of tensile forces from different points was calculated by dividing the tensile force by the distance between the point of force application at the aponeurosis and the midline. RESULTS: Cadaver is a good model for the study of midline incisional hernia. CONCLUSION: Cadaver can be used effectively as a model to evaluate tension of the abdominal wall when tissue advancement and musculoaponeurotic flaps are performed in the repair of midline incisional hernia.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Este estudo descreve o cadáver como modelo experimental para comparar diferentes técnicas para correção da hérnia incisional mediana usando como parâmetro a tensão músculo-aponeurotica. MÉTODOS: Vinte e quatro cadáveres adultos masculinos foram usados para caracterizar este modelo. A força de tensão aplicada na lamina anterior do músculo reto do abdome foi medida após ressecção da linha alba criando um defeito abdominal. Um dinamômetro foi utilizado para medir a força de tensão necessária para ocasionar o deslocamento de 10-mm do tecido até a linha mediana. Um índice para comparar as forças de tensão em diferentes pontos foi calculado dividindo a força de tensão pela distancia entre o ponto de aplicação da força na aponeurose e a linha mediana. RESULTADOS: O cadáver é um bom modelo para estudo da hérnia incisional mediana. CONCLUSÃO: O cadáver pode ser utilizado efetivamente como um modelo para avaliação da tensão da parede abdominal quando o avanço de tecidos e retalhos músculo-aponeuroticos são utilizados no reparo de uma hérnia incisional mediana.(AU)

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This study investigated the effect of lumbar posture on function of transversus abdominis (TrA) and obliquus internus (OI) in people with and without non-specific low back pain (LBP) during a lower limb task. Rehabilitative ultrasound was used to measure thickness change of TrA and OI during a lower limb task that challenged the stability of the spine. Measures were taken in supine in neutral and flexed lumbar postures in 30 patients and 30 healthy subjects. Data were analysed using a two-way (groups, postures) ANOVA. Our results showed that lumbar posture influenced percent thickness change of the TRA muscle but not for OI. An interaction between group and posture was found for TrA thickness change (F(1,56) = 6.818, p = 0.012). For this muscle, only healthy participants showed greater thickness change with neutral posture compared to flexed (mean difference = 6.2%; 95% CI: 3.1-9.3%; p < 0.001). Comparisons between groups for both muscles were not significant. Neutral lumbar posture can facilitate an increase in thickness of the TrA muscle while performing a leg task, however this effect was not observed for this muscle in patients with LBP. No significant difference in TrA and OI thickness change between people with and without non-specific LBP was found.

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of the undermining of the subcutaneous tissue on the tension of the abdominal wall, after the components separation of the abdominal muscles. Twenty adult cadavers were studied. The resistance of the medial advancement of both anterior and posterior recti sheaths was represented by the traction index and measured in 2 levels-3 cm above and 2 cm below the umbilicus. Traction indices were compared in the following 3 consecutive dissection situations: (1) after the subcutaneous tissue undermining laterally to the semilunaris line; (2) after the dissection of the rectus muscle from its posterior sheath associated with the release of the external oblique muscle; (3) after the subcutaneous tissue undermining laterally to the anterior axillary line. Friedman and Spearman tests were used to compare the results. There was no statistical significant difference between the subcutaneous tissue undermining laterally to the semilunaris line and that laterally to the anterior axillary line, when associated with the musculoaponeurotic dissections. In conclusion, limited subcutaneous undermining does not influence the tension of closure of the musculoaponeurotic layer after the components separation technique in cadavers.

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INTRODUCTION: Abdominal wall closure management has become an important challenge during recipient candidate selection, at the time of donor to recipient matching and during the planning of the surgical procedure for intestinal or multiorgan transplantation. Different strategies have been proposed to overcome the lack of abdominal domain: to reduce the graft size or to increase the abdominal domain. Based on the recent concept of using an acellular dermis matrix (Alloderm) and the availability of abdominal wall tissues from the same organ donor, we conceived the idea of using the fascia of the rectus muscle (FoRM) as a nonvascularized tissue allograft. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective report of a series of 16 recipients of FoRM as part of a liver, intestinal, or multiorgan transplant procedure performed between October 2004 and May 2008 at three different transplant centers. RESULTS: Of the 16 recipients of FoRM, all but one case was performed during their transplantation (four multivisceral, two modified multivisceral, three isolated intestine, and two livers). Five patients underwent a retransplant surgery (two livers, two multivisceral, and one isolated intestine). Abdominal wall infection was present in 7 of 16 cases. Nine patients are still alive. No deaths were related to wound infection. Long-term survival showed complete wound healing and only one ventral hernia. DISCUSSION: The use of a nonvascularized FoRM is a novel and simple surgical option to resolve complex abdominal wall defects in liver/intestinal/multivisceral transplant recipients when it can be covered with the recipient skin.

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AIM: The abdominal wall continues to be a topic of investigation for the evaluation of its healing in terms of morphology and resistance. In the present investigation, transverse and longitudinal laparotomies were studied comparatively. METHODS: Thirty rabbits were divided into two groups: Group 1 (n=10) longitudinal laparotomy, Subgroup 1A (n=5) suture of the anterior and posterior sheaths of the abdominal rectus muscle and of the peritoneum, Subgroup 1B (n=5) suture of the anterior sheath of the abdominal rectus muscle; Group 2 (n=20) transverse laparotomy, Subgroup 2A (n=5) suture of the anterior and posterior sheaths of the abdominal rectus muscle and of the peritoneum, Subgroup 2B (n=5) suture of only the anterior sheath of the abdominal rectus muscle, Subgroup 2C (n=5) suture of the abdominal rectus muscle and of its anterior sheath on a single plane, Subgroup 2D (n=5) repair of the posterior sheath of the abdominal rectus muscle together with the peritoneum, followed by suture of the abdominal rectus muscle complemented with suture of the anterior sheath of the same muscle. After 17 days, two peritoneal aponeurotic muscular segments of the scar were removed for the evaluation of resistance and of histological aspects. RESULTS: The resistance values detected for each group showed 1A>1B, 1A>2A and 1B>2B, and 2B>2C>2D>2A (P=0.014). Dehiscence, infections and adhesions were more frequent in Group 2. Histology revealed muscular degeneration and necrosis, with mature fibrous connective scar tissue replacing muscle tissue. CONCLUSION: Transverse muscle section causes greater muscle weakening and leaving the peritoneum open does not alter the resistance of the scar.

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We investigated the effect of swimming training in rats on morphological characteristics, hypertrophy levels and metabolic and contractile adaptations of different fiber types in rat the rectus abdominis muscle. Rats were randoverly assigned to one of three groups (N = 5 each): a) swimming training for 1 h, twice a week (2x/w), b) 1 h five times a week (5x/w) for 9 consecutive weeks, or c) without any swimming training (Control). Body weight increased in 2x/w rats and decreased in the 5x/w ones. Muscle fiber diameters increased in both trained groups, with higher values in the 2x/w group. Aerobic exercise increased slow oxidative (SO) + fast-oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) fibers and decreased fast glycolytic (FG) fibers. In addition, SO fibers were increased and FOG + FG fibers were decreased in trained rats. Small and angulated atrophic fibers were also observed. These results corroborate that swimming exercise increases aerobic metabolism and thus oxidative and low contraction fibers. However, the used protocol induced, to a variable degree, changes in the muscle fiber morphology.

Se estudió el efecto de la natación en las características morfológicas, niveles de hipertrofia y las adaptaciones metabólicas y contráctiles de diferentes tipos de fibras en el músculo recto del abdomen de ratas. Las ratas fueron asignadas en tres grupos (N = 5 cada uno): a) natación por 1 hora dos veces a la semana (2x/s), b) 1 hora, cinco veces por semana (5x/s) por nueve semanas consecutivas y c) sin natación (control). El peso corporal se incrementó en las ratas 2x/s y disminuyó en 5x/s. El diámetro de las fibras musculares aumentó en ambos grupos entrenados, con mayores valores en las ratas 2x/s. El ejercicio aeróbico incrementó las fibras de oxidación lenta (OL) + las fibras de glicólisis oxidativa rápida (GOR) y disminuyeron las fibras de glicólisis rápida (GR). Además, las fibras OL aumentaron y las fibras GOR y GR disminuyeron en las ratas entrenadas. Se observó una pequeña atrofia y deshidratación de las fibras. Estos resultados corroboran que la práctica de la natación incrementa el metabolismo aeróbico, las fibras de contracción lenta y la oxidación. Sin embargo, el protocolo utilizado induce cambios en grado variable en la morfología de las fibras musculares.

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PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to assess, in cadavers, the resistance to medial traction of the posterior and anterior layer of the rectus abdominis muscle sheath. METHODS: An anatomical, prospective, self-controlled study was carried out in 20 male cadavers. An evaluation of the tension of the posterior and anterior layers of the rectus abdominis muscle sheath was performed following anatomical dissection of these structures. The traction necessary to advance the tissue ten millimeters was assessed using an analogic dynamometer. RESULTS: There was no significant statistical difference between the necessary traction at various levels of the anterior and posterior layers of the rectus sheath. However, medial advancement of the anterior layer of the rectus sheath required more traction strength than did advancement of the posterior layer to the midline. CONCLUSION: There is no difference in the tensile strength in the various levels of the anterior and posterior layers of the rectus sheath; however, medial advancement of the the anterior layer required more traction strength.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Comparar a resistência à tração medial das lâminas posterior e anterior da bainha do músculo reto do abdome em diferentes níveis supra e infra-umbilicais em cadáveres. MÉTODOS: Vinte cadáveres adultos foram submetidos à dissecção da parede abdominal anterior. Foram feitas alças com fio de náilon no plano aponeurótico em oito pontos diferentes na lâmina anterior e na lâmina posterior da bainha do músculo reto do abdome, sendo quatro destes pontos supra-umbilicais e quatro infra-umbilicais. Com o uso de um dinamômetro analógico, foi verificada a força necessária para o avanço medial de dez milímetros destes dezesseis pontos. RESULTADOS: Não foram encontradas diferenças significantes de medidas da resistência à tração entre os diferentes níveis da aponeurose anterior e posterior, mas quando se comparou as medidas obtidas na aponeurose anterior às obtidas na posterior verificou-se que a aponeurose anterior necessitou de maior força de tração para o avanço medial. CONCLUSÃO: Não há diferença de tensão ao longo da aponeurose anterior e posterior. A aponeurose anterior é mais resistente à tração medial quando comparada à posterior.(AU)

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PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to assess, in cadavers, the resistance to medial traction of the posterior and anterior layer of the rectus abdominis muscle sheath. METHODS: An anatomical, prospective, self-controlled study was carried out in 20 male cadavers. An evaluation of the tension of the posterior and anterior layers of the rectus abdominis muscle sheath was performed following anatomical dissection of these structures. The traction necessary to advance the tissue ten millimeters was assessed using an analogic dynamometer. RESULTS: There was no significant statistical difference between the necessary traction at various levels of the anterior and posterior layers of the rectus sheath. However, medial advancement of the anterior layer of the rectus sheath required more traction strength than did advancement of the posterior layer to the midline. CONCLUSION: There is no difference in the tensile strength in the various levels of the anterior and posterior layers of the rectus sheath; however, medial advancement of the the anterior layer required more traction strength.

OBJETIVO: Comparar a resistência à tração medial das lâminas posterior e anterior da bainha do músculo reto do abdome em diferentes níveis supra e infra-umbilicais em cadáveres. MÉTODOS: Vinte cadáveres adultos foram submetidos à dissecção da parede abdominal anterior. Foram feitas alças com fio de náilon no plano aponeurótico em oito pontos diferentes na lâmina anterior e na lâmina posterior da bainha do músculo reto do abdome, sendo quatro destes pontos supra-umbilicais e quatro infra-umbilicais. Com o uso de um dinamômetro analógico, foi verificada a força necessária para o avanço medial de dez milímetros destes dezesseis pontos. RESULTADOS: Não foram encontradas diferenças significantes de medidas da resistência à tração entre os diferentes níveis da aponeurose anterior e posterior, mas quando se comparou as medidas obtidas na aponeurose anterior às obtidas na posterior verificou-se que a aponeurose anterior necessitou de maior força de tração para o avanço medial. CONCLUSÃO: Não há diferença de tensão ao longo da aponeurose anterior e posterior. A aponeurose anterior é mais resistente à tração medial quando comparada à posterior.

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