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RATIONALE: Evaluation of clinical and radiologic abnormalities in patients with postaxial hypoplasia of the lower extremity (PHLE) for treatment decisions represents a major challenge, which is more complicated when PHLE is associated with congenital dislocation of the patella. PATIENT CONCERNS: : Herein, we present the case of an 8-year-old female patient with evident length inequality in her left lower extremity and inability to walk. DIAGNOSES: Radiological evaluation revealed PHLE with fibular hemimelia, proximal femoral focal deficiency, tarsal coalition, and congenital patellar dislocation of the patella. The right lower extremity was also affected by fibular hemimelia. INTERVENTIONS AND OUTCOMES: Surgical management included the Roux-Goldthwait technique for patellofemoral joint realignment, a medial knee stapled with Blount technique, and femur enlargement using the Wagner technique. The results from surgical intervention included a left femoral elongation of 6.7 cm featuring callus with angulation, displacement, and a discrepancy of 5 cm between femurs with a flexor contraction in the knee of -15° and a centralized knee. LESSON: PHLE accompanied by congenital dislocation of the patella has not been extensively described in the literature; therefore, there is no established management. Starting reconstruction at an early age, together with an adequate classification of the deformity, are essential factors when opting for limb reconstruction.

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Background: Lateral patellar luxation (LPL) is commonly diagnosed in large or giant breed dogs. In the surgical outcome for canine LPL, approximately half of the patients had complications, including reoperation and relaxation. Medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction has been widely used for human repetitive patellar luxation. This case report describes that modified MPFL reconstruction with other surgical techniques might be effective for severe canine LPL repair. Case Description: An 11-month-old intact male Siberian Husky was referred to us with the main complication reported as bilateral hind lameness and LPL, diagnosed by a family doctor. Physiological examination showed bilateral patellar luxation (grade 4). We performed general surgical techniques with modified MPFL. The patient showed good prognosis. Conclusion: This report suggests that modified MPFL with general surgical techniques for LPL might be an effective surgical technique in dogs.

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CASE: We present an 18-year-old man with poor alignment of the lower limbs, marked by congenital dislocation of the left patella, with gait impairment, and an associated 20° flexion contracture. Surgical treatment was performed with a single complex procedure with the release of the lateral retinaculum, capsule, and iliotibial tract, followed by a subtraction trochleoplasty, tibial tubercle transfer, elongation of the quadriceps tendon, and anatomical reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament. At the 5-year follow-up, the patient had a significant improvement in gait pattern, with the patella centered on the new trochlear groove without any signs of patellar instability. CONCLUSIONS: The approach of congenital dislocation of the patella is controversial, and although numerous procedures have been described in children, the approach in adults should be individually tailored. In this case, trochlear deepening and preserving the trochlear cartilage proved to be an effective option for treating a congenital dislocation.

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La luxación congénita de rótula es una entidad clínica excepcional, en la que la rótula se encuentra luxada de forma permanente y no puede reducirse de forma manual. Se suele manifestar al nacimiento, aunque en algunos casos el diagnóstico puede retrasarse hasta la adolescencia o la edad adulta. El diagnóstico temprano permite la corrección quirúrgica con el fin de evitar las secuelas tardías, incluidos los cambios degenerativos prematuros de la rodilla. Se presenta un caso de luxación congénita de la rótula en un adolescente de 12 años de edad, sano y jugador de fútbol

Congenital patellar dislocation is a rare condition in which the patella is permanently dislocated and cannot be reduced manually. It usually manifests after birth, although in some rare cases, the diagnosis may be delayed until adolescence or adulthood. Early diagnosis is important, thereby allowing surgical correction and avoiding late sequelae, including early degenerative changes in the knee. A case of permanent dislocation of the patella is presented here, in a male aged twelve years, healthy and footballer

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Congenital dislocation of the patella is a rare and difficult pathology to treat. We present a case of bilateral congenital dislocation of the patella with synostosis of proximal tibiofibular and proximal radioulnar joints without genu valgum deformity of both knees in a 30-year-old man. To our knowledge, congenital dislocation of the patella associated with synostosis of proximal tibiofibular and proximal radioulnar joints has not been reported in the literature yet.

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An 8-day-old alpaca was presented for suspected meconium impaction and abnormal gait and posture. Physical examination revealed bilateral medial patellar luxation. In previous reports, medical treatment of patellar luxation in crias has been associated with a poor to grave prognosis; here we report a case of successful resolution.

Résolution spontanée d'une luxation patellaire bilatérale congénitale chez un bébé alpaga. Un alpaga âgé de 8 jours a été présenté pour une impaction soupçonnée du méconium et une démarche et une posture anormales. L'examen physique a révélé une luxation patellaire médiale bilatérale. Dans des rapports antérieurs, le traitement médical de la luxation patellaire chez les bébés alpaga a été associé à un pronostic sombre ou grave; nous avons ici un rapport de cas d'une résolution réussie.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

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Congenital dislocation of the patella is a disorder that presents with dysfunction in extensor mechanism. Although congenital dislocation of the patella mostly occurs in children with genetic disorders, it may also occur in totally healthy children, despite rarely. In this article, we report a 16-year-old male patient who referred to our clinic with complaints of gait disturbance, frequent falls, and muscular weakness in lower extremity. The patient had no complaints during walking, but had difficulty in running and walking up and down the stairs. It was observed that the range of motion of the knee joint was completely painless and the quadriceps muscle strength was evaluated as 3/5. An evaluation of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging results showed that the patella was dislocated. It became clear with magnetic resonance imaging that extensor mechanism was continuous but patellar tendon was not attached to its anatomical position. Surgical treatment was not planned because the patient did not describe any pain complaint and there was no limitation of joint movement, he could walk without support and without device and also refused to be operated. The choice of treatment should be based on the patient's preference, and pain and functional status.

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Instability of the patella is a common cause of knee pain and dysfunction in pediatric and adolescent patients and can be due to several factors. Although some patients will recall a specific traumatic event others may not, requiring the diagnosis to be made on the basis of physical examination and imaging. Congenital dislocation and connective tissue disorders should also be considered, even in the setting of trauma. There are radiographic parameters that may identify causes of instability such as trochlear and patellar abnormalities, and magnetic resonance imaging can identify signs of trauma such as bony edema, loose osteochondral fragments, and increased tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance. The first line of treatment for instability is most commonly nonoperative in nature; however, there are many options for operative management in the event of severe chondral injury or recurrent dislocation. Surgical management to best restore stability of the patellofemoral joint varies depending on the skeletal maturity of the patient and the source of instability (ligamentous, osteocartilaginous, or both). A combination of soft tissue, bony, and anatomic ligamentous repair or reconstruction is used to best augment patellar tracking and optimize patient outcome. [Orthopedics. 2017; 40(5):e749-e757.].

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This case study presents two female dwarf zebu calves with permanent bilateral flexion of the stifle joint secondary to bilateral congenital lateral patellar luxation. The patella could be manually repositioned bilaterally in the first calf (14 days old), but re-luxated immediately with release of manual pressure (luxation grade III). In the second calf (28 days old) both patellae were permanently luxated laterally (grade IV). The right and left stifles of each calf were operated in a staged procedure with approximately 14 days between surgery of the two sides. While a lateral release and a medial imbrication were sufficient for correction in the left stifle of the younger calf, a trochlear wedge resection was required in the other three stifle joints with hypo- to aplastic trochleas in order to stabilize the patella. Postoperatively each stifle was immobilized for 10 days with a cast. The younger calf regained full function of the hind limbs during the complete gait cycle in walk and in trot one month after the procedure. The older calf regained full function in the hind limbs in walk but in trot there was some degree of lameness due to a reduced extension of approximately 20°.

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This article presents the rare case of a boy who was born in our hospital with valgus deformity and external rotation of the right lower leg because of congenital patellar dislocation. In the case presented a stable repositioning of the patella could be achieved by redressment with a plaster cast and leg brace. During a 4-year follow-up there were no tendencies towards dislocation during the clinical examination and no dislocation events were documented. In selected cases an attempt at conservative repositioning and retention treatment appears to be worthwhile before surgical treatment is indicated.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess complication rates and short-term outcome in small dogs with bilateral medial patellar luxation (MPL) undergoing single-session bilateral corrective surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: Dogs weighing <15 kg with congenital bilateral MPL that underwent single-session bilateral corrective surgery (n = 50). METHODS: Surgical procedures for MPL correction included trochlear wedge recession (TWR), crest transposition, lateral imbrication, and medial fascial release. Complication rates were correlated with number of surgical procedures, weight, whether or not a bandage was applied postoperatively, and surgeon experience (ACVS Diplomate vs resident). Results were compared with the most recent study evaluating single-session bilateral corrective surgery for MPL. RESULTS: Overall complication rate was 22% (11 of 50 dogs). Implant failure occurred in 2 dogs (3 stifles) requiring revision. Grade 1 patella reluxation was the most common minor complication at 10% (5/50). Overall complication and reluxation rates were similar to previous studies. There were no intraoperative complications after performing TWR in small dogs. CONCLUSION: Single-session bilateral corrective surgery for MPL is well tolerated in small dogs with complication rates historically similar to dogs undergoing unilateral or staged bilateral surgery. With individual case assessment, single-session surgery could be offered to owners, allowing one anesthetic episode and potentially lowering the chance for morbidity. Further studies, ideally prospective studies, are needed to assess long-term outcome following single-session bilateral corrective surgery for MPL.

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Congenital patellar dislocation is a rare condition in which the patella is permanently dislocated and cannot be reduced manually. The patella develops normally as a sesamoid bone of the femur. This congenital dislocation results from failure of the internal rotation of the myotome that forms the femur, quadriceps muscle and extensor apparatus. It usually manifests immediately after birth, although in some rare cases, the diagnosis may be delayed until adolescence or adulthood. Early diagnosis is important, thereby allowing surgical correction and avoiding late sequelae, including early degenerative changes in the knee. A case of permanent dislocation of the patella is presented here, in a female child aged seven years.

A luxação congênita da patela é uma patologia rara, em que a patela se encontra permanentemente luxada e manualmente irredutível. A patela desenvolve-se normalmente como um osso sesamoide do fêmur. A luxação congênita da patela resulta da falência da rotação interna do miótomo que forma o fêmur, músculo quadricípite e o aparelho extensor. Usualmente manifesta-se imediatamente após o nascimento, embora em alguns casos raros o diagnóstico possa ser adiado até a adolescência/idade adulta. O diagnóstico precoce é importante, permite a correção cirúrgica, evita as sequelas tardias, notadamente alterações degenerativas precoces do joelho. É apresentado um caso de luxação permanente da patela, numa criança de sexo feminino, com sete anos.

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BACKGROUND: Congenital patellar dislocation is a rarely encountered condition and is readily treated in childhood to prevent lasting disability, knee pain, decreased range of motion and ambulation problems. This condition is very rarely seen in skeletally mature patients, and the treatment of the condition represents a challenge to the orthopedic surgeon. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE AND METHODS: Patients were treated with soft tissue reconstruction and tibial tubercle transfer with or without a prior medial close-wedge distal femoral osteotomy, depending on the degree of valgus deformity. We, then, searched the database of our orthopedics center for cases of congenital patellar dislocation in skeletally mature patients who were surgically treated. We collected a total of five knees and analyzed the cases according to the type of surgery performed and difference between pre- and postoperative functions. RESULTS: Five knees with congenital patellar dislocation were treated. The mean age of the patients was 29.6 years, and mean follow-up time was 4.3 years. Mean preoperative range of motion was 65°, and it increased to a mean of 105.5° after surgical treatment. The mean preoperative Kujala score was 29.2 and increased to 67.2 after surgical treatment. DISCUSSION: Congenital patellar dislocations that are allowed to proceed to adulthood are difficult to treat, and surgical treatment depends on the degree of deformity of the patella and of the knee joint. This study shows that surgical treatment is able to correct the deformity and provide better knee function.

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Dogs treated for congenital medial patellar luxation were reviewed for the purpose of determining the incidence of postoperative major complications requiring surgical revision and the risk factors for their occurrence. Major complications occurred in 18.5% of the patellar luxation stabilization procedures with implant associated complications being the most frequent, patellar reluxation the second, and tibial tuberosity avulsion the third most common major complication. Other complications included patellar ligament rupture and trochlear wedge displacement. When recession trochleoplasty was performed in addition to tibial tuberosity transposition, a 5.1-fold reduction in the rate of patellar reluxation was observed. Release of the cranial belly of the sartorius muscle further reduced the incidence of patellar reluxation, while patella alta (pre- or postoperative) and patellar luxation grade were not found to influence the rate of reluxation. Tibial tuberosity avulsion was 11.1-times more likely when using a single Kirschner wire to stabilize a transposition, compared with two Kirschner wires. Independent to the number of Kirschner wires used, the more caudodistally the Kirschner wires were directed, the higher the risk for tibial tuberosity avulsion. Tension bands were used in 24.4% of the transpositions with no tuberosity avulsion occurring in stifles stabilized with a tension band. Overall, grade 1 luxations had a significantly lower incidence of major complications than other grades, while body weight, age, sex, and bilateral patellar stabilization were not associated with risk of major complication development.

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INTRODUCTION: Congenital dislocation of the patella and recurrent symptomatic dislocation in adolescents are difficult pathologies to treat. Stanisavljevic described an extensive release procedure essentially involving medializing the entire lateral quadriceps and medial soft tissue stabilization. There are no significant series reporting the success of this method. This procedure has been performed in our institution over several years and we report our results. METHOD: Retrospective case series. Between 1990 and 2007, 20 knees in 13 children and adolescents (mean age 12.8 years; 4-17, 7 female) with recurrent or congenital dislocation of the patella (8 knees) underwent this procedure after failed conservative treatment (mean follow-up 7.5 years; 4-16). All were immobilized in a long leg cast for 6 weeks. RESULTS: Five knees in five patients (20 %, 1 congenital dislocation) reported their knees as improved without further dislocations. Out of the 15 knees with failures (80 %) 12 in six patients (60 %) were revised due to redislocation. Three knees in two patients (15 %) still had dislocations or subluxations, but any revision was refused. Three knees in three patients caused pain and discomfort during daily activity. Redislocation first developed after a mean of 21.3 months (4-72) postoperatively. Only one patient had returned to sport at the 12-month follow-up. DISCUSSION: The Stanisavljevic procedure produces a mediocre success rate with our long-term follow-up series showing a failure rate up to 80 %. We therefore recommend more specific procedures dealing with the anatomical deformity such as trochleaplasty to produce superior success rates.

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Lateral dislocation of the patella is reported frequently in orthopaedics references but congenital medial patellar dislocation is reported rarely. An 8-year-old girl was referred to our department for knee surgery. She had genuvarum, knee flexion contracture and tibial internal rotation. She had multiple congenital anomalies at birth. The patella was palpated in the medial side of knee and its reduction to the midline was impossible. We performed an operative procedure for her medial dislocation of the patella. At the 1-year follow-up, the patella was in midline and there was no medial subluxation on range of motion of the knee. In infants with genuvarum, knee flexion contracture and tibial internal rotation, the possibility of medial patellar instability should be considered. For correction of patellar tracking and prevention of bone deformities, surgical management should be performed.

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The objective of this study was to explore the clinical effect of medial and lateral retinaculum plasty for congenital patellar dislocation due to small patella syndrome. Twelve patients with congenital patellar dislocation due to small patella syndrome treated at the authors' hospital between January 2005 and February 2010 were enrolled in the study. The study group comprised 4 men (4 knees) and 8 women (8 knees) with an average age of 10.58±6.91 years. All patients underwent medial and lateral retinaculum plasty. Clinical evaluation included the number of patellar redislocations, patellar apprehension sign, Kujala score, subjective questionnaire score, and patella lateral shift and patellar tilt angle measured using a cross-sectional computed tomography scan. All patients were followed up, and the shortest follow-up time was 2 years. Kujala scores improved from 49.20±6.20 preoperatively to 80.10±5.80 postoperatively. Subjective questionnaire scores indicated that the excellent and good rate was 75%. In addition, a significant difference existed in the patellar tilt angle and patella lateral shift between pre- and postoperative results (P<.05). Medial and lateral retinaculum plasty for patients with congenital patellar dislocation due to small patella syndrome can be effective to correct the tracking of the patellofemoral joint and improve knee function.

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Congenital habitual patellar dislocation is a rare condition of the knee where the patella dislocates during flexion and relocates during extension. The congenital form is permanent, irreducible, and presents at birth. It is characterized by a short quadriceps and a major patellofemoral dysplasia and short height. This article presents a rare case of a 27-year-old woman with recurring bilateral habitual dislocation of the patella after a failed previous proximal and distal realignment procedure. Clinical examinations of both knees revealed genu valgus knees and lateral joint pain that recurred after several previous operations. Radiographs of both knees showed patellar dislocation and genu valgum associated with patellofemoral dysplasia and osteoarthritis of the lateral compartment. Long-leg standing radiographs showed an anatomic tibiofemoral angle of right 13° and left 6° valgus and a mechanical tibiofemoral angle of right 8° and left 2° valgus and weight-bearing line of 65% on the right and 48% on the left. The authors performed a distal femoral closing wedging osteotomy to correct the valgus deformity, and then percutaneous lateral release and medial reefing were performed to stabilize the patellas of both knees simultaneously.

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